The value of CT in the detection of bladder and posterior urethral injuries

To determine the value of CT in the diagnosis of bladder and posterior urethral injuries, we retrospectively evaluated the CT and urethrocystographic findings in 33 trauma patients with suspected injuries of the lower urinary tract who had both studies in their initial evaluation. In 26 (79%) of 33 patients, results of both examinations were normal. Seven (21%) of 33 patients had bladder injuries (seven--two in one patient) and/or posterior urethral injuries (three) as determined on the basis of urethrocystography. Three patients had extraperitoneal bladder tears as the only injury to the lower urinary tract. Two patients had both extraperitoneal bladder tears and posterior urethral injuries. One patient had both an extraperitoneal tear at the bladder base and an intraperitoneal rupture at the bladder dome. The seventh patient had an isolated posterior urethral injury. All seven bladder injuries were detected with CT. In these cases, CT findings included (1) free intraperitoneal contrast material (one case), (2) focal contrast extravasation (three cases), and (3) paravesical fluid collections that on delayed CT scans revealed contrast accumulation in the fluid, indicating extravasation (two cases). The seventh bladder injury was suspected on CT and confirmed with retrograde urethrography. Only one of three posterior urethral injuries was detected with CT. Our results suggest that CT is sensitive in the detection of bladder injuries, but not for the diagnosis of urethral injuries.     

Bladder injury and pelvic fractures

This study had two goals. The first was evaluating the relationship of intraperitoneal and extraperitoneal bladder injury to pelvic fractures. To determine that 10 patients with bladder rupture and no pelvic fracture were compared with 24 patients having both bladder injury and pelvic fracture following blunt trauma. In patients with pelvic fractures, extraperitoneal bladder ruptures were more common (15 of 24) than intraperitoneal tears. An extraperitoneal rupture was unlikely in the absence of a pelvic fracture (1 of 16). It thus appears that the compressive force that deforms and fractures the pelvic bones and ligaments exerts a shearing force on the bladder base resulting in an extraperitoneal injury. Intraperitoneal bladder rupture was more common (7 of 10 patients) without pelvic fractures and most likely resulted from sudden compression of a distended bladder. The inebriated patient appears to be at increased risk for intraperitoneal rupture. The second goal was to determine if the vector mechanism causing pelvic injury determines the frequency and type of bladder laceration. Toward that goal 127 patients with pelvic fracture and no lower urinary tract injury were compared with 24 patients suffering a combined pelvic fracture and bladder rupture. Based on the radiographic pattern of pelvic fracture, we found no statistically significant difference in the frequency of bladder injury with lateral compression, anteroposterior compression, vertical shear, or complex pelvic fractures.     

33例创伤性膀胱破裂的临床诊治

目的探讨创伤性膀胱破裂的诊治方法。方法回顾性分析33例创伤性膀胱破裂患者的临床资料。本组32例患者行手术治疗,手术包括膀胱修补术、膀胱造瘘术;对合并后尿道损伤者,根据受伤时间行相应处理;对肠破裂或膀胱直肠贯通伤者行肠修补或结肠造瘘术。1例行保守治疗,留置导尿管引流。结果32例手术治疗患者术后排尿正常,其中1例因损伤严重于术后24小时内死亡。结论膀胱灌注实验结合腹腔穿刺检查及膀胱逆行造影是膀胱破裂简单而可靠的诊断方法。早期诊断、及时救治是救治成功的关键。     

Spontaneous extraperitoneal rupture of the urinary bladder in children

The authors describe two children who had spontaneous extraperitoneal rupture of the urinary bladder into the retropubic space secondary to acute urinary retention following lower urinary tract surgery. One also had urinary ascites. In one, the urinoma was initially mistaken for the bladder during ultrasonography. In both cases, the diagnosis of bladder rupture was not considered initially because of a lack of familiarity with the occurrence of this entity in children.     

35例创伤性膀胱破裂的诊治

目的：探讨创伤性膀胱破裂的诊治方法。方法对１９８６年１月－１９９９年６月共３５例创伤性膀胱破裂患者的诊断和治疗进行回顾性研究。结果３５例患者均行手术治疗,包括膀胱修补、膀胱造瘘术,合并后尿道损伤者行尿道会师术,膀胱直肠贯通伤者行结肠造瘘术,３４例患者痊愈,术后恢复正常排尿;１例膀胱直肠贯通伤伤合并后尿道损伤者,终生保留膀胱造瘘及结肠造瘘。结论膀胱灌注实验及逆行造影是诊断膀胱破裂简单可靠的方法,手术     

