血清N端脑钠肽对维持性血液透析患者血压、超滤量及容量负荷的诊断价值

目的 探究分析血清N端脑钠肽(NT-proBNP)对维持性血液透析患者血压、超滤量及容量负荷的诊断价值。方法 随机选取我院在2013年1月-2014年1月期间收治的80例维持性血液透析患者为研究对象,根据超声检测下腔静脉直径/体表面积(VCD)将其分为VCD≥11.5mm·m-2高容量组(n=40)和VCD11.5mm·m-2低容量组(n=40),动态观察两组患者血液透析前后的血压、超滤量及NT-proBNP水平变化情况。结果 高容量患者的收缩压(157.32±18.05)mmHg、舒张压(95.82±13.07)mmHg显著高于低容量组(P0.05),且高容量组患者的血清NT-proBNP水平(11837.02±1356.28)ng·L-1与低容量组(7683.29±1105.53)ng·L-1比较具有统计学意义;超滤量≥1.0kg的患者其血液透析前后的血清NT-proBNP水平(11472.38±1209.25)ng·L-1、(7148.43±1206.72)ng·L-1均显著高于超滤量1.0kg的患者,两组比较具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 血液透析患者血清NTproBNP水平与血压、超滤量、容量负荷变化具有密切关系,通过检测血液透析患者的血清NT-proBNP水平能够及时准确评估血容量变化,有助于提供血液透析的安全性,具有积极的临床意义。     

应用新透析模式预防血液透析低血压的效果观察

目的 探讨阶梯式超滤联合低温可调钠透析模式在预防维持性血液透析患者透析过程中低血压发生的效果.方法 随机将32例在血液净化室行维持性血液透析,有低血压倾向且透析间期体重增加≥3kg的患者分为观察组和对照组,各16例,观察组患者行阶梯式超滤联合低温可调钠透析,对照组患者行标准透析.比较2组患者发生低血压的例次、透析中的血压和透析结束时的脱水量.结果 观察组低血压的发生例次低于对照组(p<0.05),观察组透析结束前血压高于对照组(p<0.01),观察组透析结束时实际脱水量多于对照组(p<0.01).结论 阶梯式超滤联合低温可调钠透析模式可减少透析中低血压的发生率,提高血液透析质量,减少护理工作量,节约医疗成本,是一种简单、有效、经济的措施.     

超纯透析液对血液透析患者外周血炎性细胞因子及血管硬化水平的影响

目的观察超纯透析液对血液透析患者外周血炎性细胞因子及血管硬化水平的影响。方法选择该院收治的血液透析患者96例为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为研究组与对照组各48例,两组均给予维持性血液透析治疗,对照组采用标准透析浓缩液,研究组采用超纯透析浓缩液,两组均持续治疗6个月。检测两组透析液中内毒素、细菌DNA片段水平,比较两组治疗前后外周血炎性细胞因子及血管硬化水平。结果研究组透析液中DNA水平显著低于对照组(P0.05),经细菌16S-tRNA引物扩增后电泳灰度值显著低于对照组(P0.05)。研究组透析液中内毒素水平显著低于对照组(P0.05)。治疗后,对照组外周血超敏C-反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)水平较治疗前差异无统计学意义(P0.05),研究组外周血hs-CRP、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6水平均显著低于治疗前与对照组(P0.05)。治疗后,对照组踝-臂脉搏传导速度(baPWV)、颈总动脉内-中膜厚度(CA-IMT)较治疗前差异无统计学意义(P0.05),研究组baPWV、CA-IMT显著低于治疗前与对照组(P0.05)。结论超纯透析液可显著降低血液透析患者外周血炎性细胞因子水平,减轻血管硬化水平。     

