特殊类型呼吸道异物的治疗

目的:提高对特殊类型呼吸道异物的诊治水平。方法:对1998年3月~2006年6月收治的46例气管、支气管特殊类型异物进行回顾性分析。结果:41例特殊类型异物经支气管镜取出(其中经气管切开口取出2例),3例开胸取出,2例死亡。结论:对特殊类型的呼吸道异物的治疗,应根据不同情况采取合适的手术方法及选择相应的异物钳,尽早稳妥地取出异物。全身麻醉下硬管支气管镜探查是特殊类型呼吸道异物取出的主要方法。     

成人气管支气管异物43例临床分析

摘要：目的探讨成人气管支气管异物的临床特点及合适的手术方法。方法回顾性分析２０10年１月~２０１5年12月福建医科大学附属龙岩第一医院耳鼻咽喉科收治的成人气管支气管异物43例的诊治过程。根据异物特点，采取合适的手术方式取出气管支气管异物，手术中经麻醉直接喉镜下取出2例、电子支气管镜下取出13例、硬质支气管镜下取出22例、经气管切开处联合硬质支气管镜取出6例。结果43例均成功取出异物，无失败病例，成功率100％，无死亡病例。结论快速有效诊断，术前评估，实施合适的手术方法对成人气管支气管异物的治疗至关重要。     

呼吸道塑料类异物取出及器械改进（177例分析）

目的 探讨呼吸道塑料类异物的治疗及器械的改进。方法 根据异物的形状、大小等特性，采用自行设计的公螺丝拧取法、螺旋凝固法和三齿反张钳法取向各种不同的塑料异物。结果 113例异物用上述自行设计的方法取出，61例异物用普通异物钳及气囊扩张法取出，1例经胸壁瘘口取出，2例开胸取出。病人全部治愈。结论 自行设计的螺旋凝固法，公螺丝拧取法及改进的三齿反张钳法较适用于各种塑料类异物，实践证明其安全、可靠、可在临床上推广应用。     

气管支气管异物3018例临床分析

目的探讨气管支气管异物的诊断、治疗方法及效果。方法回顾分析1980年1月-2006年12月我科治疗的3018例气管支气管异物的诊治过程。结果气管支气管异物以1—3岁儿童最常见（68％），植物类异物最常见（85．9％）。2867例在表麻下取出，2969例经直接喉镜或硬支气管镜成功取出。无术中或术后死亡病例。结论对气管支气管异物及时正确的诊断、合适的麻醉与手术方法的选择、术中应变能力，尤其是术者熟练的手术技能对减少并发症、降低死亡率至关重要。表麻硬支气管镜下异物取出术是治疗儿童气管支气管异物最适用的方法。     

小儿气管支气管异物155例临床分析

目的 探讨特殊类型气管支气管异物、先天性心脏病伴气管支气管异物、肺段支气管异物、围手术期出现严重并发症的气道异物取出方法。方法 全麻加表麻，经Storz小儿支气管镜取出143例，从气管切开处取出3例，用Hopkins带钳潜窥镜取出6例。结果 152例成功取出异物，无异物变位所致窒息死亡和气管支气管壁损伤等严重并发症，2例经抗炎治疗后自行咳出，1例在去手术室途中死亡(未行手术)。结论 特殊类型体积较大的气道异物，估计难以通过声门者应先行气管切开，以防止异物变位窒息，抢救失败。如异物堵塞于气管内已引起窒息，可立即行气管插管、加压给氧，待窒息解除，恢复部分通气，血氧饱和度上升至90％以上再取异物；心脏病及围手术期伴有严重并发症的气道异物，要根据不同的并发症和心脏病当时的心功能状况，采取有效的救治措施，以提高气管支气管异物手术的成功率。     

小儿下呼吸道异物500例临床分析

目的探讨小儿下呼吸道异物手术时机及方法。方法选取我院2005年6月～2009年6月收治的经术后确诊为呼吸道异物且资料齐全的500例患者,就其治疗方面的有关问题进行临床分析。结果纤维支气管镜取出4例（0.8%）;开胸手术取出2例（0.4%）;气管切开从气管切开口导入内镜或硬支气管镜取出20例（4%）;经直达喉镜取出32例（6.4%）;经硬管支气管镜一次完全取出436例（87.2%）,两次完全取尽者6例（1.2%）。结论根据异物种类及存留时间、位置等采取不同的手术方法,以最小的损伤取得最好的治疗效果。     

气管支气管异物1368例临床分析

目的探讨呼吸道异物的特点及有效治疗方法，以降低其误诊、死亡率，减少并发症发生。 方法回顾性分析1368例气管支气管异物患者病历资料，其中全身麻醉下经支气管镜取出异物1334例，无麻下经支气管镜20例，经气管切开6例，开胸8例。结果静脉复合麻醉及无麻下呼吸道异物取出1365例。1次手术成功取出1345例，2次6例；术后并发喉水肿25例，窒息死亡3例，死亡率0.21%。 结论提高对气管支气管异物的认识及诊断水平是降低误诊率的关键，静脉复合麻醉配合咽喉气管黏膜表面麻醉效果较为理想。尽量在硬管支气管镜下取出异物，但有些行气管切开及开胸仍有必要。     

