微创痔疮手术配合消痔灵注射液对直肠黏膜脱垂疗效的观察

[目的]观察微创痔疮手术(PPH手术)配合消痔灵注射液治疗直肠黏膜脱垂的疗效.[方法]对30例直肠黏膜脱垂患者根据病情的不同程度行1～2次PPH手术配合注射消痔灵液治疗.[结果]治疗后随访6个月～3年,痊愈28例(占93.3％),好转2例(占6.7％).[结论]PPH手术配合消痔灵液治疗直肠黏膜脱垂,具有创伤小、并发症少、治疗周期短等优点,疗效肯定.     

直肠黏膜排列固定注射术加肛门环缩术治疗直肠脱垂31例临床分析

直肠脱垂老年人发病率较高.我科自2003～2006年共收治（Ⅱ～Ⅲ度）老年RP病人31例,均采用直肠黏膜排列固定注射术加肛门环缩术治疗,疗效满意.     

痔上黏膜环切术配合消痔灵注射治疗直肠前突33例

直肠前突又称直肠前膨出,是指直肠前壁向前（即阴道内）突出,导致排便压力朝向阴道方向而不向肛门,出现排便困难,肛门处梗阻感,排便时肛门处压力分散感,排空不全感。有的中度或重度直肠前突患者,粪便潴留在直肠前膨出内,挤压直肠远端黏膜缺血,引起直肠慢性炎症,从而产生便意频繁和较重的肛下坠感。笔者对中重度直肠前突患者首拟中医药特色治疗,3个月后仍无显效者,再施行吻合器痔上黏膜及黏膜下层组织环切术（PPH）加消痔灵注射治疗。取得满意疗效。现报告如下。     

注射疗法治疗直肠脱垂的研究现状

注射疗法是目前治疗直肠脱垂的一项重要方法.常用的注射药物有酒精、50%葡萄糖、石碳酸杏仁油、5%鱼肝油酸钠、明矾注射液、芍倍注射液、消痔灵注射液等.注射方法有直肠黏膜下层注射法、直肠周围注射法、双层四步注射法,以及点状注射法、柱状注射法与扇形注射法等多种,注射疗法国外多用于婴幼儿及不完全性直肠脱垂,国内运用于各种直肠脱...     

直肠黏膜柱状切缝术配合消痔灵注射治疗直肠黏膜脱垂24例

近几年来，笔者采用直肠黏膜柱状切缝术配合消痔灵注射治疗直肠黏膜脱垂24例，疗效满意。现报告如下。     

腹腔镜盆底修复直肠悬吊联合痔上粘膜环切术治疗直肠粘膜内脱垂的长期疗效评价

目的评价腹腔镜盆底修复直肠悬吊联合痔上粘膜环切术治疗直肠粘膜内脱垂的长期临床疗效。 方法2008年2月至2009年9月选择接受治疗的直肠粘膜内脱垂患者98例,根据采用手术方式的不同分为2组,A组(n＝52)实施痔上粘膜环切术,B组(n＝46)实施腹腔镜盆底修复直肠悬吊联合痔上粘膜环切术。在术前、术后的1年、3年、5年分别对2组患者便秘程度及术后临床疗效、复发例数、并发症情况进行评价。 结果术后5年B组便秘程度并未逐渐加重,2组总有效率比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),B组复发例数与A组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),2组I－III级并发症比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结论腹腔镜盆底修复直肠悬吊联合痔上粘膜环切术治疗直肠粘膜内脱垂长期疗效确切,是一种安全的术式,具有创新性。     

内镜下直肠黏膜多点烧灼术治疗直肠内脱垂疗效评价

目的与直肠黏膜纵行折叠加硬化剂注射术对比,评价内镜下直肠黏膜多点烧灼术治疗直肠内脱垂的疗效。方法前瞻性选取2013年8月至2018年10月东平县人民医院收治的直肠内脱垂患者80例。随机均分为对照组与治疗组2组,每组各40例。对照组患者采用直肠黏膜纵行折叠加硬化剂注射术治疗,治疗组患者采用内镜下直肠黏膜多点烧灼术治疗。对照组2例患者失访,最终38例患者纳入本研究。比较术前及术后3、6、12、18个月两组患者便秘症状评分。结果术前、术后3个月两组患者便秘症状评分差异均无统计学意义;治疗组患者术后6、12、18个月便秘症状评分均低于对照组患者[(2.0±0.2)分vs (2.2±0.3)分,(1.5±0.1)分vs (1.9±0.2)分,(0.7±0.1)分vs (1.7±0.1)分],且差异均有统计学意义(t=4.773、11.841、48.474,P均<0.001)。结论内镜下直肠黏膜多点烧灼术治疗直肠内脱垂操作简便,临床症状明显改善,长期疗效远优于直肠黏膜纵行折叠加硬化剂注射术。     

