Self-reported remission, difficulty, and satisfaction with nonsurgical therapy used to treat anterior disc displacement without reduction

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to identify the appropriate treatment element for initial anterior disc displacement without reduction subjects. STUDY DESIGN: Sixty-nine consecutive patients with temporomandibular joint disc displacement without reduction confirmed on magnetic resonance images were randomly divided into 3 experimental treatment groups. The treatment of group 1 consisted of short-term nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and self-care instructions (palliative care group); group 2, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, self-care instructions, and occlusal appliance and mobilization therapy (physical medicine group); and group 3, no treatment (control group). Outcomes were assessed by means of a 5-item questionnaire that evaluated (1) symptom improvement, (2) difficulty of treatment, and (3) satisfaction with treatment during the 8-week observation period. RESULTS: Improvement scores in the palliative care group were significantly better than those in the physical medicine group or the no-treatment group. Satisfaction scores showed no significant difference among the 3 groups. Difficulty from treatment for the physical medicine group was significantly greater than that for other 2 groups. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that palliative care would be more appropriate as the initial therapy to treat painful anterior disc displacement without reduction.     

手术治疗单侧不可复性关节盘前移位的疗效观察

目的探讨手术治疗单侧颞下颌关节不可复性关节盘前移位的临床效果。 方法选择2012年10月至2013年10月单侧不可复性关节盘前移位患者54例,均经磁共振成像（MRI）确诊,保守治疗效果不佳,进行关节盘复位手术,按发病病程分为以下三组：6个月以内组（15例）;6~12个月组（22例）;12个月以上组（17例）。治疗后1、6和12个月对患者进行复诊,并对三组的疗效进行比较。 结果术后1、6和12个月复诊时,三组病例术后张口度改善情况和疼痛缓解情况均较术前有明显改善（P < 0.05）。术后12个月时,6个月以内组和6~12个月组张口度改善情况优于12个月以上组（P < 0.05）;而这两组仅在术后1个月复查时有明显差异（P < 0.05）,在其他复查时间点该两组无明显差异。6~12个月组术后张口度改善情况均优于12个月以上组（P < 0.05）。6个月以内组和6~12个月组疼痛缓解程度均优于12个月以上组（P < 0.05）;而6个月以内组和6~12个月组未发现明显差异。 结论在保守治疗效果不佳的前提下,手术是治疗不可复性关节盘前移位的有效方法,尤其对于发病时间在12个月以内的病例的治疗效果明显优于病程较长者,早期治疗对于预后十分重要。     

Mandibular manipulation of anterior disc displacement without reduction.

The history and clinical symptoms of anterior temporomandibular joint disc displacement without reduction are characteristic, and include limitation of mandibular movement and mandibular deviation on opening of the mouth. Twelve consecutive patients attending a clinic with such symptoms were treated by mandibular manipulation. An immediate increase in the range of mandibular movement was obtained for all patients, with a mean increase in interincisal opening of 8 mm. The method of manipulation is described, and the implications of the results for the treatment of TMJ patients are discussed.     

关节盘锚固定术治疗颞下颌关节盘前移位的临床应用

目的 通过对不可复性盘前移位的患者行关节盘复位锚固定术,探讨关节盘锚固定术治疗不可复性盘前移位的疗效。方法 对根据临床症状及磁共振成像诊断为不可复性盘前移位的患者15例（20侧关节）行关节盘锚固定术。结果 15例20侧关节接受关节盘复位固定术,手术后MRI显示12例16侧达到优,2例3侧达到良,有效率为95%,仅有1侧为“差”,占5%。所有不可复性盘前移位患者术后3、6、12个月较术前的疼痛改善依次为90%、95%、90%,下颌最大侧向运动改善依次为0.4、3.2、5.9 mm,最大张口度改善依次为8.6、16.2、22 mm。结论 关节盘锚固定术治疗不可复性盘前移位具有显著疗效。     