血液透析联合血液灌流对维持性透析患者同型半胱氨酸水平的影响

目的:对比血液透析联合血液灌流和血液透析对维持性透析患者同型半胱氨酸水平的影响。方法:选取2016年6月至2017年10月维持性透析患者80例,随机分为两组,每组40例,分别采用血液透析联合血液灌流(联合组)和常规血液透析(对照组),分别检测透析前、后6个月患者的血浆同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平,对比两组尿素氮下降率,单室尿素清除分数和Hcy下降率。结果:治疗6个月后两组患者的ALB水平均显著高于治疗前(P0.05),而治疗6个月的后Scr和BUN水平显著低于治疗前(P0.05),且联合组的ALB水平显著高于对照组,而联合组的BUN水平显著低于对照组,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05),治疗6个月后联合组的Hcy水平显著低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),联合组的URR下降比例和Hcy下降率显著高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:血液透析和血液灌流在维持性透析患者中应用能有效降低血浆Hcy水平和BUN水平,促进患者营养状况的恢复。     

维持性血液透析患者透析期间发生心律失常的临床分析

目的对维持性血液透析患者透析期间发生心律失常的相关因素进行分析。方法回顾性分析2013-10—2014-10 25例维持性血液透析(MHD)患者3 000次的血液透析临床资料,分析心律失常发生的类型及相关因素。结果 25例患者进行的3 000次血液透析,发生心律失常为356例次,发生率为11.9%(356/3 000);超滤量≥4.0 kg的患者心律失常发生率为14.4%,明显高于超滤量4.0 kg患者(9.6%),差异有统计学意义,P0.05。结论维持性血液透析患者发生心律失常是多种因素综合作用的结果,医护人员必须要重视分析透析过程中出现心律失常的原因并总结相关的防治措施。     

维持性血液透析联合肠内营养改善透析患者营养状况的观察

目的探讨维持性血液透析联合肠内营养(EN)改善透析患者营养状况的效果。方法将西安北车医院2015年1月至2018年12月行维持性血液透析治疗的终末期肾衰竭(尿毒症)患者64例纳入研究,按照随机数字表法分为研究组和对照组,各32例。研究组给予维持性血液透析联合肾病型EN治疗;对照组在维持性血液透析的基础上给予单纯饮食指导,于治疗前、治疗后6个月观察患者的营养状况和治疗效果。结果治疗6个月后,两组患者营养状况均明显改善,研究组主观综合营养评估法(SGA)评分明显优于对照组,营养良好率高于对照组(P0.05);治疗后,研究组体质量、蛋白质、脂肪、肌肉、水分、体质量指数(BMI)均明显升高且优于对照组(P0.05),而对照组上述指标与治疗前比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后,两组间尿素氮(BUN)和肌酐水平比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),研究组血清清蛋白(ALB)和血清前白蛋白(PA)水平均明显升高且高于对照组(P0.05)。结论维持性血液透析联合EN能够有效改善肾衰竭患者机体的营养状况,促进生活质量改善。     

留置带隧道和涤纶套的透析导管的血液透析患者发生透析中低血压的危险因素

目的探究留置带隧道和涤纶套的透析导管的血液透析患者发生透析中低血压的危险因素分析。方法回顾性分析2018年10月至2021年10月本院收治的106例进行留置带隧道和涤纶套的透析导管的血液透析患者, 其中对照组为发生透析中低血压45例, 观察组为未发生透析中低血压61例, 比较两组患者临床资料、N-末端脑钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)、血红蛋白、血白蛋白、中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(NLR)、C反应蛋白(CRP)以及透析情况, 并进一步进行Logistic回归分析。结果两组患者年龄、性别、BMI、吸烟史、合并症、免疫抑制剂的使用等临床资料比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组患者NLR、血白蛋白比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05), 观察组患者NT-proBNP显著高于对照组患者(P<0.05), 血红蛋白与CRP均显著低于对照组患者(P<0.05);两组患者透析时间、置管部位以及导管功能不良史等透析情况比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05), 观察组超滤量、超滤率显著低于对照组(P<0.05);血红蛋白、NT-proBNP、超滤量、超滤率是血液透析患...     

