脊柱畸形后路内固定矫形术后深部感染的治疗

目的:探讨脊柱畸形后路内固定矫形术后深部感染的治疗效果。方法:2012年6月~2014年12月167例脊柱畸形患者行后路内固定矫形术,11例术后并发切口深部感染,男3例,女8例,年龄14.6±4.7岁(11~27岁);其中早发性感染(术后90d内)9例,迟发性(术后90d后)感染2例。9例早发性感染患者中,伤口渗出液或在B超引导下深层穿刺取脓液细菌培养阳性6例,其中2例为耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)、3例为甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA),1例为大肠杆菌;另3例培养阴性者,依据伤口脓性渗液、持续胀痛及术中大量脓性积液而诊断为早发性切口深部感染。2例迟发性感染患者分别于矫形术后7个月和10个月时因腰背部持续性疼痛不适,经MRI检查提示切口深部积液形成,以及血沉、C反应蛋白等炎性指标显著高于正常值而确诊,清创术时取内固定旁组织细菌培养均为表皮葡萄球菌感染。均行彻底清创、置管持续冲洗引流,同时联合敏感抗生素治疗。结果:9例早发性感染经一期切口清创、置管持续冲洗引流及联合敏感抗生素治疗后,伤口均愈合,感染获得控制,内置物得以保留;随访13.5±5.8个月(6~36个月),无内置物松动及感染复发迹象。2例迟发性感染经多次清创、置管持续冲洗引流及联合敏感抗生素治疗仍无法控制感染,于矫形术后1年时取出内置物后治愈,取出内置物后分别随访6个月和14个月,无感染复发迹象,但分别有25°和17°的矫形丢失。结论:对脊柱畸形后路内固定矫形术后早发性深部感染,积极采取彻底清创、置管持续冲洗引流联合敏感抗生素治疗,可有效控制感染,避免取出内置物;而迟发性感染则可能需取出内置物才能控制感染,但有矫形丢失风险。     

Value of procalcitonin as a marker of surgical site infection following spinal surgery

Aim

To compare the value of Procalcitonin (PCT) as a marker of surgical site infection to other inflammatory markers, including C-Reactive Protein (CRP), White Cell Count (WCC) and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) in patients undergoing a number of spinal procedures. This study also aims to describe the biokinetic profile of the above-named markers in patients developing surgical site infection and those remaining infection-free post-operatively.

Surgical site infection in spinal metastasis: incidence and risk factors

Background

Surgical site infection (SSI) in spinal metastasis surgery represents the most common postoperative surgical complication with high morbidity and mortality.

Surgical site infection in spinal surgery: a comparative study between 2-octyl-cyanoacrylate and staples for wound closure

Background

Surgical site infection (SSI) after spinal surgery is a devastating complication. Various methods of skin closure are used in spinal surgery, but the optimal skin-closure method remains unclear. A recent report recommended against the use of metal staples for skin closure in orthopedic surgery. 2-Octyl-cyanoacrylate (Dermabond; Ethicon, NJ, USA) has been widely applied for wound closure in various surgeries. In this cohort study, we assessed the rate of SSI in spinal surgery using metal staples and 2-octyl-cyanoacrylate for wound closure.

Methods

This study enrolled 609 consecutive patients undergoing spinal surgery in our hospital. From April 2007 to March 2010 surgical wounds were closed with metal staples (group 1, n = 294). From April 2010 to February 2012 skin closure was performed using 2-octyl-cyanoacrylate (group 2, n = 315). We assessed the rate of SSI using these two different methods of wound closure. Prospective study of the time and cost evaluation of wound closure was performed between two groups.

Results

Patients in the 2-octyl-cyanoacrylate group had more risk factors for SSI than those in the metal-staple group. Nonetheless, eight patients in the metal-staple group compared with none in the 2-octyl-cyanoacrylate group acquired SSIs (p < 0.01). The closure of the wound in length of 10 cm with 2-octyl-cyanoacrylate could save 28 s and $13.5.

