地热水对环境和人体健康的影响

对福州、雄县等地的地热水水质、周围饮水、地面水、土壤、农作物、鱼及人体健康所作的调查表明:福州地热水中氯化物、总固体含量不高,但雄县地热水中氯化物和总固体的含量均超过农田灌溉水质标准,应防止土壤盐碱化;两地区地热水中的污染指标含量不高,但其有害成分氟化物的含量高达7.1～16.1mg/L,均超过农业灌溉、渔业用水标准及地面水最高允许浓度;地热水及其利用后的尾水直接排入外环境,使地热点附近的饮水、地面水及土壤受到不同程度的污染,其污染程度因南北方气候的差异而有所不同,地热点的蔬菜及地热水养殖的鱼体中氟化物的含量均高于对照点;被调查地区地热水中氟对人体健康的影响迄今尚未达到危害水平,小学生尿氟正常,氟斑牙尚未出现明显增长的趋势,但远期的影响不可忽视。     

地热水的利用及其对人体健康的影响

我国地热水中氟化物含量比较高(1.37～17.5mg/L)。地热点周围的地面水、土壤和农作物均受到不同程度的氟污染。健康影响调查表明,地热点儿童氟斑牙患病率尚未见有螬长趋势,但是远期影响不能忽视。经常接触地热水的儿童的唾液溶菌酶含量有所增加。长期接触地热水的工作人员的皮肤刺痒和脱发现象增多,白细胞计数低于对照组,这可能与地热水中含有大量的盐类、硫化氢和放射性氡有关系。     

地热水氟的环境污染调查

为了解地热水氟对周围环境影响，用同步采样法调查了福州和雄县地热井周围河水、土壤及农作物的氟含量。结果表明，地热水及其利用后的尾水直接排入外环境，使调查点附近的地面水及土壤受到不同程度的氟污染；污染程度不但与离地热井的距离有关，而且因我国南北地方降水量差异而有所不同；调查点的蔬菜及粮食氟含量均高于对照点。     

某电解铝厂周边居民尿氟水平及氟斑牙现状调查

目的：了解电解铝工业区周边居民尿氟水平及氟斑牙的发生情况,为制定氟化物污染防制对策提供科学依据。方法根据厂区地理位置、周围敏感地区居民分布和常年主导风向以及企业排污情况,选择5个屯作为监测点、1个屯作为对照点。对监测点和对照点居民的尿氟化物含量进行测定,随机抽样检查儿童氟斑牙的患病情况。结果监测点儿童和成人个体尿氟超标检出率高于对照点,个体尿氟含量超过人群标准值的检出率男性高于女性。监测点儿童和成人尿氟含量均值高于对照点,但均未超过相应的人群标准值,不同性别尿氟均值差异无统计学意义。监测点和对照点儿童氟斑牙检出率差异无统计学意义（P＆gt;0.05）。结论该电解铝厂生产过程中排放的氟化物对该厂区周边居民的健康有一定程度的影响,应严格控制氟化物的排放。     

清徐县畸胎发病环境因素的探讨

对清徐县四个乡当地育龄妇女进行五年的回顾性调查和环境因素检测结果标明调查点１１４６名妇女畸胎发病率为４３．０２‰,明显高于对照点,饮水中氟的检出量调查点明显高于对照点,但均在０．５－１．０之间;调查点土壤中砷的含量明显高于对照点,调查点饮水,灌溉水,土壤中硒,锰的含量明显高于对照并在统计学上有显著性差异。     

放射卫生

.60902本溪某地下商场内氮及其子体的浓度/赵同福…刀工业卫生与职业病一19洲,20(6;一369一370 简述用双滤膜法和三段法测量某地下商场内氛及其子体浓度的结果。测量结果和剂量估算表明,该地下商场工作人员所受氧子体内照射剂量仍在正常本底范围内,不会对工作人员造成不利于健康的影响。图0表2参7(刘滋枯)960903地热温泉水中放射性水平/孟文斌…//工业卫生与职业病一1994,20(6)一380~382 通过对14眼地热温泉水中放射性水平的调查测试,探讨地热水开发利用中所致内照射剂量及其卫生学意义。结果表明该地区地热温泉水中各种核素含量均属正常本…     

含汞废水对环境及人群健康危害调查

某化工厂以汞为催化剂生产醋酸，将含汞废水排入某河，本文旨在探讨其对环境的影响和周围人群的健康危害程度，现将结果报道如下。1对象与方法选取沿河下游距废水排污口3、4．5、9、35km的A、B、C、D4点为调查点，检测河流断面水及周围的粮食、蔬菜、鸡蛋和鱼的汞含量；抽取各点周围村寨的农民（男85名，女88名）询问自觉症状、内科体检，并检测其血、尿、头发和饮用水汞含量。沿河上游10km处E点为对照点，按同样程序进行检测，抽查了73名农民（男46，女27名）。所有样品的汞含量均用冷原子吸收法测定，最低检测限为0．002μg。2结果2．1…     

氟污染对人群健康影响调查

目的研究氟污染对人群健康的影响.方法对某大型化工厂厂区及周围水的氟化物含量进行监测,对氟污染区工人和儿童545人及周边村民对照组75人进行上呼吸道慢性炎症、尿氟、氟斑釉、SIgA、皮肤碱抗力的调查.结果工人咽炎和鼻炎高于儿童及对照区,工人、儿童氟斑釉高于村民对照组而SIgA低于村民对照组.结论氟污染已对周围人群健康造成了一定的影响.     

