2型糖尿病患者下肢动脉病变相关因素分析

目的探讨2型糖尿病患者下肢动脉病变（PAD）的危险因素。方法 83例2型糖尿病患者按踝肱指数分为PAD组（44例）,非PAD组（39例）。均由专人测量体质量、身高、血压;同一时间检测空腹血糖（FBG）、餐后2h血糖（PBG2h）、总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）;计算体质量指数（BMI）。结果与非PAD组比较,PAD组年龄大、病程长;FBG、PBG2h、TG、LDL-C、HbA1c均明显升高,P均〈0.05。结论 2型糖尿病患者PAD相关因素是年龄、病程、FBG、PBG2h、TG、LDL-C、HbA1c。     

2型糖尿病患者下肢动脉病变危险因素分析

目的探讨2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者下肢动脉病变（PAD）的危险因素。方法根据踝肱比指数（ABI）,将786例T2DM患者分为PAD及非PAD患者,对其临床参数及相关检测指标进行相关分析,筛选影响患者PAD的危险因素。结果单因素分析显示,年龄、病程、SBP、餐后2 h血糖、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、TC、尿白蛋白/肌酐比值与PAD发病有密切关系（P〈0.01）;多因素Logistic回归分析显示,年龄、病程、吸烟、SBP、HbA1c是PAD的危险因素。结论根据ABI诊断T2DM患者的PAD,经改善生活方式、及早纠正代谢异常,可获得明显改善。     

2型糖尿病患者踝臂指数与尿微量白蛋白／肌酐比值的相关性

目的 探讨2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者踝臂指数（ABI）与尿微量白蛋白/肌酐比值（UACR）的相关性.方法 将141例2型糖尿病患者分为正常ABI组（0.9≤ABI＜ 1.4,99例）和异常ABI组（ABI＜ 0.9,42例）,分析两组的性别、年龄、病程、体重指数（BMI）、UACR、尿素氮（BUN）、总胆固醇/三酰甘油（TC/TG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）等指标.结果 与正常ABI组比较,异常ABI组患者的病程、BUN、UACR、HbA1c水平升高,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.ABI与病程、UACR、BUN呈负相关（相关系数分别为-0.634、-0.757和-0.578,P均＜0.01）.结论 ABI与UACR呈负相关.异常ABI具有重要预警意义,能较早期地反映糖尿病患者肾功能的受损,对于筛查早期糖尿病肾病有重要临床意义.     

2型糖尿病患者踝肱指数的变化及影响因素

360例T2DM患者,按ABI0.9和≥0.9分为PAD组和非PAD组,观察ABI与各指标的相关性,对其进行统计分析。结果:PAD组在年龄、糖尿病病程、餐后2h血糖(2hPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、24h尿微量白蛋白(UAER)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、血肌酐(Cr)、C反应蛋白(CRP)水平方面均高于非PAD组,有统计学意义(P0.05或P0.01)。结论:ABI作为评估下肢血液循环不良或损伤的指标,具有无创、简便、价廉等优点。年龄大、病程长,血糖、血脂紊乱是加剧下肢动脉硬化过程的主要因素。     

踝臂指数评价糖尿病下肢动脉病变的临床观察

采用多普勒超声血流仪对87例糖尿病患者进行ABI的测定,ABI＜0.9异常.分析ABI异常的相关因素.结果ABI＜0.9者30例,占34.4%.合并PAD组与非PAD组相比年龄、病程、收缩压、舒张压、空腹血糖、餐后2小时血糖、HbA1c、TC、TG、LDL-C、HDL-C、APO-al、APO-b,血尿B2微球蛋白,CRE,吸烟史,差异均有统计学意义.结论ABI可作为PAD的早期诊断的方法.     

踝臂指数评价糖尿病下肢动脉病变的临床观察

采用多普勒超声血流仪对87例糖尿病患者进行ABI的测定，ABI〈0．9异常。分析ABI异常的相关因素。结果：ABI〈0．9者30例，占34．4％。合并PAD组与非PAD组相比年龄、病程、收缩压、舒张压、空腹血糖、餐后2小时血糖、HbA1c、TC、TG、LDL—C、HDL—C、APO—al、APO-b，血尿B2微球蛋白，CRE，吸烟史，差异均有统计学意义。结论：ABI可作为PAD的早期诊断的方法。     

