宁波市某区424家基层医疗卫生机构2010-2013年抗高血压药使用趋势分析

目的:分析宁波市某区424家基层医疗卫生机构2010-2013年抗高血压药的应用情况与发展趋势,为国家基本药物制度的实施和临床合理用药提供参考。方法:分别按基本药物目录级别和药物类别统计分析抗高血压药物的销售金额、用药频度(DDDs)、日均费用(DDC)。结果:2010-2013年该区基层医疗卫生机构抗高血压药使用量增长迅速,省级增补品种一直是抗高血压药的主力军且呈上升趋势,血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗药(ARB)是省级增补品种最多的一类,而国家基本药物品种偏少且其DDDs构成比逐年递减。结论:目前国家基本药物目录难以满足广大基层高血压患者的用药需求,建议增加其中抗高血压药品种。     

钙通道阻滞药的临床研究及不良反应分析

钙通道阻滞药已被广泛用于治疗高血压、心律失常和不稳定型心绞痛等心血管疾病,但近年来常有长期使用钙通道阻滞药导致心肌缺血、血压过低和诱发心律失常等的报道。本文收集相关文献资料对长期使用钙通道阻滞药导致的不良反应进行分析介绍,以指导临床合理用药。     

镇江市基层医疗卫生机构抗菌药物使用情况分析

通过对镇江市基层医疗卫生机构三年抗菌药物使用情况的统计分析,探讨开展抗菌药物临床应用专项整治活动后,基层医疗卫生机构抗菌药物使用管理取得的实效及其存在的问题,以更好地完善和规范基层医疗卫生机构抗菌药物临床应用管理。     

新型的二氢吡啶类钙通道阻滞药乐卡地平的抗高血压作用

乐卡地平是一种新型的二氢吡啶类钙通道阻滞药 ,其亲脂性强 ,对血管平滑肌的舒张作用缓慢、持久、显著 ;动物及临床实验显示其降压作用持久、安全 ,并且对高血压作用的靶器官有保护作用     

重庆市基层医疗卫生机构实施国家基本药物制度的实践与思考

目的:研究基层医疗卫生机构实施国家基本药物制度的实践成效。方法:采用文献资料研究和专家访谈法。结果:重庆市实施国家基本药物制度的实践中存在不少问题,例如基本药物品种构成不合理,遴选专家选拔原则不清晰;配送效率受采购点击率影响;服务人口测算方法不合理、基层人员工作积极性不高;国家基本药物制度与基本医疗保险制度衔接有待加强。结论:应动态管理基本药物目录、建立科学原则选拔专家;集中招标采购遵循市场原则;合理测算服务人口、充分发挥激励机制;加强监督,加快医疗、医药、"医保"同步衔接。     

基层医疗卫生机构基本药物使用情况分析

［摘 要］目的：监测辖区内基层医疗卫生机构基本药物制度实施及基本药物使用情况,制定科学、合理的基本药物推广实施政策。方法：以调查表的形式收集我市基层医疗卫生机构在基本药物制度实施前后基本药物配备、使用及报销情况,并抽查2个县区各4家基层医疗卫生机构处方情况。结果：全面实施基本药物制度后,全市92家基层医疗卫生机构和1095个村卫生站全部配备使用基本药物,实施零差率销售并均纳入医疗保险。对比实施前当月,基层医疗卫生机构门急诊量增加26.52%,住院量减少32.57%,门急诊次均药费减少7.49%,住院次均药费减少13.76%,药品收入减少2.88%。单张处方平均使用基本药物少于5种,其中抗菌药物使用比例为57.5%,激素使用比例17.5%,注射剂使用比例为60%,单张处方平均金额为34.12元。结论：基本药物制度实施合理引导患者选择首诊医疗机构,减轻其医疗经济负担。基层医疗机构在建立科学合理的补偿机制和考核制度的同时要加强基本药物制度及合理用药的宣传、培训,引导基层医生正确使用基本药物。     