Case report of a posterior disc displacement without and with reduction

This article presents the case of a patient with an acute posterior disc displacement without reduction (PDDWR), whose temporomandibular joint (TMJ) showed, after physiotherapeutic manipulation, the characteristics of a posterior disc displacement with reduction (PDDR). Opto-electronic condylar movement recordings in both the PDDR state and the PDDWR state, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of the TMJ in the PDDR state were carried out to document the case. The first 2 physiotherapeutic manipulations were initially successful in reducing the disc, but a few days later the joint showed a relapse to the PDDWR state. From the third manipulation on, now 12 months ago, the patient has been free of symptoms of the PDDWR state. Condylar movement traces of the joint in the PDDWR state indicated that the condyle was prevented from entering the fossa completely. The downward condylar movement deflections during the early phase of closing, recorded after the second manipulation, showed the reduction of the posteriorly displaced disc during closing. The movement recordings also showed that the PDDR could be eliminated by submaximal opening and closing movements. The MRI scans, taken after the third, successful manipulation, showed the disc to be in a normal position with respect to the condyle when the mouth was closed, and to be posteriorly displaced when the mouth was maximally opened. The case shows that manipulation techniques may successfully reverse an acute PDDWR into a PDDR. The technique of MRIs and condylar movement recordings show promise in further unraveling the morphological and clinical features of posterior disc displacements.     

关节下腔治疗颞下颌关节不可复性盘前移位

目的研究经关节下腔治疗颞下颌关节（TMJ）不可复性盘前移位（ADDw/oR）的临床疗效。方法将临床和影像学检查确诊的单侧TMJADDw/oR患者56例,随机分为关节上腔组和下腔组,以治疗前作对照,经关节内灌洗、注射玻璃酸钠后行手法复位并佩戴密歇根（Michigan）稳定性咬合板2个月,复诊记录摩擦指数并评价其疗效。结果关节上腔和下腔治疗组开口度均较治疗前明显增大（P〈0.01）,摩擦指数值较治疗前均明显下降（P〈0.01） 下腔治疗组开口改善度较上腔治疗组增加明显（P〈0.05）,而摩擦指数值又明显小于上腔治疗组（P〈0.05）。结论TMJADDw/oR的关节下腔治疗效果明显优于上腔。     

Arthrocentesis with different irrigation volumes in patients with disc displacement without reduction: One-year follow-up

ABSTRACT

Objective: This study evaluated the clinical efficacy of arthrocentesis when varying the irrigation volume in patients with disc displacement without reduction (DDWOR).

Methods: Thirty DDWOR patients were equally divided into two groups: G1 (50 mL) and G2 (200 mL). Information was compared for pain, the maximum interincisal distance (MID), protrusion, and right and left laterality.

Results: Arthrocentesis was able to reduce the pain and increase the MID, protrusion, and both laterality values significantly one year after the procedure (p < 0.001) in both groups. However, comparisons between the groups revealed no significant difference (p > 0.05). Furthermore, changes in volume did not affect the arthrocentesis results (p = 0.626, odds ratio = 1.625; 95% confidence interval = 0.230–11.461).

Conclusion: Arthrocentesis techniques using 50- and 200-mL irrigation volumes were both effective, with no significant differences between techniques observed after one year of follow-up.     

Arthroscopic treatment of anterior disc displacement: a preliminary report

A new suturing technique for stabilizing anteriorly displaced discs that have been reduced arthroscopically after removal of adhesions, lateral pterygoid release, and stretching the lateral capsule is presented. This procedure has provided successful results, although the evaluation is only short-term. No complications have occurred using this suturing technique.     

Arthroscopic lysis and lavage in patients with temporomandibular anterior disc displacement without reduction

The authors prospectively analysed 50 patients with chronic anterior disc displacement without reduction, who underwent arthroscopic lysis and lavage of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Patients with symptoms lasting less than 1 year were assigned to Group A (n=28) and patients with symptoms lasting more than 1 year to Group B (n=22). The most common problems were inflammatory changes of synovial and retrodiscal tissue (Group A, 71%; Group B, 82%). Fibrous adhesions were present in 14% of Group A patients and 45% of Group B patients. Degenerative changes of the disc and articular surface were present in 4% of Group A patients and 32% of Group B patients. Mouth opening increased 123% from baseline in Group A, and 112% in Group B (P<0.05). Pain decreased significantly in both groups (Group A, 2.5 points; Group B, 1.68 points; P<0.05). In conclusion, almost all patients with chronic anterior disc displacement without reduction benefited from arthroscopic lysis and lavage of the TMJ. Patients with a shorter duration of symptoms problems benefited more than those with a longer duration. Arthroscopic lysis and lavage of the TMJ is safe and beneficial in chronic anterior disc displacement without reduction.     