Conclusions

This study reveals that in spinal surgery, wound closure using 2-octyl-cyanoacrylate was associated with a lower rate of SSI than wound closure with staples. Moreover, the use of 2-octyl-cyanoacrylate has a more time saving effect and cost-effectiveness than the use of staples in wound closure of 10 cm in length.     

中国人群脊柱术后手术部位感染相关危险因素的Meta分析

目的 :系统评价中国人群脊柱术后手术部位感染(surgical site infection,SSI)的危险因素,为临床制定脊柱术后SSI的预防控制措施提供参考依据。方法:计算机检索Pub Med(1966年1月~2017年5月)、EMBASE(1974年1月~2017年5月)、Cochrane Library(2017年5期)、CNKI(1994年1月~2017年5月)、CBM(1979年1月~2017年5月)、维普(1989年1月~2017年5月)和万方数据库(1982年1月~2017年5月),纳入关于中国人群脊柱术后SSI发生危险因素的病例-对照研究,检索时限均从建库至2017年5月。两名作者分别进行文献检索、资料提取(包括研究地点、研究时间、样本量、年龄、诊断、手术方式以及暴露因素)以及运用Newcastle-Ottawa Scale(NOS)质量评价量表进行质量评价。采用RevMan 5.3软件进行统计学分析。结果:共纳入29篇文献,包括18486例患者,其中感染组932例,对照组17554例。根据NOS文献质量评价标准进行质量评价,A级文献19篇,B级文献10篇。Meta分析结果显示,与中国人群脊柱术后SSI发生相关的危险因素有:性别(男性)[OR=1.33,95%CI(1.08,1.64),P0.05]、年龄(60岁)[OR=1.44,95%CI(1.01,2.04),P0.05]、肥胖[OR=2.64,95%CI(1.35,5.15),P0.05]、糖尿病[OR=3.86,95%CI(2.68,5.55),P0.05]、感染史[OR=6.64,95%CI(1.29,34.29),P0.05]、美国麻醉医师协会(American Society of Anesthesiologists,ASA)评分(2分)[OR=2.72,95%CI(1.38,5.38),P0.05]、尿失禁[OR=6.32,95%CI(3.40,11.76),P0.05]、脑血管疾病[OR=5.73,95%CI(1.62,20.35),P0.05],同种异体骨植骨[OR=3.02,95%CI(1.09,8.34),P0.05]、手术时间(3h)[OR=3.44,95%CI(1.92,6.13),P0.05]、失血量(1000ml)[OR=2.40,95%CI(1.73,4.77),P0.05]、输血[OR=2.61,95%CI(1.36,5.01),P0.05]、融合节段(3个)[OR=2.23,95%CI(1.55,3.23),P0.05]、没有预防性使用抗生素[OR=5.43,95%CI(2.66,11.08),P0.05]、术中参观人员[OR=2.28,95%CI(1.19,4.37),P0.05]。结论 :男性、年龄60岁、肥胖、糖尿病、感染史、ASA评分2分、尿失禁、脑血管疾病、同种异体骨植骨、手术时间3h、失血量1000ml、输血、融合节段3个、没有预防性使用抗生素、术中参观人员均为国人脊柱术后发生SSI的危险因素。     

Predisposing factors for surgical site infection of spinal instrumentation surgery for diabetes patients

Purpose

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is known as an important risk factor for surgical site infection (SSI) in spine surgery. It is still unclear however which DM-related parameters have stronger influence on SSI. The purpose of this study is to determine predisposing factors for SSI following spinal instrumentation surgery for patients with DM.

Methods

110 DM patients (66 males and 44 females) who underwent spinal instrumentation surgery in one institute were enrolled in this study. For each patient, various preoperative or intraoperative parameters were reviewed from medical records. Patients were divided into two groups (SSI or non-SSI) based on the postoperative course. Each parameter between these two groups was compared. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine predisposing factor for SSI.

Results

The SSI group consisted of 11 patients (10 %), and the non-SSI group of 99 patients (90 %). Univariate analysis revealed that preoperative proteinuria (p = 0.01), operation time (p = 0.04) and estimated blood loss (p = 0.02) were significantly higher in the SSI group compared to the non-SSI group. Multivariate logistic regression identified preoperative proteinuria as a statistically significant predictor of SSI (OR 6.28, 95 % CI 1.58–25.0, p = 0.009).

