CpG ODN纳米粒增强免疫抑制小鼠对重组乙肝疫苗的免疫应答

目的：探讨CpG ODN壳聚糖纳米粒联合重组乙肝疫苗对免疫抑制小鼠的免疫增强作用。方法：选月环磷酰胺建立免疫抑制模型小鼠。将乙肝疫苗单独或和CpG ODN或CpG ODN纳米粒经后腿胫骨前肌注射到小鼠体内，ELISA方法检测抗HBsAg IgG抗体、IL-12水平；流式细胞仪检测外周血CD4^＋、CD8^＋T淋巴细胞亚群。结果：CpG ODN纳米粒联合疫苗组的CD4^＋细胞百分数，IL-12水平及抗HBsAg IgG抗体的含量显著高于CpG ODN联合疫苗组（P〈0．05）。结论：包裹在壳聚糖纳米粒中的CpG ODN较相同剂量的CpG ODN更能增强免疫抑制小鼠对乙肝疫苗的免疫应答。     

T淋巴细胞亚群水平与带状疱疹病情发展的相关性分析

目的：探讨T淋巴细胞亚群水平与带状疱疹病情发展的相关性。方法选取2011年3月－2014年3月该院治疗的带状疱疹患者60例作为观察组,另选同期门诊体检结果正常60例作为对照组。检测2组外周血T淋巴细胞亚群（ CD3^＋、CD4^＋、CD8^＋和CD4^＋／CD8^＋）的数量。结果观察组的CD3^＋、CD4^＋和CD4^＋／CD8^＋比值均显著低于对照组,CD8^＋数量显著高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P均＜0．05）。结论带状疱疹患者存在CD3^＋T、CD4^＋T淋巴细胞及CD4＋／CD8^＋比值的降低,及T淋巴细胞亚群免疫功能的下降,其在带状疱疹的发生和发展中起着重要的作用。观测T细胞亚群水平的变化,尤其是早期对于T淋巴细胞的检测,对带状疱疹患者病情发展的判定有重要意义。     

乌司他丁对重症胰腺炎大鼠T淋巴细胞凋亡的影响

目的：探讨乌司他丁对重症胰腺炎大鼠T淋巴细胞亚群及各亚群凋亡比例变化的影响。方法：Wistar大鼠32只被随机分成假手术对照组、重症胰腺炎（SAP）模型组、乌司他丁治疗组和地塞米松治疗组。利用向胆胰管内注射脱氧胆酸钠建立大鼠重症胰腺炎模型。采用直接免疫荧光法先对CD4^＋和CD8^＋T淋巴细胞进行标记，使用原位缺口末端标记法标记各T淋巴细胞亚群的凋亡细胞。通过流式细胞仪检测实验结果。结果：乌司他丁治疗组CD4^＋T淋巴细胞比例和CD4^＋／CD8^＋比值较SAP模型组明显回升（P〈0．05或P〈0．01），CD4^＋和CD8^＋T淋巴细胞凋亡比例均明显下降（均P〈0．01）。结论：乌司他丁可能通过某种途径减少T淋巴细胞的凋亡从而发挥减轻重症胰腺炎诱发免疫抑制的作用。     

健脾益肾颗粒对慢性乙型病毒性肝炎患者T淋巴细胞亚群的影响

目的观察慢性乙型病毒性肝炎患者服用健脾益肾颗粒后血液中T淋巴细胞亚群的变化。方法将48例慢性乙型病毒性肝炎患者随机均分为两组，治疗组患者服用健脾益肾颗粒和一般保肝药物，对照组患者服用一般保肝药物。两组疗程均为8周，分别于治疗前后用流式细胞仪检测外周血T淋巴细胞亚群。结果治疗组治疗8周后，外周血CD3^＋，CD4^＋，CD8^＋T淋巴细胞水平均较治疗前增高，差异有显著性（P〈0.05）；对照组治疗前后外周血CD3^＋，CD4^＋，CD8^＋T淋巴细胞水平无变化，差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论健脾益肾颗粒具有促进慢性乙型病毒性肝炎患者外周血CD3^＋，CD4^＋，CD8^＋T淋巴细胞水平增高的作用。     

参麦注射液对维持性血液透析患者营养状态和T淋巴细胞亚群的影响

目的：探讨参麦注射液对慢性肾功能衰竭（CRF）维持性血液透析患者营养状态和T淋巴细胞亚群的影响。方法：选择80例在我院肾内科门诊或住院治疗的CRF维持性血液透析患者,随机分为观察组和对照组,每组均为40例。对照组采用单纯血液透析治疗。观察组在对照组单纯血液透析治疗的基础上加用参麦注射液治疗3个月。分别在治疗前和治疗3个月后进行血常规,营养状态和T淋巴细胞亚群的检测。结果：两组患者治疗前血红蛋白（Hb）、红细胞压积（Hct）、前白蛋白（PA）和转铁蛋白（TRF）比较差异无统计学意义。治疗3个月后,观察组Hb、Hct、PA和TRF均明显升高（P〈0．05）,而对照组治疗前后无明显变化。两组患者治疗前T淋巴细胞亚群CD4^＋、CD8^＋和CD4^＋／CD8^＋比较差异无统计学意义。治疗3个月后,观察组CD4^＋明显增加,CD8^＋明显减少,CD4^＋／CD8^＋比值增加（P〈0．05）,而对照组治疗前后CD4^＋、CD8^＋和CD4^＋／CD8^＋无明显变化。结论：参麦注射液不仅能改善CRF维持性血液透析患者的贫血状态,而且可改善患者的营养状况和调节T细胞亚群紊乱,增强机体的细胞免疫功能。     

