醒脑静注射液联合注射用尤瑞克林治疗老年脑梗死的疗效观察

目的研究醒脑静注射液联合注射用尤瑞克林治疗老年脑梗死的临床疗效。方法选取2012年4月—2015年4月铜川市人民医院神经内科收治的老年脑梗死患者100例,随机分为对照组和治疗组,每组各50例。对照组患者在常规治疗的同时静脉滴注注射用尤瑞克林,0.15 PNA单位,用100 m L生理盐水溶解,1次/d。治疗组在对照组治疗的基础上静脉滴注醒脑静注射液,10 m L/次加入5%葡萄糖注射液250 m L中,1次/d。两组均连续治疗15 d。观察两组的临床疗效,同时比较治疗前后两组神经功能缺损(NIHSS)评分、大脑中动脉(MCA)的峰流速(Vp)、平均流速(Vm)的变化情况。结果治疗后,对照组和治疗组的总有效率分别为68.0%、84.0%,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,两组患者NIHSS评分显著降低,Vp、Vm显著升高,同组治疗前后差异有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗组这些指标的改善程度优于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论醒脑静注射液联合注射用尤瑞克林治疗老年脑梗死具有较好的临床疗效,可降低NIHSS评分,改善患者脑血流动力学,具有一定的临床推广应用价值。     

醒脑静注射液联合吡拉西坦治疗脑出血后认知功能障碍的临床研究

目的探讨醒脑静注射液联合吡拉西坦片治疗脑出血后认知功能障碍的临床疗效。方法选取2013年6月—2015年12月西安医学院第一附属医院神经外科收治的脑出血后认知功能障碍患者573例,随机分成对照组(286例)和治疗组(287例)。对照组口服吡拉西坦片,4片/次,3次/d。治疗组在对照组的基础上静脉滴注醒脑静注射液,20 m L加入到5%葡萄糖溶液250 m L中,1次/d。两组患者均连续治疗1个月。观察两组的临床疗效,比较两组的认知功能、日常生活能力和血浆神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)水平。结果治疗后,对照组和治疗组的总有效率分别为77.97%、89.90%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,两组MMSE评分和ADL评分均显著升高,同组治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);且治疗组这些观察指标的上升程度明显优于对照组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,两组NSE水平均显著下降,同组治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);且治疗组NSE水平的下降程度明显优于对照组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论醒脑静注射液联合吡拉西坦片治疗脑出血后认知功能障碍具有较好的临床疗效,能改善认知功能和日常生活能力,提高NSE水平,具有一定的临床推广应用价值。     

美罗培南联合醒脑静注射液治疗小儿化脓性脑膜炎的临床研究

目的探索美罗培南联合醒脑静注射液治疗小儿化脓性脑膜炎的临床疗效和安全性。方法选取2012年6月—2015年1月绵阳市人民医院儿科收治的小儿化脓性脑膜炎患儿104例,随机分为对照组和治疗组,每组52例。对照组患儿给予醒脑静注射液0.3~0.5 m L/(kg·d)加入5%或10%葡萄糖注射液50 m L稀释后静脉滴注,同时静脉滴注注射用头孢他啶100mg/(kg·d),每隔12 h一次。治疗组患儿给予醒脑静注射液,用法用量同对照组,同时静脉滴注注射用美罗培南,120 mg/(kg·d),每隔8 h一次。两组均连续治疗7 d。观察两组的临床疗效,同时比较两组患儿临床症状、体征改善时间以及血清、脑脊液中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、C反应蛋白(CRP)的变化。结果治疗后,对照组和治疗组的总有效率分别为75.00%、94.23%,两组总有效率比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗组患儿体温下降时间、颅高压消失时间、惊厥持续时间、意识恢复时间、脑脊液恢复正常时间均较对照组相应减少,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,两组患者血清及脑脊液TNF-α、CRP水平均较同组治疗前显著降低,同组治疗前后差异有统计学意义(P0.05);且治疗组的降低程度优于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论美罗培南联合醒脑静注射液治疗小儿化脓性脑膜炎疗效显著,安全性高,可作为临床治疗的优选方案,值得进行推广应用。     

乌司他丁联合醒脑静注射液治疗急性重型高血压脑出血的临床研究

目的探讨乌司他丁注射液联合醒脑静注射液治疗急性重型高血压脑出血的临床疗效。方法选取2015年3月—2019年2月在南阳市中心医院神经外科治疗的180例急性重型高血压脑出血患者为研究对象,所有患者随机分为对照组和治疗组,每组各90例。对照组患者静脉滴注醒脑静注射液,20 mL/次,1次/d;治疗组患者在对照组治疗基础上静脉滴注乌司他丁注射液,20万单位/次,2次/d,两药间隔1 h滴注。两组患者均连续治疗14 d。观察两组的临床疗效,比较两组的格拉斯哥昏迷(GCS)评分、美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分、Barthel指数(BI)评分、血清炎症因子水平。结果治疗后,对照组与治疗组总有效率分别为67.78%、83.33%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗3、7、14d后,两组患者GCS评分均较治疗前升高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗7、14 d后,治疗组患者GCS评分显著高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,两组患者NIHSS评分明显下降,BI评分显著升高,同组治疗前后比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),且治疗组患者NHISS评分、BI评分均显著优于对照组,两组比较差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,两组患者血清超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、白细胞介素-1(IL-1)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)水平均较治疗前显著降低(P0.05),且治疗组炎症因子水平显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论乌司他丁注射液联合醒脑静注射液治疗急性重型高血压脑出血具有较好的临床疗效,可改善临床症状,增强炎症反应的抑制能力,提高生活质量,安全性较高,具有一定的临床推广应用价值。     