维持性血液透析患者的血清硫化氢水平及其影响因素的分析

目的:研究维持性血液透析患者的血清硫化氢水平及其影响因素。方法:根据筛选及排除标准,纳入符合要求的维持性血液透析患者150例,同时收集健康志愿者17名作为健康对照。留取患者透析前后血标本,健康对照组则清晨空腹抽血。检测血清硫化氢、一氧化氮、一氧化氮/内皮素-1及硫化血红蛋白等水平,并作相关性分析。结果 :维持性血液透析患者透析前血清硫化氢、一氧化氮/内皮素-1比值、硫化血红蛋白水平明显低于健康对照组(P0.01),而内皮素-1和维生素B6含量与健康对照组差异无统计学意义(P0.05);透析前血清硫化氢与一氧化氮、一氧化氮/内皮素-1比值、硫化血红蛋白及肾小球滤过率正相关(P0.01),而与血肌酐水平负相关;透析后血清硫化氢水平较透析前明显上升,一氧化氮水平和一氧化氮/内皮素-1比值明显下降,而内皮素-1、硫化血红蛋白及维生素B6水平在透析前后无明显变化。结论:维持性血液透析患者血清硫化氢水平明显降低,其水平与一氧化氮、硫化血红蛋白、肾功能等显著相关;血液透析后患者血清硫化氢水平较透析前显著升高。     

大剂量利尿剂减少血液透析患者心血管并发症临床研究

目的为探索大剂量利尿剂对终末期肾病（ESRD）维持性血液透析患者心血管并发症防治的效果。方法将解放军第181医院54例尿量在200～500ml的新进入维持性血液透析的ESRD患者随机分成2组,研究组（27例,使用大剂量利尿剂,呋塞米片80～160mg/d或布美他尼片3～4mg/d,透析后第二天始分2次口服,透析日停用）和对照组（27例,不用利尿剂）,研究开始前两组患者基本情况：年龄、原发病、平均尿量、血压、心胸比等差异无显著性,平均透析间期和透析时间差异无显著性,治疗高血压、限制水盐、控制贫血等慢性肾衰竭一体化治疗措施两组相同,观察治疗期为12个月,终点事件为死亡或充血性心力衰竭,并比较两组平均尿量、平均透析超滤量、血压控制情况、心胸比、心力衰竭发生情况等指标。结果研究结束时,与研究开始前相比,研究组尿量的进一步减少明显少于对照组（P=0.045）;与对照组相比,研究组患者达到干体重所需平均超滤量减少（P=0.006）,高血压减轻（平均动脉压较低,P=0.02）,心胸比减小（P=0.04）,心力衰竭发生率显著降低（P=0.008）,高钾血症发生率显著降低。研究组无患者死亡,对照组死亡3例（3/27）。结论ESRD维持性透析患者使用大剂量利尿剂对控制水钠潴留有一定作用,使透析患者血压更容易控制,平均所需超滤量减少,内环境相对稳定,并因此减少血液透析心血管并发症,提示该疗法对减少维持性血液透析患者心血管并发症是一种经济而有效的治疗措施。     

下腔静脉宽度及脑钠肽对稳定血液透析患者干体重的评估

目的 B型脑钠肽(BNP)及体表面积矫正后下腔静脉宽度(VCD)对稳定血液透析患者的干体重的评估.方法 检测58例维持性血液透析患者透析前后血浆BNP水平,同时应用彩色多普勒超声心动图测定透析前和透析后2 h的下腔静脉宽度,检测透析前、后心脏结构及功能变化,记录当次透析脱水量.透析前、透析后及健康对照组对上述指标进行比较.结果 58例稳定透析患者经透析脱水后血浆BNP水平(52.1±22.8)ng/L较透析前(156.5 ±18.2)ng/L显著下降,但仍较健康对照组(15.6 ±7.6)ng/L增高(P＜0.01).VCD值透析后(9.8 ±2.1)mm/m2较透析前(13.3 ±3.1)mm/m2显著下降但与健康对照组(9.1±1.1)mm/m2比较差异无统计学意义.应用超声影像学及临床指标,对透析后患者判断仍存在高血容量者8例,血浆BNP[(224.1±42.8)ng/L]及VCD[(12.8±2.1)mm/m2]显著增高,降低干体重后,BNP[(38.4±8.6)ng/L]及VCD[(9.7±1.4)mm/m2]值显著下降.结论 血浆BNP及VCD在一定程度上反映血液透析患者体内血容量的变化,是判断干体重有价值的参考指标.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.