特殊类型气管支气管异物手术取出方法探讨

目的：探讨特殊类型气管支气管异物手术取出的有效方法。方法：针对不同的异物,研制和借用一些特殊器械,采用多种不同的治疗方法,取出特殊类型气管支气管异物61例,分析各类特殊类型气管支气管异物手术特点。结果：61例患者支气管异物分别使用异物钩（31例）、笔帽螺丝取出器（11例）、异物网（13例）、特制微抱式三爪倒齿异物钳（3例）、细倒齿式食管异物钳（3例）等均顺利取出。无明显并发症,无死亡病例。除已行气管切开的5例外,其他患者未行气管切开。结论：根据各类特殊类型异物特点和患者的情况设计相应的器械和选择适宜的手术方法是保证治疗成功的关键。     

带钳Hopkins潜窥镜在小儿肺段支气管异物中的应用

摘要：目的探讨带钳Hopkins潜窥镜在小儿肺段支气管异物取出中的临床应用。方法27例肺段支气管异物患者，其中5例为二次手术，以仿真支气管CT和纤维支气管镜诊断。全身麻醉下，从硬性支气管镜套入带钳Hopkins潜窥镜，Hopkins潜窥镜接电视监视系统，直视下将肺段支气管异物取出。结果27例患者均成功将异物取出，无开胸取异物、气管切开口取异物及死亡病例，5例二次手术患者中，1例患者术后出现气胸，行胸腔闭式引流，转ICU病房，其他患者无气胸、纵隔气肿等并发症发生。结论带钳Hopkins潜窥镜可在直视下钳夹并取出异物，提高小儿肺段支气管异物取出的精确性，避免了开胸取异物，减少了并发症及术后残留。     

小儿气管支气管异物180例

目的 分析小儿气管支气管异物的临床特点及治疗体会,提高气管支气管异物的诊治水平。方法 回顾性分析180例小儿气管异物的临床资料。结果 180例中,植物性异物173例、金属性异物2例、塑料性异物2例、其他3例;在表麻下Hopkin支气管镜经口取出异物176例,经气管切开后取出异物4例,经二次手术取尽异物15例,均未有严重并发症发生,术后3d复查胸透(片)均未见异物残留征象。结论 异物吸入史、症状及体征,结合影像学检查可诊断气管支气管异物,表麻下气管异物取出是一种简易、有效的手术方式,症状严重者应考虑及时行气管切开。     

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance Angiogenesis is essential for tumour growth and invasion. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a prime mediator of tumour angiogenesis. VEGF‐C is a closely related protein that effects lymphatic endothelial cells and may be important in the process of lymphatic metastasis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of these cytokines in patients with T1 and T2a glottic, squamous cell carcinoma, in comparison with normal epithelial control tissue, to ascertain any association with radioresistance. Twenty‐two tumours treated by radiotherapy (13 radiosensitive, nine radioresistant) and seven normal control tissues were studied. The minimum follow‐up was 2 years after radiotherapy. Expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C was evaluated by immunohistochemistry of formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded biopsy specimens. Analysis was carried out using a quantitative computer image analyser. Both VEGF and VEGF‐C were detectable in tumour and normal control specimens. There was increased expression in tumour specimens of both VEGF (P = 0.03) and VEGF‐C (P < 0.001). In addition, the expression of VEGF‐C was associated with tumours of higher histological grade (P = 0.021). There was, however, no difference in VEGF and VEGF‐C expression between radioresistant and radiosensitive tumours. The expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C is increased in early laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). However, measuring the expression of these proteins cannot predict radioresistance in this tumour group.     

Treatment of Maxillary Sinus Carcinoma: Clinical Results Using the Kitasato Modality

The conventional therapeutic regimen for maxillary sinus carcinoma consists of dissection of the maxilla, full-dose irradiation and extensive chemotherapy. However, the results obtained with this treatment are often poor. Even when patients recover, their quality of life is significantly reduced as a result of deformity of facial structures and swallowing and articulation dysfunctions. A retrospective analysis of 68 patients with maxillary sinus carcinoma treated with the Kitasato modality between 1975 and 1999 was conducted. All patients underwent pergingival maxillary sinus surgery combined with pre- and postoperative irradiation therapy with standardized total doses of 16 Gy; the postoperative irradiation was given in combination with regional intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy administered via the superficial temporal artery. All visible tumor lesions were removed where possible in order to preserve or facilitate cellular immunity after surgery. The cumulative 5-year survival rates were 85.7% for Stage II patients, 88.1% for Stage III, 76.6% for Stage IVA and 75.0% for Stage IVB.     