用圆形吻合器行PPH治疗直肠黏膜脱垂疗效观察

目的评价采用圆形吻合器治疗直肠黏膜脱垂的安全性和可行性。方法38例直肠黏膜脱垂患者（直肠黏膜内脱垂20例,直肠黏膜外脱垂合并痔脱出18例）,均采用圆形吻合器行经肛门直肠黏膜环切术（PPH）治疗。结果环切黏膜圈完整35例,不完整3例。术后随访2～8个月,手术效果满意,直肠黏膜脱垂无复发,2例6个月后仍便血。结论圆形痔吻合器经肛门直肠黏膜环切术是治疗直肠黏膜脱垂的有效方法。     

Anal Sphincter Morphology in Patients With Full-Thickness Rectal Prolapse

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess the morphologic change of the anal canal in patients with rectal prolapse. METHODS: The endoanal ultrasound scans of 18 patients with rectal prolapse were compared with those of 23 asymptomatic controls. The thickness and area of the internal anal sphincter and submucosa were measured at three levels. RESULTS: Qualitatively, patients with rectal prolapse showed a characteristic elliptical morphology in the anal canal with anterior/posterior submucosal distortion accounting for most of the change. Quantitatively, internal anal sphincter (IAS) and submucosa (SM) thicknesses and area were greater in all quadrants of the anal canal (especially upper) in patients with rectal prolapse compared with controls. There was statistical evidence (in a regression model) of a relationship between increases in all measured variables and the finding of rectal prolapse. CONCLUSIONS: The cause of sphincter distortion in rectal prolapse is unknown but may be a response to increased mechanical stress placed on the sphincter from the prolapse or an abnormal response by the sphincter complex to the prolapse. Patients found to have this feature on endoanal ultrasound should undergo clinical examination and defecography to look for rectal wall abnormalities.     

Strength-Duration Testing of the External Anal Sphincter in Females with Anorectal Dysfunction

PURPOSE: The strength-duration test has been suggested as a means of assessing external anal sphincter function. This study was designed to investigate this claim by comparing the strength-duration test with established measures of external anal sphincter function. METHODS: Forty-nine females undergoing diagnostic anorectal testing (manometry, rectal sensation, electromyogram, pudendal nerve terminal motor latency, and endoanal ultrasound) also had the strength-duration test performed (which was repeated for each patient after a short rest period). RESULTS: The strength-duration test was repeatable. Statistically significant correlations were found between this test at pulse durations of 3 ms, 1 ms, and 0.3 ms with electromyographic activity of the external anal sphincter and with pressure in the anal canal during voluntary contraction. Significant correlations were found for durations of 100 ms, 30 ms, 10 ms, and 3 ms with the pudendal nerve terminal motor latency on the right and for the 3 ms and 0.3 ms durations with latency on the left. There were no correlations between the strength-duration test and resting pressure in the anal canal. CONCLUSION: The strength-duration test significantly correlates with the established measures of external anal sphincter function and its innervation. Therefore, this simple test appears to provide a simple measure of external anal sphincter denervation.     

Sacral Nerve Stimulation Can Be Successful in Patients With Ultrasound Evidence of External Anal Sphincter Disruption

PURPOSE This study was designed to determine whether patients with fecal incontinence and endoanal ultrasound evidence of anal sphincter disruption may be successfully treated by sacral nerve stimulation.METHODS Five consecutive females with incontinence to solids and endoanal ultrasound evidence of anal sphincter disruption were treated by a two-week trial of sacral nerve stimulation. If successful, patients then proceeded to permanent sacral nerve stimulation implantation.RESULTS Five patients, aged 34 to 56 years, were treated by temporary sacral nerve stimulation. Four had symptoms starting after childbirth. Two had previously had an anterior sphincter repair. After a two-week trial, three females reported full continence and an improvement in all aspects of their Rockwood fecal incontinence quality of life scores. These three females underwent permanent sacral nerve stimulation implantation. The remaining two patients reported no improvement and underwent dynamic graciloplasty or end colostomy respectively.CONCLUSIONS Sacral nerve stimulation may successfully restore bowel continence in some patients with endoanal ultrasound evidence of a defect in their external anal sphincter.     