Conclusions

Proteinuria is a significant predisposing factor for SSI in spinal instrumentation surgery for DM patients. DM patients with proteinuria who are likely to suffer latent nephropathy have a potential risk for SSI. For them less invasive surgery is recommended for spinal instrumentation. In this retrospective study, there was no significant difference of preoperative condition in glycemic control between the two groups.     

单中心8818例脊柱畸形矫形术后深部感染的处理策略

目的探讨脊柱畸形矫形术后深部感染的发生率及其相应的处理策略。方法回顾性分析1998年1月至2017年12月接受脊柱畸形矫形术治疗8818例患者的病历资料,根据患者术后的临床症状、影像学检查及实验室检查判断是否发生深部感染。将初次手术后3个月之内发生的感染定义为早发性感染,初次手术3个月后发生的感染定义为迟发性感染。所有感染患者行清创灌洗、术后引流冲洗,并静脉应用敏感抗生素。若感染无法根除,如手术后时间不足2年,暂予伤口换药保留内固定;如手术后时间达到2年,评估融合情况满意后可在伤口清创的同时取出内固定。摄站立位全脊柱正、侧位X线片测量冠状面和矢状面参数,评估取出内固定者矫正丢失情况。结果共有60例(0.68%,60/8818)术后发生深部感染,早发性感染11例(发生率为0.12%,11/8818),迟发性感染49例(发生率为0.56%,49/8818)。两组患者在年龄、性别、手术入路及融合节段数方面的差异均无统计学意义。术后2~5年是深部感染发生的高峰期。特发性脊柱侧凸及强直性脊柱炎患者术后感染的发生率最低,综合征性及神经肌源性脊柱侧凸术后感染的发生率较高。初次培养阴性率较高,早发性感染中金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌居多;迟发性感染中痤疮丙酸杆菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌占比明显增高。经治疗后早发性感染组中9例保留内固定,2例换药至术后2年取出内固定。迟发性感染组中5例保留内固定,10例换药至术后2年取出内固定,34例手术时间超过2年直接取出内固定;其中1例患者取出内固定后1个月重新植入内固定;另有1例患者因矫正丢失在取出内固定3年后重新植入内固定。末次随访时取出内固定的患者出现了明显的冠状面矫正丢失。结论脊柱畸形矫形术后深部感染的发生率为0.68%,早发性感染发生率较低,迟发性感染较高;神经肌源性脊柱侧凸与综合征性脊柱侧凸患者有着较高的感染风险。如果感染在反复清创后无法根除,推荐在术后2年骨融合后取出内固定,但仍存在矫正丢失的风险。     

A methodological, systematic review of evidence-based independent risk factors for surgical site infections after spinal surgery

Objective

To identify the independent risk factors, based on available evidence in the literature, for patients developing surgical site infections (SSI) after spinal surgery.

Methods

Non-interventional studies evaluating the independent risk factors for patients developing SSI following spinal surgery were searched in Medline, Embase, Sciencedirect and OVID. The quality of the included studies was assessed by a modified quality assessment tool that had been previously designed for observational studies. The effects of studies were combined with the study quality score using a best-evidence synthesis model.

Results

Thirty-six observational studies involving 2,439 patients with SSI after spinal surgery were identified. The included studies covered a wide range of indications and surgical procedures. These articles were published between 1998 and 2012. According to the quality assessment criteria for included studies, 15 studies were deemed to be high-quality studies, 5 were moderate-quality studies, and 16 were low-quality studies. A total of 46 independent factors were evaluated for risk of SSI. There was strong evidence for six factors, including obesity/BMI, longer operation times, diabetes, smoking, history of previous SSI and type of surgical procedure. We also identified 8 moderate-evidence, 31 limited-evidence and 1 conflicting-evidence factors.

Conclusion

Although there is no conclusive evidence for why postoperative SSI occurs, these data provide evidence to guide clinicians in admitting patients who will have spinal operations and to choose an optimal prophylactic strategy. Further research is still required to evaluate the effects of these above risk factors.     