Risk factors for temporomandibular joint pain in patients with disc displacement without reduction - a magnetic resonance imaging study

The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the magnetic resonance (MR) imaging variables of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) internal derangement, osteoarthrosis and/or effusion may predict the presence of pain in patients with a clinical disorder of an internal derangement type (ID)-III. The relationship between TMJ ID-III pain and TMJ internal derangement, osteoarthrosis and effusion was analysed in MR images of 84 TMJs in 42 patients with a clinical unilateral diagnosis of TMJ ID-III pain. Criteria for including a TMJ ID-III pain patient were report of orofacial pain referred to the TMJ, with the presence of unilateral TMJ pain during palpation, function and/or unassisted or assisted mandibular opening. Bilateral sagittal and coronal MR images were obtained to establish the presence or absence of TMJ internal derangement, osteoarthrosis and effusion. Using chi-square analysis for pair-wise comparison, the data showed a significant relationship between the MR imaging findings of TMJ ID-III pain and those of internal derangement (P=0.01) and effusion (P=0.00). Of the MR imaging variables considered simultaneously in the multiple logistic regression analysis, osteoarthrosis (P=0.82) and effusion (P=0.08) dropped out as non-significant in the diagnostic TMJ pain group when compared with the TMJ non-pain group. The odds ratio that a TMJ with an internal derangement type of disk displacement without reduction might belong to the pain group was strong (2.7:1) and highly significant (P=0.00). Significant increases in risk of TMJ pain occurred with 'disk displacement without reduction in combination with osteoarthrosis' (5.2:1) (P=0.00) and/or 'disk displacement without reduction in combination with osteoarthrosis and effusion' (6.6:1) (P=0.00). The results suggest that TMJ pain is related to internal derangement, osteoarthrosis and effusion. However, the data re-emphasize the aspect that these MR imaging variables may not be regarded as the unique and dominant factors in defining TMJ pain instances.     

Conservative therapy in patients with anterior disc displacement without reduction using 2 common splints: a randomized clinical trial.

PURPOSE: We performed a comparative evaluation of different types of splint therapy for anterior disc displacement without reduction (ADDWR) of the temporomandibular joint. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Seventy-four patients agreed to participate (65 females and 9 males). All patients were examined using a clinical temporomandibular joint disorder examination protocol, including muscle palpation, mandibular range-of-motion measurement, and joint sound detection. Additionally, the patients marked their pain (during chewing, mandibular movements, and rest position) and limitation levels on a visual analog scale. Bilateral magnetic resonance images were acquired, confirming ADDWR in at least one joint. After clinical examination and imaging, randomized splint therapy was provided: 38 patients received a centric splint, while 36 received a distraction splint. After 1, 3, and 6 months of therapy, outcome was evaluated using the Wilcoxon signed rank test for matched pairs. Success after 6 months was defined as improvement in active mouth opening of greater than 20% and pain reduction (on chewing) of at least 50%. Success was statistically verified using logistic regression test. RESULTS: The improvements in mouth opening were significant in both groups. The improvements in pain on chewing, pain during other functions, pain at rest, functional limitation on chewing, and other functions were also comparable in both groups. However, the logistic regression test suggested that patients using centric splints were treated more successfully than the others (confidence interval, 1.014 to 8.741, odds ratio = 2.785). CONCLUSIONS: Centric splints seem to be more effective than distraction splints. Therefore, before the surgical treatment of ADDWR, centric splints should be used instead of distraction splints.     

Zonograms of temporomandibular joints in patients with anterior displacement of the disc without reduction

Zonogram investigations were made of 86 temporomandibular joints in 81 patients who were diagnosed by video-fluoroarthrogram as having anterior disc displacement without reduction. Comparisons between of condylar shape and movement, clinical phenomena, and disc perforation were made. Results 1. Condylar deformity on zonograms was classified into 3 types: flattening, osteophyte, and concavity. Condylar deformity was much higher in patients than in normal volunteer controls. 2. Condylar movement patterns were classified into 3 types: coordinated, uncoordinated, and limited. Coordinated movement was frequently observed in normal volunteers, and limited movement was common in the patients group. 3. In the patients group, condylar deformity was observed in both the displaced and the non-displaced sides, although it occurred with extremely high frequency in the displaced side. Condylar deformation was more common when the disc was perforated than when it was unperforated. A correlation between condyle deformity and pain on the non-displaced side was suggested; but no correlation existed between condylar deformity and such elements as age, joint sounds, mouth opening range, and locking term. 4. Limited condylar movement occurred more frequency in the displaced than in the non-displaced side. Consequently values for limited movement without joint sounds were high for the displaced side; and coordinated movement without joint sounds was frequent in the non-displaced side. There was no correlation between condylar movement and such elements as mouth opening range, locking term, and disc perforation. 5. Comparisons of condylar deformity and movement with clinical phenomena and disc perforation showed no instances of high (greater than or equal to 0.5) correlation. These results suggest that, in the temporomandibular joint, changes occur in both hard and soft tissues and that these changes take place on both the displaced and non-displaced sides.     