基层医疗卫生机构基本药物补偿模式的比较

目的通过分析我国现存补偿模式和各省补偿政策,为基本药物制度下基层医疗卫生机构补偿模式的进一步探索提供建议。方法文献研究法。结果目前国内主要的补偿模式有政府全额补贴模式、多渠道多头补偿模式、以奖代补模式、收支两条线管理模式;不同经济发展水平、人口数量、地理位置地区采取的模式有一定差异;部分地区采取多种模式相结合的办法。结论各地应丰富补偿模式,因地制宜,多方参与。     

安徽省基层医疗卫生机构药品供应现状调查

目的:为提高基层医疗卫生机构的药品供应效率提供参考。方法:采用分层随机抽样法,抽取安徽省大别山集中连片特殊困难地区6个县区作为样品点,从安徽省集中采购平台获取各样品点县区内143个基层医疗卫生机构2015年的药品采购数据,分析其国家基本药物、安徽省基本用药目录药物及廉价药的采购及配送情况;再通过分层随机抽样法,抽取12个基层医疗卫生机构进行现场访谈,了解药品配送情况及配送不足的原因等。结果:样本地区的药品整体配送率为82.27%,基本药物配送率超过80%;各类基层医疗卫生机构的国家基本药物及安徽省基本用药目录药物的采购金额构成比均达到标准;廉价药的整体配送率偏低(仅57%);区域间、基层医疗卫生机构间的配送率差异较大,最高者可达99.86%,最低者仅46.18%。现场访谈调查结果显示,药品配送不足现象的主要原因为基层医疗卫生机构采用的药品分片区配送模式对配送企业的市场竞争力有一定影响,且配送企业实力差异较大。结论:安徽省大别山集中连片特殊困难地区基层医疗卫生机构对国家基本药物制度的认知度较高,基本药物的采购率和整体配送率也符合要求,但区域间、医疗卫生机构间配送效率差异较大,仍有部分医疗卫生机构的药品配送无法按时、足量完成。建议采取推行药品配送"两票制"、健全药品配送企业监管机制、建立药品流通信息平台、政府部门主导廉价药的供应保障等措施,保证基层地区群众对基本药物的可及性和选择性。     

钙通道阻滞药药理作用与临床应用

钙通道阻滞药（CCB）又称钙离子拮抗药,是药理学、化学结构、生理作用和临床应用呈多样性的一组药物, 随着对各种疾病发病机制认识的不断加深和CCB药理机制的不断明确,CCB的临床应用正在向除心血管外的其他领域不断扩展,是一类临床用途十分广泛且有一定发展前景的药物。     

基本药物制度对基层医疗卫生机构的影响

目的:分析基本药物制度的实施对基层医疗卫生机构的影响。方法:根据《关于建立国家基本药物制度的实施意见》对基层医疗卫生机构的相关规定,针对基本药物制度实施中可能会遇到的一些问题,进行分析和讨论。结果:目前,基本药物概念尚未完全普及,现有基本药物供应保障制度存在缺陷,药品配送率低,基本药物质量保证体系尚未完全建立,且政府补偿配套措施难以到位,均影响到了基层医疗卫生机构实施基本药物制度的进展。结论:政府应建立多渠道补偿机制及药品招标的综合评价体系并合理选择配送企业,还应适当提高基层医疗机构医疗报销比例并加强国家基本药物制度的宣传。     

Calcium Channel Blockers and Pulmonary Hypertension

Abstract: In vascular smooth muscle from the pulmonary circulation, potassium evoked contractions are abolished in calcium-free medium and by calcium channel blockers (CCB). Noradrenaline, histamine, and serotonin induced contractions are partly resistant. Pulmonary arterial hypertension may occur both as a primary disorder and secondary to cardiac and pulmonary diseases; in both types there may be a component of pulmonary arterial vasoconstriction. In animal models, hypoxic pulmonary hypertension is counteracted by CCBs, nifedipine being particular effective. In patients with this disorder, CCBs also seem able to lower pulmonary arterial pressure and vascular resistance, but no controlled trials documenting their clinical efficacy have been performed. This is valid also for primary pulmonary hypertension, where some of the CCBs may have clinical value.     