高碘高氟对儿童智力及碘氟代谢影响的研究

笔者对高碘高氟地区儿童智力及碘氟代谢进行了调查研究，结果表明，“双高病区”居民甲状腺肿患病率为３．８０％，儿童甲状腺肿大率为２９．８０％，氟斑牙居民患病率为３５．４８％，儿童为７２．９８％．学生平均智商（ＩＱ）为７６．６７±７．７５，但智力低下者占１６．６７％。尿碘、尿氟分别为８１６．２５±１．８０ｕｇ／Ｌ和２．０８±１．０３ｍｇ／Ｌ，明显高于对照点。甲状腺吸１３１碘率明显低于对照点，３小时、２４小时的值分别为９．３６±１．５５％和９．２６±４．６３％，血清促甲状腺激素（ＴＳＨ）值明显高于对照点，说明高碘高氟对机体有严重的危害性，应引起注意。     

铝厂氟污染对人群健康的影响分析

通过体征检查、Ｘ光拍片诊断、尿氟检测三种方法对电解铝厂内部不同工种、不同工龄组织工的斑釉齿、氟骨病及尿氟的检查，以及铝厂附近地区三所小学８～１６岁的学生与远离该地的对照组学生的斑釉齿、尿氟的检查结果分析，得出铝厂内部电解工的斑釉齿、氟骨病的发病率及尿氟的含量均高于辅助工，且氟骨病的发病程度与工龄长短有着密切的关系。铝厂附近地区少年儿童的斑釉齿发病率及尿氟含量均明显高于对照组，说明铝厂氟污染不仅对电解工而且对周围居民的健康均有着一定的影响。     

Prevention measures against Legionella infection in a circulating hot water bath

For the sake of water conservation, a system for circulating hot water is widely used at public baths in Japan. Recently, large outbreaks of Legionella infection have occurred in public baths in Miyazaki and Kagoshima prefectures. More than three hundred persons were infected with Legionella pneumophila, and eight died. These outbreaks revealed that the Manual of Prevention Measures against Legionella Infection in a Circulating Hot Water Bath, which was published by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare in Japan in 2001, was not fully understood or conformed to by managers of the baths. Microbiological features about legionellae should be fully understood for prevention of Legionella infection in a circulating hot water or spring bath. This review describes the microbiological characteristics of legionellae, their habits in the environment, pathogenesis, symptoms of Legionella infection, and disease outbreaks in Japan. I also describe practical prevention measures to deal with this organism in a circulating hot water or spring bath.     

杭州市大气污染对人体健康危害的经济损失研究

为了探讨大气污染对人体健康危害损失的定量关系，根据历年的大气监测资料，选取大气污染危害已有定论并且能够量化的疾病指标，对暴露区和对照区人群进行现场环境流行病学调查。同时，调查４家大医院有关疾病的医疗护理费用及劳动时间的丧失，采用修正的人力资本法测算杭州市大气污染对人群健康危害的损失值达７．８亿元。结果表明，用修正的人力资本法结合环境流行病学调查来测算是一条可行的途径。     

Biological markers in chromium exposure assessment: confounding variables

An estimated two million tons of chromate production waste pollution has caused a major environmental and public health concern in Hudson County, New Jersey. As part of an occupational exposure assessment, urinary and red blood cell (RBC) chromium measurements were performed on 52 state employees who worked either near a contaminated site or elsewhere. Samples were collected so as to minimize contamination, and they were analyzed using sensitive techniques. These workers also completed a questionnaire that addressed potentially important third variables. Individual analyses suggested that exercise, drinking beer, past employment in chromium-related occupations, and diabetic status had an important effect on urinary chromium levels. These variables were entered into a regression model and were all found to be significant predictors of urinary chromium level (p less than .10). Some variables were also examined for their influence on RBC chromium level, but none had a measurable effect.     

安吉梅溪地氟病与地质地球化学环境分析

对浙江安吉梅溪姚村地氟病区的地质地球化学调查发现 ,岩、土、水中CaO、P、Zn、K、Na、Mg等元素严重缺乏 ,饮用水和土壤中 pH值分别为 6 2 2和 5 3,其中饮用水pH值低于国标下限值 6 5 ,人体较为敏感的氟元素出现奇高 (5 99mg/L)和特低 (0 11、0 0 3mg/L)两个极端。分析认为这种特殊的地质地球化学环境是导致地氟病的主要原因。据此 ,提出通过改水工程防治地氟病的对策措施 ,已经得到落实。     

Health disparities attributable to air pollutant exposure in North Carolina: Influence of residential environmental and social factors

Understanding the environmental justice implications of the mortality impacts of air pollution exposure is a public health priority, as some subpopulations may face a disproportionate health burden. We examined which residential environmental and social factors may affect disparities in the air pollution-mortality relationship in North Carolina, US, using a time-stratified case-crossover design. Results indicate that air pollution poses a higher mortality risk for some persons (e.g., elderly) than others. Our findings have implications for environmental justice regarding protection of those who suffer the most from exposure to air pollution and policies to protect their health.     