Imaging of male urethra

The male urethral imaging and pathology is not widespread in the radiology literature because this part of the urinary tract is easily studied by urologists with clinical or endoscopic examinations. Ultrasonography and MR imaging are increasingly being used in association with voiding cystourethrography and retrograde urethrography. The posterior urethra is being studied with voiding cystourethrography or voiding sonography which allows the detection of bladder neck pathology, post-surgical stenosis, and neoplasms. The functional aspects of the bladder neck and posterior urethra can be monitored continuously in patients with neuromuscular dysfunction of the bladder. The anterior urethral anatomy and pathology is commonly explored by retrograde urethrography, but recently sonourethrography and MR imaging have been proposed, distending the lumen with simple saline solution instead of iodinated contrast media. They are being used to study the urethral mucosa and the periurethral spongy tissue which can be involved in the urethral pathologies such as strictures, diverticula, trauma, and tumors. Imaging has an important role to play in the study of the diseases of the male urethra since it can detect pathology not visible on urethroscopy. The new imaging techniques in this area, such as sonography and MR, can provide adjunct information that cannot be obtained with other modalities.     

Bladder injury in blunt pelvic trauma

Clinical and radiologic findings in 97 patients with bladder injury secondary to blunt pelvic trauma were reviewed. Fifty-five patients had extraperitoneal bladder rupture; 35, intraperitoneal rupture; two, interstitial bladder injury; and five, combined intraperitoneal and extraperitoneal bladder rupture. Of the 61 of 97 patients with film studies available for review, two patients with surgically proved intraperitoneal rupture had false-negative cystograms. In two other cases of intraperitoneal rupture, the diagnosis was established with cystography but was not demonstrated with urography. All cases of extraperitoneal rupture were demonstrated cystographically; in 15 cases in this group, the injury was complex, with extravasation of contrast material beyond the confines of the perivesical space. In two additional patients, incomplete bladder injury termed "interstitial bladder rupture" was identified. A classification of bladder injury based on cystographic patterns of extravasation is proposed.     

Traumatic fistula from the posterior urethra to the hip joint: Case report and review of the literature

Urethral injuries are seen in association with fractures of the pelvic bones secondary to blunt abdominal trauma. A fistulous communication between the posterior urethra and the hip joint is a rare finding. A potentially serious complication of this fistulous communication is the development of a septic hip joint. Four such cases have been reported, and each developed septic arthritis of the hip. We report an additional case of a fistulous communication between the urethra and the hip joint secondary to blunt abdominal trauma. This patient was interesting in that the injury was recognized early, was treated successfully with antibiotics, and had no long-term sequenlae. Therefore, early radiologic exclusion of urethral injury via a retrograde urethrogram and aggressive management through proper bladder drainage and antibiotic treatment are emphasized to prevent long-term complications.     

Urethral stones: US for identification in boys with hematuria and dysuria.

There are multiple causes for hematuria in infants and children. When hematuria is accompanied by dysuria, however, one should focus attention on the lower urinary tract. Although ultrasound (US) is a well-established method for assessing the kidneys and bladder, little attention has been focused on its use for evaluating urethral abnormalities, since voiding cystourethrography or retrograde urethrography usually is used. In the cases of two young boys, sonography aided in the identification of clinically unsuspected urethral stones. US evaluation of the urethra is now included as an integral part of urinary tract sonography in male patients with hematuria accompanied by dysuria.     

CT cystography in the evaluation of major bladder trauma.

Computed tomographic (CT) cystography has been advocated in lieu of conventional cystography in the initial work-up of patients with suspected urinary bladder trauma. CT cystography was applied to a classification scheme for bladder injury based on the degree of wall injury and anatomic location and demonstrated characteristic imaging features for each type of injury. In bladder contusion (type 1), findings are normal. In intraperitoneal rupture (type 2), CT cystography demonstrates intraperitoneal contrast material around bowel loops, between mesenteric folds, and in the paracolic gutters. Manifestations of interstitial injury (type 3) include intramural hemorrhage and submucosal extravasation of contrast material without transmural extension. In extraperitoneal rupture (type 4), the path of extravasated contrast material is variable: Extravasation is confined to the perivesical space in simple extraperitoneal ruptures, whereas in complex extraperitoneal ruptures, contrast material extends beyond the perivesical space and may dissect into a variety of fascial planes and spaces. Combined intra- and extraperitoneal rupture (type 5) usually demonstrates extravasation patterns that are typical for both types of injury. Familiarity with these CT cystographic features allows accurate classification of bladder injury and allows prompt, effective treatment with less radiation exposure than and without the added cost of conventional cystography.     