胃癌患者T淋巴细胞亚群检测的临床意义

目的探讨胃癌患者外周血CD28和T淋巴细胞亚群的表达及其意义,探讨其在胃癌的发病机制中的作用。方法采用流式细胞仪检测36例胃癌患者外周血的CD28和T淋巴细胞亚群,并以15例正常人作为对照。结果胃癌患者外周血中CD3^＋、CD4^＋、CD4^＋/CD8^＋、CD8^＋、CD28＋水平明显低于正常对照组,CD8^＋、CD28＋和CD8^＋水平显著增高,胃癌临床分期越晚CD3^＋、CD4^＋、CD4^＋/CD8^＋水平越低,CD8^＋水平越高,在临床Ⅰ、Ⅱ期患者与临床Ⅲ、Ⅳ期患者之间存在显著差异,CD28＋表达水平与胃癌的临床分期无显著相关性。结论胃癌患者外周血淋巴细胞上的CD8^＋CD28＋表达减少,T细胞亚群异常,均与胃癌的发病机制有关。     

呼吸衰竭患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群的相关研究

目的分析呼吸衰竭患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群的特点、影响因素、临床意义及其治疗前后测定值的变化。方法采用免疫组织化学染色的方法测定100例呼吸衰竭患者CD3^＋、CD4^＋和CD8^＋细胞的阳性细胞百分率、CD4^＋／CD8^＋比值以及患者治疗前后外周血中T细胞亚群水平,并与正常对照组进行比较分析。结果呼吸衰竭患者外周血CD3^＋、CD4^＋明显减少,而CD8^＋明显增加,CD4^＋／CD8^＋比值明显下降,与正常组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。呼吸衰竭治疗后CD3^＋、CD4^＋细胞、CD4^＋／CD8^＋比值较前升高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论呼吸衰竭患者存在细胞免疫功能紊乱,检测患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群表达对评估患者的细胞免疫功能及疾病的诊断具有重要的临床意义。     

肝癌患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群的测定及临床意义

目的：分析肝癌患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群水平的特点、影响因素及临床意义。方法：对50例肝癌患者外周血T淋巴细胞及NK活性进行检测,并测定了部分患者T淋巴细胞亚群变化,比较其与正常人群对照组的差别。结果：肿瘤患者二项指标均低于正常对照组,CD3^＋、CD4^＋细胞数减少,CD8^＋数增加,Th/Ts比例下降或倒置。结论：肝癌患者存在细胞免疫功能紊乱,检测肝癌患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群的表达对评估患者的细胞免疫功能及疾病的预后具有一定的临床意义。     

壮尔颗粒对小鼠T淋巴细胞亚群的影响

目的观察壮尔颗粒（Zhuang＇er Granules,ZG）对细胞免疫抑制小鼠免疫器官指数及T淋巴细胞亚群的影响。方法用环孢菌素A（Cs A）建立小鼠模型,并在检测前第7天滴鼻肺炎链球菌（SP）。灌胃给药17 d后,测定小鼠免疫器官指数,并采用流式细胞仪（FACS）检测T淋巴细胞亚群的变化。结果胸腺指数与脾脏指数同空白对照组相比,模型组均有明显下降（P〈0.05）,各给药组与模型组比较均有明显提高（P〈0.05）,并随着给药量的增加而升高（P〈0.05）。脾脏中CD3^＋,CD4^＋,CD8^＋与空白对照组相比,模型组CD3^＋明显下降,CD4^＋有下降趋势,CD8^＋有上升趋势;各给药组CD3^＋,CD4^＋百分率随着给药剂量增加而升高,而CD8^＋的百分率随着给药剂量增加而降低。血中CD3^＋,CD4^＋,CD8^＋与空白对照组相比,模型组CD3^＋有下降趋势,CD4^＋明显下降（P〈0.05）,CD8^＋明显升高（P〈0.05）,各给药组CD3^＋和CD4^＋的百分率随着给药剂量的增加而升高（P〈0.05）,而CD8^＋的百分率随着给药剂量的增加而降低。结论壮尔颗粒有提高小鼠免疫功能的作用,提高CD3^＋和CD4^＋的同时,降低CD8^＋,以通过T细胞的平衡来调节小鼠自身的免疫功能。     

570例肺癌患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群和NK细胞的分析研究

目的探讨不同年龄段肺癌患者T淋巴细胞亚群和NK细胞变化及临床意义。方法回顾分析570例肺癌患者淋巴细胞亚群的流式细胞术检测结果。结果肺癌在51-80年龄段内发病率占78．6％：肺癌患者CD4^＋T细胞相对减低、CD8^＋T细胞相对增高、CD4＋／CD8^＋比值明显降低,与正常对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;随着肺癌患者年龄降低,NK细胞有明显降低趋势（P〈0．01）,CD3^＋T细胞有明显增加趋势（P〈0．01）。结论肺癌患者CD4^＋T淋巴细胞亚群及NK细胞活性受到抑制,CD4^＋／CD8^＋比值显著降低,细胞免疫功能下降,年龄越年轻其细胞免疫功能越紊乱;流式细胞术检测外周血T淋巴亚群对评价疗效、判断预后具有重要价值。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.