Comparative prospective study on splint therapy of anterior disc displacement without reduction

A prospective randomized study was carried out to compare the therapeutic success of two different types of splint in patients with painful anterior disc displacement of the temporomandibular joint. The patients in Group I (n = 20) received stabilization splint therapy and the patients in Group II (n = 20) pivot splint therapy. Clinical investigation of the craniomandibular system was performed before and 1, 2 and 3 months after therapy and this was accompanied by subjective evaluation by the patients of their symptoms, using a validated questionnaire with visual analogue scales (VAS). There was a significant increase in maximum jaw opening and a significant reduction in subjective pain in both groups during the course of therapy (Wilcoxon test, P < 0.05). Active jaw opening increased by a mean of 8.05 mm in the group of patients treated with a stabilization splint (Group I). The comparable figure with pivot splint therapy (Group II) was 8.26 mm. The VAS scale value in Group I was reduced by 30.54 units and in Group II by 39.36 scale units. However, neither of these differences between the groups was statistically significant (Mann-WhitneyU-test, P > 0.05). It can be concluded that both types of splint provided effective therapy in patients with anterior disc displacement.     

Outcomes and patient satisfaction following individualized physical therapy treatment for patients diagnosed with temporomandibular disc displacement without reduction with limited opening: A cross-sectional study

Objective: To investigate physical therapy treatment outcomes and patient satisfaction in patients with a diagnosis of disc displacement without reduction with limited opening (DDWoR wLO).

Methods: Records of 97 patients with DDWoR wLO who received physical therapy in one outpatient clinic were used in this cross-sectional study. Outcomes included number of visits, maximum active interincisal opening, self-reported pain, and patient satisfaction.

Results: The average number of physical therapy visits per patient was 5.5, and there were significant improvements in pain rating and interincisal opening following physical therapy. Effect sizes for these comparisons were large (>1.0). Mean patient satisfaction responses across all symptom areas was consistent with patients being more than less satisfied following treatment.

Discussion: Individualized physical therapy treatment is an effective conservative intervention to improve mouth opening, reduce pain, and provide patient satisfaction in patients with one specific sub-type of temporomandibular disorder (TMD), DDWoR wLO.     

Correlation of different MRI characteristics of anterior disc displacement with reduction and without reduction

The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlations between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in anterior displacement with reduction (ADDR) and anterior displacement without reduction (ADDWR). Two hundred patients with temporomandibular disorder (TMD) symptoms were examined clinically by a clinician experienced with this disorder. There were 130 joints with ADDR and 45 joints with ADDWR; 88 patients were identified according to the clinical and MRI diagnoses of both observers. The MRI characteristics such as position, signal intensity, morphology of disc, degenerative changes, effusion, scar tissue, avascular necrosis, and condylar hypermobility were evaluated in the individual with ADDR and ADDWR. The Chi-square test was used to determine the correlation between MRI characteristics in the ADDR and the ADDWR. There were significant relationships between degenerative changes and increased signal intensity, degenerative changes and side-way displacement, effusion and the deformation of the disc, effusion and subluxation, increased signal intensity and subluxation, elongation deformation and increased signal intensity, and elongation deformation and side-way displacement in ADDR. There were significant relationships between degenerative changes and effusion, degenerative changes and decreased signal intensity, scar tissue and avascular necrosis, deformation of disc and increased signal intensity, as well as deformation of disc and decreased signal intensity in ADDWR. These MRI findings also correlated with the clinical findings, however, this correlation appears to be a synergistic pattern rather than a set of clear-cut relationships. The correlations between these MRIs and different clinical findings such as pain and dysfunction also must be evaluated. Existing correlations must be considered in the diagnosis and treatment planning of TMD, and signs and symptoms of TMD should be monitored after treatment.     