Tongue Base Reduction with Temperature-controlled Radiofrequency Volumetric Tissue Reduction for Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

In recent years a considerable effort has been made to establish the use of different surgical techniques for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Nevertheless, treatment of hypopharyngeal obstruction due to tongue base hypertrophy remains in many ways an unsolved problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tongue base reduction with temperature-controlled radiofrequency volumetric tissue reduction in the treatment of OSAS. Twenty patients with OSAS and tongue base hypertrophy were treated with radiofrequency tissue ablation. An intensified treatment protocol was used, delivering 2,800 J per treatment session under local anesthesia. Two nights of polysomnography testing were performed before and after treatment. Daytime sleepiness, snoring and postoperative morbidity were assessed using questionnaires. Mean respiratory disturbance index (RDI) was reduced from 32.1 to 24.9/h after a mean of 3.4 treatment sessions. Six patients (33%) were cured after the procedure (reduction in RDI of &#83 50% and a postoperative RDI of <15/h) and ten (55%) showed an improvement of >20% in their RDI. Daytime sleepiness and snoring improved significantly. Peri- and postoperative morbidity was low; one severe complication occurred (tongue base abscess). We were able to achieve similar cure and responder rates to those reported in a recently published pilot study but with a reduced number of treatment sessions. We believe that this technique may improve patient acceptance and have beneficial cost implications.     

Cervical Reflex Induced by Click Stimuli in Cats

We studied click-evoked potentials in the anterior horn of the spinal cord in 17 cats. A concentric needle electrode was inserted into the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C3-C6. Potentials evoked with 105 dB SPL clicks were recorded with a peak latency of 4.89-5.10 ms only at the C3 level. These responses were observed 45-60 dB SPL above the auditory brainstem response (ABR) threshold, and no potentials were evoked by stimulation of the contralateral ear. Average was performed 100 times with changes in stimulation frequency of 1-20 Hz. The amplitude of the potentials decreased with increasing stimulus frequency, but there were no changes in ABRs. The responses disappeared after destruction of the medial vestibulospinal tract at the obex level, but ABRs were still recorded. The spinal nucleus of the accessory nerves was located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C1-C6, and the sternocleidomastoid muscle motoneurons were found at levels C1-C3. The click-evoked potentials recorded in this study reflect responses of the spinal nucleus of accessory nerves through the vestibulospinal tract to click stimulation. The responses have the same characteristics as vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials that can be recorded using surface electrodes over the sternocleidomastoid muscles of humans.     

Lack of significant estrogen and progesterone receptor expression in nasal telangiectasias in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: an immunohistochemical analysis

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is characterized by snoring and apnea during sleep leading to decreased oxygen saturation and disturbed sleep, excessive daytime sleepiness and neuropsychological disturbances. This study investigates cognitive neuropsychological abilities in a group of 53 OSAS patients before and after treatment with uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. General intellectual ability, verbal learning and memory as well as executive functioning were measured at baseline and 6 months postoperatively. After surgery there were significant improvements in verbal learning and memory (mean change - 39, SD 57.3, p <0.001), recall (mean change - 24.3, SD 39.3, p <0.001) and executive functioning (as assessed by percentage of errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; mean change-9.1, SD 15.7, p <0.001). These improvements were in accordance with improvements in the degree of sleep apnea, the oxygen desaturation index (mean change -9.7, SD 15.9, p <0.001) and arterial minimum oxygen saturation (mean change 4.5%, SD 10.2%, p <0.01). Surgical treatment seems to improve verbal learning, memory and recall and executive functions in parallel with better oxygenation in OSAS.     

Measurement of chemosensory function

Although hundreds of thousands of patients seek medical help annually for disorders of taste and smell, relatively few medical practitioners quantitatively test their patients' chemosensory function, taking their complaints at face value. This is clearly not the approach paid to patients complaining of visual, hearing, or balance problems. Accurate chemosensory testing is essential to establish the nature, degree, and veracity of a patient's complaint, as well as to aid in counseling and in monitoring the effectiveness of treatment strategies and decisions. In many cases, patients perseverate on chemosensory loss that objective assessment demonstrates has resolved. In other cases, patients are malingering. Olfactory testing is critical for not only establishing the validity and degree of the chemosensory dysfunction, but for helping patients place their dysfunction into perspective relative to the function of their peer group. It is well established, for example, that olfactory dysfunction is the rule, rather than the exception, in members of the older population. Moreover, it is now apparent that such dysfunction can be an early sign of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Importantly, older anosmics are three times more likely to die over the course of an ensuring five-year period than their normosmic peers, a situation that may be averted in some cases by appropriate nutritional and safety counseling. This review provides the clinician, as well as the academic and industrial researcher, with an overview of the available means for accurately assessing smell and taste function, including up-to-date information and normative data for advances in this field.