老年糖尿病患者下肢动脉病变的筛查及其相关危险因素

目的研究踝肱动脉血压指数(ABI)在诊断老年2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者下肢动脉病变(PAD)中的临床意义及其影响因素。方法采用多普勒血流探测仪检测老年T2DM患者足背动脉、胫后动脉与肱动脉血压,并计算其比值,以0.9为PAD组,≥0.9为非PAD组,比较并分析两组代谢参数。结果 273例老年T2DM患者中PAD组89例,占总例数33%,非PAD组184例。与非PAD组比较,PAD组年龄、糖尿病病程、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)均明显增高(P均0.01);相关分析显示,ABI与年龄、糖尿病病程、HbA1c、LDL-C呈显著负相关(分别为r=-0.346,P0.01;r=-0.202,P0.01;r=-0.252,P0.01;r=-0.279,P0.01)。结论 ABI在诊断老年T2DM下肢动脉病变中具有重要意义;年龄、病程、LDL-C、高血糖、高血压为下肢动脉病变的主要危险因素;大于65岁老年糖尿病患者PAD发生率显著增高。     

糖尿病患者下肢动脉病变筛查及危险因素分析

目的通过踝肱指数（ABI）检查,探讨住院糖尿病患者下肢外周动脉病变（PAD）的患病率,并分析影响ABI的危险因素。方法纳入华西医院内分泌科2004年8月～2006年12月住院糖尿病患者665例,使用多普勒血管超声仪检测ABI,同时检测血小板、血脂、尿酸、HbA1c和纤维蛋白原（Fib）等 通过回归分析探讨影响ABI的危险因素。结果665例糖尿病患者中,ABI降低组（ABI〈0.9）107例（16.1%） ABI升高组（ABI≥1.3）51例（7.7%） ABI及PBI均正常者（0.9≤ABI〈1.3）516例（76.2%）。与ABI正常者相比,ABI降低组患者年龄更大,病程更长,收缩压、血尿酸、TC、LDL-C、血小板、Fib更高 多因素logistic逐步回归分析显示年龄、血小板数和Fib水平是导致ABI降低的独立危险因素 而病程和LDL-C是导致ABI升高的危险因素。结论通过ABI检测发现,大约23.8%的住院糖尿病患者存在PAD 合并糖尿病PAD的患者血压、血脂以及尿酸代谢紊乱更为明显,且合并血液高凝状态。因此,对门诊和住院糖尿病患者,应常规进行ABI检测以早期发现糖尿病PAD 严格控制血压、血脂、尿酸以及改善高凝状态对于预防糖尿病PAD至关重要。     

慢性失眠对老年糖尿病患者静息心率及心率变异性的影响

目的探讨慢性失眠对老年糖尿病患者静息心率(RHR)及心率变异性(HRV)的影响。方法入选老年患者236例,分为健康对照组62例,单纯糖尿病组64例,糖尿病合并失眠组110例,其中糖尿病合并失眠组按失眠病程分为<5年组(40例),5⁹年组(38例)和≥10年组(32例)。所有患者行常规心电图及24 h心电图检查,并对RHR,HRV时域指标窦性R-R间标准差(SDNN)、窦性R-R间期标准差(SDANN)、窦性R-R间期标准差均值(SDNN index)、窦性R-R间期差值>50 ms(r MSSD)和R-R连质差异均值的平方根(PNN50),频域指标低频(LF)、高频(HF)及LF/FH进行对比分析。结果与健康对照组相比,单纯糖尿病组和糖尿病合并失眠组HRV各时域指标及频域指标LF、HF降低,RHR及LF/HF增高(P<0.05)。与单纯糖尿病组相比,糖尿病合并失眠组HRV各时域指标及频域指标LF、HF降低明显,LF/HF增高明显(P<0.05)。糖尿病合并失眠组中失眠病程59年组(38例)和≥10年组(32例)。所有患者行常规心电图及24 h心电图检查,并对RHR,HRV时域指标窦性R-R间标准差(SDNN)、窦性R-R间期标准差(SDANN)、窦性R-R间期标准差均值(SDNN index)、窦性R-R间期差值>50 ms(r MSSD)和R-R连质差异均值的平方根(PNN50),频域指标低频(LF)、高频(HF)及LF/FH进行对比分析。结果与健康对照组相比,单纯糖尿病组和糖尿病合并失眠组HRV各时域指标及频域指标LF、HF降低,RHR及LF/HF增高(P<0.05)。与单纯糖尿病组相比,糖尿病合并失眠组HRV各时域指标及频域指标LF、HF降低明显,LF/HF增高明显(P<0.05)。糖尿病合并失眠组中失眠病程5⁹年组和≥10年组的HRV各时域指标及频域指标LF、HF降低,RHR及LF/HF增高(P<0.05);失眠病程≥10年组的HRV各时域指标及频域指标LF、HF较59年组和≥10年组的HRV各时域指标及频域指标LF、HF降低,RHR及LF/HF增高(P<0.05);失眠病程≥10年组的HRV各时域指标及频域指标LF、HF较5⁹年组进一步降低,RHR及LF/HF进一步增高(P<0.05)。结论慢性失眠可加重老年糖尿病患者自主神经功能紊乱,其中失眠病程越长,糖尿病患者自主神经功能紊乱程度更明显。     