Prognostic indicators of the outcome of arthrocentesis with and without sodium hyaluronate injection for the treatment of disc displacement without reduction: a magnetic resonance imaging study

This study analysed the prognostic factors for successful arthrocentesis with and without sodium hyaluronate (SH) injection for the treatment of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc displacement without reduction (DDwoR) using clinical and radiological results. 29 TMJs in 25 patients with DDwoR were included. Patients were treated with arthrocentesis or arthrocentesis followed by intra-articular (i.a.) injection of SH. Treatment was evaluated for postoperative range of maximum mouth opening and the degree of postoperative pain on a VAS. Prognostic factors analysed were age, sex, duration of locking, trauma history, previous TMJ treatment, depression, bruxism, malocclusion and missing teeth. Degenerative changes were evaluated as probable prognostic factors. After treatment, 24 joints (83%) fulfilled the criteria for success. Duration of locking and present preoperative degenerative changes were the most significant factors for treatment outcome. The results suggest it is sufficient to use only arthrocentesis in patients without preoperative degenerative changes and arthrocentesis with SH in patients with degenerative changes on their preoperative MRIs, but because there were some significant differences between the two groups preventing the authors from comparing them statistically, they cannot come to that conclusion. To clarify the use of SH in such cases, standardized study groups are necessary for future studies.     

手术治疗颞下颌关节盘移位的近期疗效观察

目的:评价手术治疗颞下颌关节盘移位的方法和近期疗效.方法:2009年10月-2010年9月间手术治疗颞下颌关节盘移位患者9例(11侧),其中男1例、1侧,女8例、10侧,平均年龄28.4岁.术前平均开口度21.3mm.术前均行磁共振检查,明确诊断和分期,4例(5侧)行关节镜手术,5例(6侧)行关节盘锚固定术.术后进行至少3个月的临床随访和磁共振检查.结果:所有患者手术切口均一期愈合,未发生永久性面瘫等严重并发症,随访期末,平均开口度为32.8mm,磁共振复查显示关节盘髁关系保持稳定.结论:通过完善术前检查,严格掌握手术适应证,2种手术方法治疗颞下颌关节盘移位均有良好疗效.     

颞下颌关节灌洗术治疗不可复性关节盘前移位的临床研究

目的 评价颞下颌关节上腔灌洗术治疗不可复性关节盘前移位的临床疗效。方法 ３８例因不可复性关节盘多位引起张口受限的患者行关节上腔灌洗治疗,分析治疗不同时期患者的疼痛值、下颌运动度变化,通过关节造影判定治疗前后关节盘位置的变化。结果 治疗后不同时期的下颌运动均较治疗前的显著增加（Ｐ〈０．００１）,特别在治疗后１个月内增加明显,疼痛亦有显著缓解（Ｐ〈０．０１）。关节造影显示仅有２患者的关节盘部分复位。结     

Incidence of anterior disc displacement without reduction of the temporomandibular joint in patients with dentofacial deformity

The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of anterior disc displacement without reduction (ADDwoR) of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in patients with dentofacial deformity. Eighty-eight female patients (176 joints) with skeletal class III malocclusion and 33 female patients (66 joints) with skeletal class II malocclusion, with or without anterior open bite and asymmetry, were evaluated. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the TMJ was used to diagnose ADDwoR. A statistical analysis was performed to examine the relationship between ADDwoR and skeletal structure. ADDwoR was present in 37 of the 66 joints (56.1%) in class II compared to 34 of the 176 joints (19.3%) in class III (P < 0.05). In class III, ADDwoR was significantly more common in joints with mandibular asymmetry (24/74; 32.4%) than in joints with open bite (9/62; 14.5%) and joints with open bite and without mandibular asymmetry (1/38; 2.6%). In class II, ADDwoR was significantly less common in joints with mandibular asymmetry and without open bite (1/8; 12.5%). ADDwoR was only observed on the deviated side in both class III and class II with mandibular asymmetry. The prevalence of ADDwoR differed according to the dentofacial morphology.     

Surgical orthodontic treatment of skeletal Class III malocclusion with anterior disc displacement without reduction (ADNR): a case report

A female patient with skeletal problems and left temporomandibular joint (TMJ) derangement was treated with an occlusal splint, arthroscopic irrigation, and orthodontic surgery. The left side disc was displaced anteriorly without reduction; and mobility of the left condylar head was restricted. With arthroscopic irrigation, the jaw functions were recovered, but the disc position remained the same. After TMJ therapy, orthodontic and orthognatic surgery treatments were performed to correct the dentofacial deformity. Stable facial esthetics and occlusion devoid of temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD) symptoms were obtained and the patient's progress was monitored over a 5-year period.