Atrophy and Defects Detection of the External Anal Sphincter: Comparison Between Three-Dimensional Anal Endosonography and Endoanal Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Purpose Using endoanal magnetic resonance imaging, atrophy of the external anal sphincter can be established. This aspect has not been thoroughly investigated using three-dimensional anal endosonography. The purpose of this study was to compare prospectively three-dimensional anal endosonography to magnetic resonance imaging in the detection of atrophy and defects of the external anal sphincter in patients with fecal incontinence. In addition, we compared both techniques for anal sphincter thickness and length measurements. Materials and Methods Patients with fecal incontinence underwent three-dimensional anal endosonography and magnetic resonance imaging. Images of both endoluminal techniques were evaluated for atrophy and defects of the external anal sphincter. External anal sphincter atrophy scoring with three-dimensional anal endosonography depended on the distinction of the external anal sphincter and its reflectivity. External anal sphincter atrophy scoring with magnetic resonance imaging depended on the amount of muscle and the presence of fat replacement. Atrophy score was defined as none, moderate, and severe. A defect was defined at anal endosonography by a hypoechogenic zone and at magnetic resonance imaging as a discontinuity of the sphincteric ring and/or scar tissue. Differences between three-dimensional anal endosonography and magnetic resonance imaging for the detection of external anal sphincter atrophy and defects were calculated. In addition, we compared external anal sphincter thickness and length measurements in three-dimensional anal endosonography and magnetic resonance imaging. Results Eighteen patients were included (median age, 58 years; range, 27–80; 15 women). Three-dimensional anal endosonography and magnetic resonance imaging did not significantly differ for the detection of external anal sphincter atrophy (P = 0.25) and defects (P = 0.38). Three-dimensional anal endosonography demonstrated atrophy in 16 patients, magnetic resonance imaging detected atrophy in 13 patients. Three-dimensional anal endosonography agreed with magnetic resonance imaging in 15 of 18 patients for the detection of external anal sphincter atrophy. Using the grading system, 8 of the 18 patients scored the same grade. Three-dimensional anal endosonography detected seven external anal sphincter defects and magnetic resonance imaging detected ten. Three-dimensional anal endosonography and magnetic resonance imaging agreed on the detection of external anal sphincter defects in 13 of 18 patients. Comparison between three-dimensional anal endosonography and magnetic resonance imaging for sphincter thickness and length measurements showed no statistically significant concordance and had no correlation with external anal sphincter atrophy. Conclusion This is the first study that shows that three-dimensional anal endosonography can be used for detecting external anal sphincter atrophy. Both endoanal techniques are comparable in detecting atrophy and defects of the external anal sphincter, although there is a substantial difference in grading of external anal sphincter atrophy. Correlation between three-dimensional anal endosonography and magnetic resonance imaging for thickness and length measurements is poor. Inconsistency between the two methods needs to be evaluated further. Supported in part by grant No. 945-01-013 from the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development. Presented in part at the United European Gastroenterology Week, Prague, Czech Republic, September 25 to 29, 2004. Reprints are not available.     

Neural Network Analysis of Anal Sphincter Repair

PURPOSE: Prediction of success after anterior sphincter repair for incontinence is difficult. Standard multivariate analysis techniques have only 75 to 80 percent accuracy. Artificial intelligence, including artificial neural networks, has been used in the analysis of complex clinical data and has proved to be successful in predicting the outcome of other surgical procedures. Using a neural network algorithm, we have assessed the probability of success after anterior sphincter repair. METHODS: Prospective anorectal physiology data of 72 patients undergoing anterior sphincter repair was collected between 1995 and 1999. Complete data sets of 75 percent of the series were used to train an artificial neural network; the remaining 25 percent were used for data validation. The output was continence grading, ranging from 0 to 4 (worse to continent). RESULTS: The outcome at 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively was obtained and assessed. The best correlation between actual data value and artificial neural network value was found at 12 months (r = 0.931; P = 0.0001). Clear correlations also were found at three months (r = 0.898; P = 0.0001) and six months (r = 0.742; P = 0.002). Results of applying a net to details excluding pudendal nerve latency were poor. CONCLUSIONS: Artificial neural networks are more accurate (93 percent correlation) than standard statistics (75 percent) when applied to the prediction of outcome after anterior sphincter repair. This assessment also confirms the usefulness of pudendal latency in the prediction of anterior sphincter repair outcome. The results obtained highlight the obvious usefulness of artificial neural networks, which could now be used in a prospective evaluation for application of the technique.     