Hemodynamic Effects of Calcium Channel Blockers in Essential Hypertension

Abstract: Calcium channel blockers decrease blood pressure in essential hypertension due to a marked reduction of systemic vascular resistance (arteriolar tone). They also dilate conducting arteries but have no venodilatory effect in antihypertensive doses. With the dihydropyridines (e.g. nifedipine) and diltiazem there is a transient increase in heart rate and cardiac output but this is not observed with verapamil. The vasodilatory responsiveness in the resistance vessels to calcium channel blockers is selectively enhanced in patients with established essential hypertension but not in the early borderline phase of hypertension. During treatment with chlorthalidone, atenolol, acebutolol or nitrendipine for four to six weeks the reduction of blood pressure is accompanied by a selective decrease in the vasodilatory responsiveness to calcium channel blockers.     

Calcium Channel Blockers: Their Pharmacologic and Therapeutic Role in Hypertension

Atherothrombotic lesions associate atherosclerosis with a thrombotic reaction; they result from a complex inflammatory response to multifactorial stress. Endothelial dysfunction, lipid accumulation in the arterial intima, the recruitment of circulating monocytes and differentiation into macrophages and then foam cells, and an inflammatory reaction, all participate in the genesis of atheromatous plaque. The lipid core and fibrous parts of the plaque then contribute to its progression towards stenosis as a result of lipid infiltration, an accumulation of foam cells and the proliferation of smooth muscle cells with the synthesis of extracellular matrix. Atheromatous plaque is likely to rupture. The inflammatory components and an accumulation of cholesterol are two important characteristics found in the event of plaque rupture. The importance of the incorporation of thrombotic material formed during a silent rupture should also be emphasised. Among the factors favouring plaque rupture, a distinction can be made between extrinsic factors such as hypertension, and intrinsic factors which reflect the vulnerability of the plaque in terms of its quantitative aspects (relative composition in lipids and fibrous tissues) and qualitative characteristics (solidity of the fibrous cap and proteins in the extracellular matrix, the degradation of which is controlled by metalloproteinases). In the prevention of atherothrombosis-related complications, statins and platelet inhibitors have complementary mechanisms of action. Statins reduce inflammation, modify the composition of atheromatous plaque and promote stabilisation, while acetylsalicylic acid reduces the formation of thrombin, exerts an anti-thrombotic action, reduces endothelial dysfunction and the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells, and, like statins, has an anti-inflammatory effect. As a result, in the context of the B.A.S.I.C. strategy recommended by 2002–2003 ESC guidelines, the fixed statin-acetylsalicylic acid combination appears to constitute a logical combination in coronary patients in order to prevent the clinical complications linked to atherothrombosis.     

钙通道阻滞剂治疗220例高血压的临床体会

目的考察钙通道阻滞剂对高血压的临床治疗效果。方法将220例高血压患者随机分为观察组和对照组各110例,观察组采用非洛地平缓释片进行治疗,对照组采用硝苯地平片进行治疗。结果两组治疗后的SBP和DBP均优于较治疗前有显著改善(P<0.05),且观察组SBP和DBP下降程度明显低于对照组(P<0.05);总有效率观察组为91.82%,对照组为78.18%,比较具统计学意义(P<0.05);不良反应发生率观察组为5.5%,对照组为13.64%,观察组显著优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论非洛地平缓释片治疗高血压疗效理想,安全可靠,值得在临床中推广应用。     

钙通道阻滞剂的临床应用评价

目的 :评价钙道阻滞剂 (CalciumChannelBlockers ,CCB)的临床疗效及安全性 ,以供临床医师合理用药参考。方法 :根据国内、外近期有关CCB的试验结果和文献进行评价、分析。结果与结论 :CCB已成为治疗心血管疾病的基本药物之一 ,特别是在抗高血压方面尤为突出。     

Immunosuppressive Properties of Calcium Channel Blockers

Calcium channel blockers are extensively used for their beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system. Solid organ transplant recipients commonly have cardiovascular disease and are often treated with these agents. Research demonstrates that calcium antagonists may have beneficial effects in this population that are independent of their effects on the cardiovascular system. Indeed, both in vitro and in vivo studies suggested that they may possess immunosuppressive properties. Their actions at the cellular level in both the afferent and efferent arms of the immune system indicate that alone, as well as in combination with cyclosporine, these agents possess immunosuppressive properties that may potentially benefit the transplant population.     