醒脑静注射液联合纤溶酶治疗急性脑梗死的疗效观察

目的探讨醒脑静注射液联合纤溶酶治疗急性脑梗死的临床疗效。方法选取2012年7月—2015年1月重庆市巴南区第二人民医院收治的急性脑梗死患者200例,随机分为对照组和治疗组,每组各100例。对照组在常规治疗的基础上静脉滴注注射用纤溶酶,100 U加入到5%葡萄糖注射液250 m L中,1次/d。治疗组在对照组的基础上速度静脉滴注醒脑静注射液,20 m L/次,1次/d。两组患者均治疗12周。比较两组的临床疗效、神经功能缺损量表(NIHSS)以及日常生活活动能力量表(ADL)评分、血液流变学指标全血高切黏度(HBV)、全血低切黏度(LBV)、红细胞压积(HCT)、血浆黏度(SV)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)含量、血沉(ESR)以及血小板聚集率(PAR)的变化。结果治疗后,轻、中重度急性脑梗死患者治疗组的总有效率均显著高于对照组(P0.05),且轻度患者的总有效率显著高于中重度患者同组的总有效率(P0.05)。轻、中重度急性脑梗死患者治疗后的NIHSS、ADL评分均较同组治疗前显著改善,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗组的NIHSS评分降低程度更为明显,比较差异具有显著性(P0.05);治疗后,轻、中重度急性脑梗死患者治疗组的NIHSS、ADL评分均较同程度患者对照组显著改善,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。轻、中重度急性脑梗死患者治疗组的NIHSS、ADL评分均较同程度患者对照组显著改善,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,两组的HBV、LBV、HCT、FIB、SV、PAR均较同组治疗前显著改善,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗组治疗后的HBV、HCT、FIB、SV、ESR、PAR均较对照组治疗后显著改善,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论醒脑静注射液联合纤溶酶治疗急性脑梗死具有较好的临床疗效,可改善患者的神经功能和生活质量,能够显著改善血液流动性指标,具有一定的临床推广应用价值。     

脑血康胶囊联合脑苷肌肽注射液治疗高血压脑出血的疗效观察

目的观察脑血康胶囊联合脑苷肌肽注射液治疗高血压脑出血的临床疗效。方法选取2015年7月—2016年6月在澄迈县人民医院就诊的高血压脑出血患者86例,随机分为对照组和治疗组,每组各43例。对照组于术后第1天静脉滴注脑苷肌肽注射液,10 m L稀释于生理盐水250 m L中,1次/d。治疗组在对照组的基础上口服脑血康胶囊,1粒/次,3次/d。两组患者均治疗28 d。评价两组临床疗效,同时比较两组患者治疗前后神经功能缺损评分(NIHSS)和生活质量评分(ADL)评分。结果治疗后,对照组和治疗组的总有效率分别为72.09%、90.70%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,两组患者NIHSS评分显著降低,ADL评分显著升高,同组治疗前后比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);且治疗组患者NIHSS和ADL评分显著优于对照组患者,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论脑血康胶囊联合脑苷肌肽注射液治疗高血压脑出血临床疗效确切,神经功能及生活能力改善明显,具有一定的临床推广应用价值。     

丹参川芎嗪注射液联合阿替普酶治疗老年急性脑梗死的疗效观察

目的研究丹参川芎嗪注射液联合注射用阿替普酶治疗老年急性脑梗死的临床疗效。方法选取西安市第九医院神经内科2015年8月—2017年8月接收的120例老年急性脑梗死患者作为研究对象,将所有患者随机分为对照组和治疗组,每组各60例。对照组给予注射用阿替普酶,0.9 mg/kg,总剂量的10%静脉推注,剩余剂量在随后60 min内持续静脉滴注。治疗组在对照组治疗的基础上静脉滴注丹参川芎嗪注射液,用5%葡萄糖注射液250m L进行稀释,5m L/次,1次/d。两组患者均持续治疗14 d。观察两组患者的临床疗效,同时比较治疗前后两组的神经功能缺损量表(NIHSS)评分和脑梗死灶体积。结果治疗后,对照组和治疗组的总有效率分别为80.00%、95.00%,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,两组患者NIHSS评分均显著降低,同组治疗前后比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);且治疗后,治疗组NIHSS评分明显低于对照组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,两组脑梗死灶体积显著减小,同组治疗前后比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);且治疗后,治疗组脑梗死灶体积显著小于对照组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)结论丹参川芎嗪注射液联合注射用阿替普酶治疗老年急性脑梗死具有较好的临床疗效,可改善患者NIHSS评分,降低脑梗死灶体积,安全性较高,具有一定的临床推广应用价值。     