Inhibitory Effects of Sildenafil Citrate on the Tonus of Isolated Dog Internal Anal Sphincter

PURPOSE Although the exact pathogenesis of anal fissure is not known, hypertonicity of the internal anal sphincter might be involved in its pathogenesis as main event. To gain information about possible usefulness of the novel, smooth-muscle–relaxing drug, sildenafil, in chronic anal fissure, we investigated the effect of sildenafil citrate on acetylcholine-induced contractility of internal anal sphincter isolated from dogs.METHODS Internal anal sphincter strips were taken from German shepherd dogs and suspended in a tissue bath filled with Krebs solution at 37°C (pH 7.4) continuously bubbled with 95 percent oxygen and 5 percent carbon dioxide, and isometric contractions were recorded. Contractions were evoked by 10 μM acetylcholine, and the effects of different concentrations of sildenafil citrate (0.1, 0.3, and 1 mM) on the isometric tension of each internal anal sphincter strip were examined. The statistical significance was analyzed by one-way analysis of variance.RESULTS Pretreatment with sildenafil citrate (0.1 mM) attenuated contractile response to acetylcholine (n = 3), which were significantly weak compared with the maximum contractile response to the acetylcholine alone (610 ± 110 mg vs. 2,825.17 ± 416 mg; n = 12; P < 0.05). Sildenafil citrate also significantly inhibited the acetylcholine-induced contractions in a dose-dependent manner when applied after.CONCLUSIONS This experimental in vitro study showed that sildenafil citrate relaxes acetylcholine stimulated contractions of isolated dog internal anal sphincter. This may be of importance for raising the possibility that sildenafil cit-rate may have future potential in the treatment of chronic anal fissure. Further studies are needed for a conclusive decision on possible usefulness of sildenafil citrate in patients with chronic anal fissure.Poster presentation at the Cukurova Colo-Proctology Course and Symposium, Adana, Turkey, June 3 to 6, 2003.     

Long-Term Functional Outcomes After Laparoscopic and Open Rectopexy for the Treatment of Rectal Prolapse

Purpose  Laparoscopic rectopexy to treat full-thickness rectal prolapse has proven short-term benefits, but there is little long-term follow-up and functional outcome data available. Methods  Patients who had abdominal surgery for prolapse during a ten-year period were identified and interviewed to ascertain details of prolapse recurrence, constipation, incontinence, cosmesis, and satisfaction. Additional details on recurrences that required surgery and mortality were obtained from chart review and the State Death Registry. Results  Of 321 prolapse operations, laparoscopic rectopexy was performed in 126 patients, open rectopexy in 46, and resection rectopexy in 21 patients. At a median follow-up of five years after laparoscopic rectopexy, there were five (4 percent) confirmed full-thickness recurrences that required surgery. Actuarial recurrence rates of laparoscopic rectopexy were 6.9 percent at five years (95 percent confidence interval, 0.1–13.8 percent) and 10.8 percent at ten years (95 percent confidence interval, 0.9–20.1 percent). Seven patients underwent rubber band ligation for mucosal prolapse and seven required other surgical procedures. There was one recurrence after open rectopexy (2.4 percent) and one after resection rectopexy (4.7 percent), and there was no significant difference between groups. Overall constipation scores were not increased after laparoscopic rectopexy, with no significant difference to open rectopexy or resection rectopexy. Conclusions  This study has demonstrated that laparoscopic rectopexy has reliable long-term results for treating rectal prolapse, including low recurrence rates and no overall change in functional outcomes. Dr. Byrne was supported by the Notaras Fellowship from the University of Sydney, the Scientific Foundation of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons and the training board of the Colorectal Society of Australasia. Presented at the Tripartite Colorectal meeting, Dublin, Ireland, July 5 to 7, 2005. Reprints are not available.     