2型糖尿病合并脑梗死患者糖化血红蛋白、血清同型半胱氨酸与颈动脉内膜中层厚度分析

目的探讨老年2型糖尿病合并脑梗死患者糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）,血清同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）水平与颈动脉内膜中层厚度（IMT）的关系。方法对49例老年2型糖尿病脑梗死患者、40例老年2型糖尿病无脑梗死患者、43例健康老年人（对照组）进行HbA1c,血清Hcy与IMT的相关性分析。结果老年2型糖尿病合并脑梗死组的HbA1c、血清Hcy、IMT水平明显高于老年2型糖尿病无脑梗死组和对照组（P〈0.05）,2型糖尿病合并脑梗死组中的IMT与HbA1c、血清Hcy、总胆固醇呈正相关（P〈0.05）。结论老年2型糖尿病患者除严格控制血糖外,有必要检测HbA1c、血清Hcy与IMT,以早期预防或延缓大血管并发症的出现,从而降低脑梗死的患病率和病死率。     

Control of intraabdominal hemorrhage and shock: a comparison of fluid resuscitation, MAST, and balloon occlusion

Our study examined the efficacy of four treatment modalities in controlling hemorrhage and achieving hemodynamic stabilization in hemorrhagic shock: intravenous fluid replacement (IV); military antishock trousers used concomitantly with fluids (MAST); balloon occlusion at the level of the diaphragm with concomitant fluid replacement (balloon); and a combination of MAST inflation, balloon occlusion, and fluid resuscitation (MAST and balloon). Twenty-eight mongrel dogs were anesthetized, and the spleen was exposed and completely crushed. The abdomen was closed, and treatment was initiated and continued for four hours or until the dog died. For all conditions the hematocrit dropped during the course of the experiment; balloon occlusion was effective at slowing this drop (P less than .0001), but MAST had no statistically significant effect. Animals with balloons bled more slowly into the abdominal cavity than did animals in the other two groups (P less than .0001). MAST also were effective at slowing the bleeding (P less than .05). Of the balloon and the MAST and balloon dogs, all except one survived the entire four hours; this difference between balloon and nonballoon dogs is significant (P = .002). MAST did not have a statistically significant effect on survival. Perfusion pressure (PP) declined during the course of the experiment, and the balloon was effective at slowing this decline (P less than .0001); none of the other comparisons was statistically significant.     

A Call to Action to Enhance Filovirus Disease Outbreak Preparedness and Response

The frequency and magnitude of recognized and declared filovirus-disease outbreaks have increased in recent years, while pathogenic filoviruses are potentially ubiquitous throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Meanwhile, the efficiency and effectiveness of filovirus-disease outbreak preparedness and response efforts are currently limited by inherent challenges and persistent shortcomings. This paper delineates some of these challenges and shortcomings and provides a proposal for enhancing future filovirus-disease outbreak preparedness and response. The proposal serves as a call for prompt action by the organizations that comprise filovirus-disease outbreak response teams, namely, Ministries of Health of outbreak-prone countries, the World Health Organization, Médecins Sans Frontières, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention—Atlanta, and others.     

Interplay between interferon-mediated innate immunity and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

Innate immunity is the first line of defense against viral infection, and in turn, viruses have evolved to evade host immune surveillance. As a result, viruses may persist in host and develop chronic infections. Type I interferons (IFN-α/β) are among the most potent antiviral cytokines triggered by viral infections. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a disease of pigs that is characterized by negligible induction of type I IFNs and viral persistence for an extended period. For IFN production, RIG-I/MDA5 and JAK-STAT pathways are two major signaling pathways, and recent studies indicate that PRRS virus is armed to modulate type I IFN responses during infection. This review describes the viral strategies for modulation of type I IFN responses. At least three non-structural proteins (Nsp1, Nsp2, and Nsp11) and a structural protein (N nucleocapsid protein) have been identified and characterized to play roles in the IFN suppression and NF-κB pathways. Nsp's are early proteins while N is a late protein, suggesting that additional signaling pathways may be involved in addition to the IFN pathway. The understanding of molecular bases for virus-mediated modulation of host innate immune signaling will help us design new generation vaccines and control PRRS.     