Funktionelle Störungen des unteren Harntrakts im Kindesalter

Functional disorders of the lower urinary tract as well as vesicoureteral reflux involved in the disease complex of urinary tract infection/permanent renal parenchymal damage can be considered predisposing or risk factors. Two main forms can be distinguished, i.e., unstable bladder and dysfunctional voiding, while transitional forms between the two exist. Functional disorders of the lower urinary tract obstruct spontaneous resolution of vesicoureteral reflux. They are found in about 50% of cases in all children with urinary tract infection and are associated with an increased risk of developing renal parenchymal scars. They are observed during the newborn period up to school age. In the first few months of life, particularly boys with bilateral high-grade reflux and congenital renal parenchymal damage are affected. At later ages girls are also affected, but in this age group bladder instability predominates. Incontinence as the leading clinical symptom appears in approximately 70% of all cases and is closely correlated with chronic constipation. Imaging procedures in addition to urodynamic methods are of decisive importance for diagnosis and treatment, but noninvasive approaches such as sonography should be given preference.     

儿童后尿道瓣膜造影诊断及球囊治疗

目的 采用逆行性膀胱造影和排泄尿道造影,显示后尿道瓣膜及并发的尿路梗阻征象。从而做出影像学诊断。将球囊导管插入后尿道扩张、疏通后尿道膜性梗阻。方法 应用以上方法诊断后尿道瓣膜１６例,患儿年龄３个月～４岁,平均年龄２岁６个月。本组病例中３例经造影诊断后行外科手术治疗,１３例采用后尿道球囊治疗。１６例患儿均有出生后排尿困难、尿线不连贯、滴沥状临床特点。结果 １２例造影中直接显示后尿道瓣膜负影,全部病例     

Radiographic and clinical predictors of bladder rupture in blunt trauma patients with pelvic fracture

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: Bladder rupture is a potentially serious injury in blunt trauma patients. We determined whether location and displacement of pelvic fractures and the degree of hematuria can accurately predict bladder injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective database of 721 blunt trauma pelvic fractures that presented to a single large regional level 1 trauma center between January 1, 1997, and July 15, 2003, was expanded to include data on bladder injury and the initial urinalysis. Multiple logistic regression was performed to determine if an association exists between pelvic fracture pattern, degree of hematuria, and bladder injury. A potential clinical prediction rule was then derived using a point system for four independent, significant risk factors identified from the logistic regression results. RESULTS: There were 37 bladder ruptures (5.0%), all of which presented with hematuria >30 red blood cells per high-powered field (RBC/HPF). Pelvic injuries that were independently associated with bladder injury included diastasis of the pubic symphysis >1 cm, RR = 9.8 (95% CI 4.6-20.9), and fracture of the obturator ring with displacement >1 cm RR = 3.2 (95% CI 1.6-6.5). No patient with isolated acetabular fractures sustained bladder injury. A clinical prediction rule was derived, consisting of a single point for each of the significant pelvic injury sites in patients with hematuria >30 RBC/HPF. Patients with a prediction score of 0 had a 2.3% probability of bladder injury, whereas patients with scores of 1 and 2 had probabilities of bladder injury of 9.2% and 43.7%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with isolated acetabular fractures and patients with <30 RBC/HPF did not sustain bladder injury. In addition to hematuria, specific pelvic injury patterns are associated with bladder rupture. If validated, a clinical prediction rule derived from this data has the potential to guide the care of the blunt trauma patient.     

Contrast material in posterior vaginal fornix mimicking bladder rupture: CT features

Abdominopelvic CT of a 22-year-old woman who sustained blunt abdominal trauma revealed a collection of contrast material posterior to the bladder. This CT appearance was interpreted as evidence of bladder rupture, despite previously performed normal retrograde cystography. Subsequent urologic studies confirmed the absence of bladder injury. Retrospective review of CT revealed that collection was within the vagina. This case demonstrates an important false-positive CT diagnosis of bladder rupture and confirms the importance of retrograde cystography for the diagnosis of bladder rupture.     

Nonobstructive posterior urethral widening (spinning top urethra) in boys with bladder instability.

Seven boys between the ages of 5 and 10 years with symptoms of urinary frequency and urgency and daytime wetting were studied with urodynamics and were shown to have bladder instability and a dilated posterior urethra. In two the dilatation occurred predominantly during bladder filling. Unstable contractions caused filling of the posterior urethra, and leakage was prevented by voluntary contraction of the distal urethral sphincter; with voiding, the urethra showed a more normal appearance. In the remaining five, there were similar changes during filling, but dilatation persisted during voiding. In six the measured urine flow rate was normal, and none showed any evidence of anatomic obstruction. The mechanism of urethral distention appears to be similar to that previously shown in girls with spinning top urethra: Unstable contractions resisted by voluntary sphincter contraction cause posterior urethral dilatation. Boys with dilated posterior urethras who have urinary frequency and urgency and daytime wetting and normal urine flow rates should be assumed to have bladder instability.     