Management of Rectal Prolapse in Children

PURPOSE Rectal prolapse in children is not uncommon and usually is a self-limiting condition in infancy. Most cases respond to conservative management; however, surgery is occasionally required in cases that are intractable to conservative treatment. This study was designed to analyze the outcomes of rectal prolapse in children and to propose a pathway for the management of these cases in children.METHODS A retrospective analysis of all cases of rectal prolapse referred to our surgical unit during a period of five years was performed. End point was recurrence of prolapse requiring manual reduction under sedation or an anesthetic. Results are presented as median (range) and statistical analysis was performed using chi-squared test; P < 0.05 was considered significant.RESULTS A total of 49 children (25 males) presented with symptoms of rectal prolapse at a median age of 2.6 years (range, 4 months –10.6 years). All children received an initial period of conservative treatment with watchful expectancy and/or laxatives. Twenty-five patients were managed conservatively without any additional procedures (Group A), and 24 patients had one or more interventions, such as injection sclerotherapy, Thiersch procedure, anal stretch, banding of prolapse, and rectopexy (Group B). Management of rectal prolapse was successful with no recurrences in 24 patients (96 percent) in Group A vs. 15 patients (63 percent) in Group B at a median follow-up period of 14 (range, 2–96) months. An underlying condition was found in 84 percent of patients in Group A vs. 54 percent in Group B (P = 0.024). The age at presentation was younger than four years in 88 percent of patients in Group A vs. 58 percent in Group B (P = 0.019).CONCLUSIONS Rectal prolapse in children does respond to conservative management. A decision to operate is based on age of patient, duration of conservative management, and frequency of recurrent prolapse (>2 episodes requiring manual reduction) along with symptoms of pain, rectal bleeding, and perianal excoriation because of recurrent prolapse. Those cases presenting younger than four years of age and with an associated condition have a better prognosis. The authors propose an algorithm for the management of rectal prolapse in children.     

A Pilot Study of the Effects of Sildenafil on Stool Characteristics, Colon Transit, Anal Sphincter Function, and Rectal Sensation in Healthy Men

Nitric oxide is an important mediator of gut smooth muscle relaxation and visceral sensation. Sildenafil results in stimulation of the nitric oxide-cyclic GMP pathway. We sought to determine the effects of daily sildenafil administration on colorectal function. Over a 4-week period, sildenafil was administered during weeks 2 and 3. Stool frequency and consistency were assessed daily. Anorectal manometry, rectal sensation, and colon transit testing were performed at the end of weeks 1 and 3. Ten healthy men were studied. No significant differences in segmental or total colon transit time were noted; however, significant changes in stool frequency and trends toward decreased stool consistency were noted during sildenafil use. A trend toward reduced resting anal sphincter pressure was seen after sildenafil. Rectal volumes to first sensation and desire to defecate were significantly increased after sildenafil on test day 2 only. Additionally, volumes to desire to defecate and maximal tolerable volume were significantly increased before sildenafil on test day 2 compared to before sildenafil on test day 1. We conclude that daily administration of sildenafil is well tolerated and results in alterations in colorectal function.Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Gastroenterological Association in New Orleans, LA, May 2004 and published in abstract form (Gastroenterology 126:A221, A36, 2004).     

Closure Mechanism of the Anal Canal in Women: Assessed by Three-Dimensional Ultrasound Imaging

Purpose  To describe the functional correlates of anal canal anatomy using 3 dimensional ultrasound imaging. Methods  Ten nulliparous women were studied by using a 10-cm bag of 20-mm diameter. The bag was placed along the anal canal and inflated with 20 to 45 ml water, in 5-ml increments. At each volume, a three-dimensional ultrasound volume of the anal canal was obtained while the subjects were at rest and squeeze. The ultrasound images were analyzed to determine the relationship between the bag cross-sectional area and bag pressure. Results  At low distension volumes, the bag is shaped like an “hourglass.” The flared ends of the funnels correspond with the proximal and distal margins of the puborectalis muscle and external anal sphincter respectively. With increasing bag volumes, the length of completely closed segment of anal canal decreased. The last anal segment to open at rest was the one surrounded by all three structures. Anal contraction resulted in reduction of the anal canal cross-sectional area; the least compliant part of the anal canal was the one surrounded by external anal sphincter. Conclusion  The internal anal sphincter, external anal sphincter, and puborectalis muscle are all involved in the anal canal closure function. During contraction, the external anal sphincter is the strongest component of anal canal closure mechanism. Supported by an NIH grant-RO-1, grant DK60733.