温泉度假娱乐场所温泉水军团菌污染状况及相关因素调查

目的 了解温泉度假娱乐场所温泉水军团菌污染状况及相关因素。方法 选择北京市昌平地区较大的4所温泉度假娱乐场所，采用统一调查表进行现场调查，同时采集温泉水进行军团菌分离、鉴定和菌落计数，分离到的菌株用PCR方法进行mip基因分型。结果 87份温泉水检出47株军团菌，均为嗜肺军团菌（Lp），检出率为54．02％，共有4个血清型（Lp1占57．45％，Lp6占21．28％，Lp12占14．89％，Lp5占6．38％）。温泉水通过循环过滤加热系统控制池水的温度在34～47℃之间，34～44℃均有军团菌的检出，34℃以下和44℃以上未检出，其中高温池（40～47℃）37份水样检出Lp21株，检出率56．75％；低温池（34～39．9℃）42份水样检出Lp26株，检出率61．90％。高温池与低温池检出率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。4所温泉度假娱乐场所温泉水pH值6．4～7．3，环境温度26～28℃，相对湿度在56％～69％，均为军团菌最佳的生长条件。温泉场所的消毒全部采用氯制剂，余氯含量为0．3～0．5mg／L，但检出率仍在14．29％～48．00％。结论 4所温泉娱乐场所温泉水Lp污染比较严重，血清分型以Lp1为主，环境条件、pH值、温泉水温度以及温泉的形成方式均适合军团菌生长，所以要高度注意由温泉引起的军团菌暴发。由于温泉水温度比较高，氯制剂中氯挥发快，可影响消毒效果，温度达到44℃以上可作为抑制军团菌方法。     

建设项目环境医学评价公众参与方法研究

目的通过公众参与，对拟建项目可能造成的环境医学污染及其能取得的经济与社会效益进行定性评价，为拟建项目的环境医学评价工作提供可靠的公众参与信息。方法采用多种形式，对有关专家学者、拟建项目周边企事业单位以及项目所在地可能受到直接影响的居民进行调查。结果使公众了解工程性质、对人体健康和环境质量可能产生的影响，为工程的初步设计和环境医学保护措施实施提出合理化建议。结论本文介绍的公众参与方法在开展区域环境卫生学评价中有一定的使用价值，可以提高环境医学评价的有效性。     

PHS in the Queen City: a watershed development.

For over a century, Cincinnati, Ohio, has been at the center of the nation''s efforts to control water pollution. Site and subject of PHS activities to understand, manage, and prevent pollution, Cincinnati now carries on this public health legacy as home to EPA''s water pollution programs. From ante-bellum way station for primary care and the seat of early 20th century scientific contributions to vibrant center for the development of environmental health programs after World War II, the Queen City has truly provided a number of watershed developments in the history of public health.     

泰州市116份公共场所集中空调冷却水嗜肺军团菌监测结果

目的 为了解泰州市公共场所集中空调冷却水中嗜肺军团菌污染状况,为军团病的防控提供数据。方法 于2013-2015年采集了泰州市公共场所集中空调冷却水116份,进行了嗜肺军团菌分离培养,同时进行嗜肺军团菌核酸检测。结果 116份冷却水样本中26份分离培养出嗜肺军团菌,检出率为22.4%,荧光PCR法嗜肺军团菌核酸检测结果31份核酸阳性,检出率为26.7%。宾馆(饭店)、商场(超市)冷却水样中分离培养检出率分别为19.7%、27.5%,荧光PCR法嗜肺军团菌核酸阳性检出率分别为22.3%、35.0%。结论 泰州公共场所的集中空调冷却水嗜肺军团菌污染情况严重,已对长期在此环境下工作人群健康构成潜在威胁。     

Air pollution around schools is linked to poorer student health and academic performance

Exposing children to environmental pollutants during important times of physiological development can lead to long-lasting health problems, dysfunction, and disease. The location of children's schools can increase their exposure. We examined the extent of air pollution from industrial sources around public schools in Michigan to find out whether air pollution jeopardizes children's health and academic success. We found that schools located in areas with the highest air pollution levels had the lowest attendance rates-a potential indicator of poor health-and the highest proportions of students who failed to meet state educational testing standards. Michigan and many other states currently do not require officials considering a site for a new school to analyze its environmental quality. Our results show that such requirements are needed. For schools already in existence, we recommend that their environmental quality should be investigated and improved if necessary.