Disease Pandemics and Major Epidemics Arising From New Encounters between Indigenous Viruses and Introduced Crops

Virus disease pandemics and epidemics that occur in the world’s staple food crops pose a major threat to global food security, especially in developing countries with tropical or subtropical climates. Moreover, this threat is escalating rapidly due to increasing difficulties in controlling virus diseases as climate change accelerates and the need to feed the burgeoning global population escalates. One of the main causes of these pandemics and epidemics is the introduction to a new continent of food crops domesticated elsewhere, and their subsequent invasion by damaging virus diseases they never encountered before. This review focusses on providing historical and up-to-date information about pandemics and major epidemics initiated by spillover of indigenous viruses from infected alternative hosts into introduced crops. This spillover requires new encounters at the managed and natural vegetation interface. The principal virus disease pandemic examples described are two (cassava mosaic, cassava brown streak) that threaten food security in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and one (tomato yellow leaf curl) doing so globally. A further example describes a virus disease pandemic threatening a major plantation crop producing a vital food export for West Africa (cacao swollen shoot). Also described are two examples of major virus disease epidemics that threaten SSA’s food security (rice yellow mottle, groundnut rosette). In addition, brief accounts are provided of two major maize virus disease epidemics (maize streak in SSA, maize rough dwarf in Mediterranean and Middle Eastern regions), a major rice disease epidemic (rice hoja blanca in the Americas), and damaging tomato tospovirus and begomovirus disease epidemics of tomato that impair food security in different world regions. For each pandemic or major epidemic, the factors involved in driving its initial emergence, and its subsequent increase in importance and geographical distribution, are explained. Finally, clarification is provided over what needs to be done globally to achieve effective management of severe virus disease pandemics and epidemics initiated by spillover events.     

Barrett's Esophagus: Where Do We Stand?

Barrett''s esophagus (BE) is a precursor for esophageal adenocarcinoma, which has an increased incidence rate over the last few decades. Its importance stems from the poor five-year survival of esophageal adenocarcinoma and current data that suggest a survival benefit when surveillance programs are implemented. In this review, we will cover the pathophysiology and natural history of BE and the different endoscopic findings. The prevalence of BE in different geographic areas and the incidence of high-grade dysplasia and adenocarcinoma in this patient population is reviewed. Recent recommendation for screening and surveillance of BE has been covered in this review as well as the efficacy of nonconventional imaging modalities and endoscopic ablation therapies.     

The Technology Transfer from Europe to China in the 17th–18th Centuries: Non-Invasive On-Site XRF and Raman Analyses of Chinese Qing Dynasty Enameled Masterpieces Made Using European Ingredients/Recipes

Two masterpieces of the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912 CE), one in gilded brass (incense burner) decorated with cloisonné enamels stylistically attributed to the end of the Kangxi Emperor’s reign, the other in gold (ewer offered by Napoleon III to the Empress as a birthday present), decorated with both cloisonné and painted enamels bearing the mark of the Qianlong Emperor, were non-invasively studied by optical microscopy, Raman microspectroscopy and X-ray microfluorescence spectroscopy (point measurements and mapping) implemented on-site with mobile instruments. The elemental compositions of the metal substrates and enamels are compared. XRF point measurements and mappings support the identification of the coloring phases and elements obtained by Raman microspectroscopy. Attention was paid to the white (opacifier), blue, yellow, green, and red areas. The demonstration of arsenic-based phases (e.g., lead arsenate apatite) in the blue areas of the ewer, free of manganese, proves the use of cobalt imported from Europe. The high level of potassium confirms the use of smalt as the cobalt source. On the other hand, the significant manganese level indicates the use of Asian cobalt ores for the enamels of the incense burner. The very limited use of the lead pyrochlore pigment (European Naples yellow recipes) in the yellow and soft green cloisonné enamels of the Kangxi incense burner, as well as the use of traditional Chinese recipes for other colors (white, turquoise, dark green, red), reinforces the pioneering character of this object in technical terms at the 17th–18th century turn. The low level of lead in the cloisonné enamels of the incense burner may also be related to the use of European recipes. On the contrary, the Qianlong ewer displays all the enameling techniques imported from Europe to obtain a painted decoration of exceptional quality with the use of complex lead pyrochlore pigments, with or without addition of zinc, as well as cassiterite opacifier.