内置物保留治疗脊柱内固定术后细菌感染8例报告

目的探讨脊柱内固定术后细菌感染发生时在保留内固定物的情况下手术联合药物治疗的效果。方法对来自滨州医学院附属医院的458例脊柱疾患采用脊柱内固定治疗,8例（1．75％）确诊术后感染接受治疗。结果在保留内固定物的情况下,所有确诊感染的患者接受外科彻底清创、抗感染及VSD辅助治疗,感染均得以根治,平均随访时间2．1年（1-2．5年）。结论脊柱内固定术后发生的细菌感染通过积极的手术清创、应用抗生素并联合VSD辅助治疗均可得到控制。结果显示术后细菌感染在不取出内固定物的情况下,可以成功治愈。     

Clinical outcomes following treatment of deep surgical site infection after fixation of calcaneal fractures: A retrospective case-control study

IntroductionDeep surgical site infection (SSI) may be a complication of open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of calcaneal fractures. This study aimed to describe the characteristics of patients with deep SSI following ORIF of calcaneal fractures via extensile lateral approach (ELA). We compared clinical outcomes of these patients, with a minimum follow-up of one year after successful treatment of deep SSI with a matched control group.MethodsIn this retrospective case-control study, demographic data, fracture characteristics, bacterial pathogens, medical treatments and surgical approaches were collected, also the outcome was evaluated by the visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, foot function index (FFI) and AOFAS ankle-hindfoot score. The differences in Böhler and Gissane's angles between infected and contralateral feet were measured. By matching a control group of uninfected cases, clinical outcomes were compared between 2 groups using the Mann–Whitney U test.ResultsAmong 331 calcaneus fractures in 308 patients (mean age, 38.0 ± 13.1; male/female ratio, 5.5), 21 had deep SSI (6.3 %). There were 16 (76.2 %) males and 5 (23.8 %) females with a mean age of 35.1 ± 11.7 years. Thirteen (61.9 %) patients had unilateral fractures. The most common Sanders Type was found to be type II. The most frequent type of detected microorganisms was Staphylococcus species. Intravenous antibiotic therapy, mostly clindamycin, imipenem and vancomycin, based on the microbiological results, was prescribed with a mean±SD duration of 28.1 ± 16.5 days. The mean number of surgical debridements was 1.8 ± 1.3. Implants needed to be removed in 16 (76.2 %) cases. Antibiotic-impregnated bone cement was applied in three (14.3 %) cases. The clinical outcomes of 15 cases (follow up, 35.5 ± 13.8; range, 12.6–64.5 months) were 4.1 ± 2.0, 16.7 ± 12.3 and 77.5 ± 20.8 for VAS for pain, FFI % and AOFAS ankle-hindfoot score, respectively. Comparing with the control group (VAS for pain, 2.3 ± 2.7; FFI %, 12.2 ± 16.6, and AOFAS, 84.6 ± 18.0), only VAS pain was statistically lower in this group (p-value: 0.012). The differences in Böhler and Gissane's angles between both feet of infected cases were − 14.3 ± 17.9 and − 7.7 ± 22.5 (worse in the infected side), respectively.ConclusionProper on-time approaches to deep infection following ORIF of calcaneal fractures may lead to acceptable clinical and functional outcomes. Sometimes aggressive approaches with intravenous antibiotic therapy, multiple sessions of surgical debridement, removal of implants and antibiotic impregnated cement are necessary to eradicate deep infection.Level of evidenceLevel III.     