钙通道阻滞剂的临床应用

为促进临床合理用药，全面阐述钙通道阻滞剂的药理，化学结构，深入探讨钙通道阻滞剂的临床应用，指出该类药物不仅是心血管病重要而常用的治疗药物，而且目前其治疗范围已延伸至其他领域。     

钙拮抗剂治疗高血压:现在和将来

钙拮抗剂(CCBs)的使用历史已近30年，也广泛应用于高血压的治疗。虽然它们的功效已经确证了，但是药物的安全性和对心血管系统(CV)及非心血管系统的发病率和病死率的影响却是近10年来人们关注的焦点。最近，几项大型研究和综合性的荟萃分析结果公布了CCBs对高血压病人CV发病率和病死率的影响情况。最新的美国及国际上其它国家对高血压病人的处理指南也参考了这些结果。     

Calcium Channel Blockers: Monotherapy and Dual Therapy Considerations in the Treatment of Hypertension

European surgeons generally administer thromboprophylaxis with low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) at high doses 12 hours preoperatively in response to findings that surgery-related deep-vein thrombosis typically originates at the time of major orthopedic surgery or shortly afterwards. North American surgeons, in contrast, generally administer LMWHs at an almost 50% higher dose than that given in Europe 12-24 hours postoperatively, even though both pre- and postoperative administration are considered suitable in current guidelines. This review therefore examines how close to major orthopedic surgery thromboprophylaxis is administered, and the subsequent effect of timing on clinically relevant efficacy and safety parameters. The trials examined involve fondaparinux sodium (fondaparinux) and (xi)melagatran, in comparison with the established LMWHs enoxaparin sodium (enoxaparin) and dalteparin. In key trials, fondaparinux reduced the risk of asymptomatic and clinical venous thromboembolism (VTE) by 55% compared with enoxaparin, at the expense of a 1.6-fold higher risk of bleeding. While the studies were not designed to compare efficacy endpoints based on clinical outcomes, no significant difference was demonstrated for symptomatic VTE. The fact that the enoxaparin regimen was started at the upper limits of its recommended initiation timeframe may have significantly influenced the results of comparative studies, given that several meta-analyses found that the timing of LMWH initiation significantly influenced its effectiveness on asymptomatic VTE and major bleedings. Compared with once-daily LMWH in European trials, early postoperative doses/regimens of twice-daily (xi)melagatran did not increase severe bleeding and was significantly less effective at preventing asymptomatic total VTE in patients who had undergone total hip-replacement surgery. When used according to the 'knife-to-skin' protocol, the melagatran regimen was superior to enoxaparin in preventing major asymptomatic VTE, but at the cost of a higher rate of major bleeding. In North America, the delayed postoperative administration of (xi)melagatran (oral only) was less effective than the postoperative twice-daily enoxaparin regimen with regard to asymptomatic total and major VTE. Our analysis highlights the fact that differences in efficacy and safety data in clinical trials of thromboprophylaxis might also be linked to differences in the timing of initiation. However, it is not possible to assess the importance of this 'time effect' among other factors considered as drug-specific properties (pharmacokinetics, mode of action, dosage) and evaluate their respective contribution in the observed differences. To avoid unbiased comparison in further studies, the possible effect of timing should be taken into account and, when feasible, both therapies started at the same time. For instance, harmonizing the initiation of thromboprophylaxis 6-8 or 12 hours postoperatively could be two acceptable harmonized options for scheduling in clinical trials.     

Migraine Treatment with Calcium Channel Blockers

Abstract: Irrespective of their mechanism of action, which so far has not been clarified, calcium channel blockers (CCBs) have a documented prophylactic effect on classical and common migraine, as well as on cluster headache. The drugs may reduce migraine prodromes, the frequency of migraine attacks, and also decrease the severity and possibly the duration of these attacks. Notably, their optimum effect is often seen after more than 2 months of treatment. Side effects seem to be few and mild. Whether or not there are differences in therapeutic efficacy between different CCBs is presently unclear. As comparisons with other alternatives of treatment are sparse, the place of CCBs in migraine therapy remains to be established.