后尿道闭合性损伤的诊断及治疗

目的探讨闭合性损伤致男性后尿道断裂的诊断及治疗方法,提高后尿道断裂的诊疗水平。方法回顾本院收治的52例闭合性损伤致男性后尿道断裂病例的临床资料,总结其临床表现、诊断依据、治疗方法、预后情况。结果本组病例均为后尿道断裂,25例接受尿道会师术,27例行膀胱造瘘术,3～6个月后行尿道修复术。尿道会师组25例中10例术后恢复排尿,15例拔除导尿管后无法自行排尿,接受尿道修复治疗,其中术后再次出现尿道狭窄3例,勃起功能障碍4例,尿失禁1例。膀胱造瘘组27例均于3～6个月后接受尿道修复治疗,3例再次出现尿道狭窄,1例出现勃起功能障碍,无尿失禁病例。结论后尿道断裂伤情复杂,需根据不同情况选择适合的治疗方式,以改善治疗效果,减少并发症发生。     

The sentinel clot sign: a useful CT finding for the evaluation of intraperitoneal bladder rupture following blunt trauma.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the frequency and relevance of the "sentinel clot" sign on CT for patients with traumatic intraperitoneal bladder rupture in a retrospective study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: During a recent 42-month period, 74 consecutive trauma patients (45 men, 29 women; age range, 12-84 years; mean age, 50.8 years) with gross hematuria were examined by the use of intravenous contrast-enhanced CT of the abdomen and pelvis, followed by retrograde cystography. Contrast-enhanced CT scanning was performed by using a helical CT scanner. CT images were retrospectively reviewed in consensus by two radiologists. The CT findings including the sentinel clot sign, pelvic fracture, traumatic injury to other abdominal viscera, and the degree of intraperitoneal free fluid were assessed and statistically analyzed using the two-tailed x(2) test. RESULTS: Twenty of the 74 patients had intraperitoneal bladder rupture. The sentinel clot sign was seen for 16 patients (80%) with intraperitoneal bladder rupture and for four patients (7%) without intraperitoneal bladder rupture (p < 0.001). Pelvic fracture was noted in five patients (25%) with intraperitoneal bladder rupture and in 39 patients (72%) without intraperitoneal bladder rupture (p < 0.001). Intraperitoneal free fluid was found in all patients (100%) with intraperitoneal bladder rupture, irrespective of an associated intraabdominal visceral injury, whereas 19 (35%) of the 54 patients without intraperitoneal bladder rupture had intraperitoneal free fluid (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Detection and localization of the sentinel clot sign abutting on the bladder dome may improve the accuracy of CT in the diagnosis of traumatic intraperitoneal bladder rupture, especially when the patients present with gross hematuria.     

尿道断裂伤病人围术期治疗分析

目的探讨尿道断裂伤病人的围术期治疗经验，以提高疗效，减少并发症。方法对76例尿道断裂伤进行回顾性分析。结果前尿道断裂伤28例，后尿道断裂伤48例；手术66例，并发尿路感染6例，阳痿3例，尿失禁1例，继发性多次尿道大出血1例。结论对尿道断裂伤的治疗除选择确切的术式外，细致的围术期治疗同样是降低并发症及提高疗效的关键。     

盆底三维超声判断压力性尿失禁患者盆底功能损伤和疗效的价值

目的 探讨盆底三维超声在压力性尿失禁患者盆底功能损伤和疗效判断中的应用价值.方法 选取40例产后压力性尿失禁患者纳入本次实验作为观察组,另选择同期产后40例正常产妇纳入本次实验作为对照组,观察组产后接受盆底康复治疗,2组均接受盆底三维超声检查,统计并比较2组盆底功能(盆底裂孔面积、膀胱尿道后角以及膀胱颈至耻骨联合下缘的...     

Radiographic manifestations of congenital anomalies of the lower urinary tract

The evaluation of anomalies of the lower urinary tract (ureter, bladder, and urethra) requires high quality ultrasonography, voiding cystourethrography, and, occasionally, intravenous urography and contrast sinography. Infants with these anomalies present because of abnormal intrauterine ultrasonographic examinations, urinary tract infections, or obvious external malformations. With a solid embryologic knowledge of the development of the lower urinary tract the radiologist can tailor the imaging procedures to demonstrate almost all aspects of the anomaly and the presence or absence of frequently associated malformations.