醒脑静注射液联合胞磷胆碱治疗急性脑梗死的临床研究

目的探究醒脑静注射液联合胞磷胆碱钠注射液治疗急性脑梗死的临床疗效。方法选择2016年8月—2018年3月德昌县人民医院收治的120例急性脑梗死患者作为研究对象,全部急性脑梗死患者随机分为对照组和治疗组,每组各60例。对照组静脉滴注胞磷胆碱钠注射液,0.5 g加入到生理盐水250 mL中,1次/d。治疗组在对照组治疗的基础上静脉滴注醒脑静注射液,20mL加入到生理盐水250mL中,1次/d。两组患者均连续治疗14d。观察两组的临床疗效,比较两组的血液流变学、内皮指标因子水平、美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分。结果治疗后,对照组和治疗组的总有效率分别为75.00%、90.00%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,两组全血黏度(WBV)、血浆黏度(PV)、血细胞比容(HCT)、红细胞聚集指数(RF)水平均较治疗前明显下降,同组治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);且治疗组血液流变学指标水平显著低于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,两组单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(MCP-1)、内皮素-1(ET-1)、血小板活化因子(PAF)水平均明显降低,而一氧化氮(NO)、胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)水平均较治疗前明显增加,同组治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);且治疗组内皮指标因子水平明显优于对照组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,两组患者NIHSS评分均较治疗前明显下降,同组治疗前后比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);且治疗组NIHSS评分显著低于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论醒脑静注射液联合胞磷胆碱钠注射液治疗急性脑梗死具有较好的临床疗效,可改善血液流变学和疾病相关指标,增强血管内皮功能,降低炎症反应,具有一定临床推广应用价值。     

丹参川芎嗪注射液联合尿激酶治疗急性心肌梗死的疗效观察

目的探讨丹参川芎嗪注射液联合注射用尿激酶治疗急性心肌梗死的临床疗效。方法选择2016年6月—2017年7月在宣城市中心医院治疗的急性心肌梗死患者65例为研究对象,按照患者所用治疗方案差异将所有患者分为对照组(33例)和治疗组(32例)。对照组给予注射用尿激酶,先静脉推注,50万单位加入到5%葡萄糖溶液20 m L中,而后更改为静脉滴注,50万单位加入到5%葡萄糖液500 m L中,1次/d。治疗组在对照组的基础上静脉滴注丹参川芎嗪注射液,10 m L加入到生理盐水500 m L中,1次/d。两组患者均连续治疗14 d。观察两组的临床疗效,比较两组的心功能指标和血管再通情况。结果治疗后,对照组和治疗组的总有效率分别为75.76%、87.50%,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,两组左室射血分数(LVEF)、每搏心输出量(SV)均明显升高,中心静脉压(CVP)明显降低,同组治疗前后比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);且治疗组这些观察指标的改善程度明显优于对照组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,对照组和治疗组的血管再通率分别为57.58%、84.38%,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论丹参川芎嗪注射液联合注射用尿激酶治疗急性心肌梗死具有较好的临床疗效,可改善心脏功能,提高血管再通率,具有一定的临床推广应用价值。     

脑蛋白水解物联合尿激酶治疗急性脑梗死的临床研究

目的探讨脑蛋白水解物注射液联合尿激酶治疗急性脑梗死的临床疗效。方法选取2015年1月—2017年8月在安徽医科大学附属巢湖医院治疗的急性脑梗死患者94例,随机分为对照组(47例)和治疗组(47例)。对照组静脉滴注注射用尿激酶,100万单位加入150 m L生理盐水,30 min内滴完,入院后1次;治疗组在对照组的基础上静脉滴注注射用脑蛋白水解物,10 m L加入250 m L生理盐水,1次/d。两组均经过14 d治疗。观察两组患者临床疗效,比较治疗前后两组患者NIHSS评分、SF-36量表评分、血清学指标和脑血流动力学指标。结果治疗后,对照组临床总有效率为80.85%,显著低于治疗组的95.74%,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,两组NIHSS评分明显降低、SF-36量表各项目评分明显升高,同组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);且治疗组上述评分改善后水平明显优于对照组(P0.05)。治疗后,两组患者血清基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)、白细胞分化抗原40(CD40L)、氧化低密度脂蛋白和胱抑素C(Cys C)均明显降低(P0.05);且治疗组上述血清学指标明显低于对照组(P0.05)。治疗后,两组患者平均血流量(Q_(mean))和平均血流速度(V_(mean))水平明显升高,动态阻抗(DR)、脑血管特征性阻抗(ZCV)和脑血管外周阻力(R)水平明显降低,同组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);且治疗组上述脑血流动力学指标水平显著优于对照组(P0.05)。结论脑蛋白水解物联合尿激酶治疗急性脑梗死可有效降低机体炎性反应,促进神经功能恢复,改善脑血流动力学。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.