Incidence of surgical site infection following adult spinal deformity surgery: an analysis of patient risk

Surgical site infection (SSI) following spinal surgery is a frequent complication and results in higher morbidity, mortality and healthcare costs. Patients undergoing surgery for spinal deformity (scoliosis/kyphosis) have longer surgeries, involving more spinal levels and larger blood losses than typical spinal procedures. Previous research has identified risk factors for SSI in spinal surgery, but few studies have looked at adult deformity surgeries. We retrospectively performed a large case cohort analysis of all adult patients who underwent surgery for kyphosis or scoliosis, between June 1996 and December 2005, by our adult spine division in an academic institution to asses the incidence and identify risk factors for SSI. We reviewed the electronic patient records of 830 adult patients. SSI was classified as deep or superficial to the fascia. 46 (5.5%) patients were found to have a SSI with 29 patients (3.5%) having deep infections. Obesity was found to be an independent risk factor for all SSI and superficial SSI (P = 0.014 and P = 0.013). As well, a history of prior SSI was also found to be a risk factor for SSI (P = 0.041). Patient obesity and history of prior SSI lead to increased risk of infection. Since obesity was related to an increased risk of both superficial and deep SSI, counseling and treatment for obesity should be considered before elective deformity surgery.     

Efficacy of prophylactic application of vancomycin powder in preventing surgical site infections after instrumented spinal surgery: A retrospective analysis of patients with high-risk conditions

ObjectiveThis study aimed to determine the efficacy of prophylactic use of vancomycin powder against surgical site infections in patients with high-risk conditions who underwent posterior spinal instrumentation.MethodsData obtained from 209 patients who underwent posterior spinal instrumentation at a single institution from 2014 to 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were then divided into two groups: control group, including 107 patients (61 females, 46 males; mean age=54 years; age range=16–85 years), and treatment group, including 102 patients (63 females, 39 males; mean age=53 years; age range=14–90 years). All patients received the same standard prophylactic antibiotic regimen. In addition to the prophylactic antibiotic, vancomycin powder was applied locally to the surgical site in the treatment group. All patients were followed up for at least 90 days postoperatively. Infections were categorized as superficial and deep infections. Subgroup analysis of high-risk patients (Syrian refugees) was also performed.ResultsThe infection rates were 1.96% (two patients) in the treatment group and 6.54% (seven patients) in the control group. A significant decrease in the infection rates was observed with local vancomycin powder application. Advanced age (>46 years) and prolonged surgical duration (>140 min) were found to be the main risk factors for surgical site infections (p=0.004 and p=0.028, respectively). The infection rates were 3.22% and 8.11% in the treatment and control groups of refugees, respectively. There were three superficial and four deep infections in the control group and one superficial and one deep infection in the treatment group. A dominance of staphylococcus infections was observed in the control group, whereas no significant dominance was observed in the treatment group. Three patients in the control group and one patient in the treatment group received implant removal.ConclusionEvidence from this study has revealed that local application of vancomycin powder reduces the rate of surgical site infections after instrumented spinal surgery. The benefit of vancomycin application may be most appreciated in higher risk populations or in clinics with high baseline rates of infection.Level of EvidenceLevel III, Therapeutic Study     

Unilateral versus bilateral lower extremity motor deficit following complex adult spinal deformity surgery: is there a difference in recovery up to 2-year follow-up?

BACKGROUND CONTEXT

Scoli-RISK-1 is a multicenter prospective cohort designed to study neurologic outcomes following complex adult spinal deformity (ASD). The effect of unilateral versus bilateral postoperative motor deficits on the likelihood of long-term recovery has not been previously studied in this population.

Risk factors for deep surgical site infections after spinal fusion

Surgical site infections (SSI) are undesired and troublesome complications after spinal surgery. The reported infection rates range from 0.7 to 11.9%, depending on the diagnosis and the complexity of the procedure. Besides operative factors, patient characteristics could also account for increased infection rates. Because the medical, economic and social costs of SSI are enormous, any significant reduction in risks will pay dividends. The purpose of this study is to compare patients who developed deep SSI following lumbar or thoracolumbar spinal fusion with a randomly selected group of patients who did not develop this complication in order to identify changeable risk factors. With a case–control analysis nested in a historical cohort of patients who had had a spinal fusion between January 1999 and December 2008, we identified 36 cases with deep SSI (CDC criteria). Information regarding patient-level and surgical-level risk factors was derived from standardized but routinely recorded data and compared with those acquired in a random selection of 135 uninfected patients. Univariate analyses and a multivariate logistic regression were performed. The overall rate of infection in 1,615 procedures (1,568 patients) was 2.2%. A positive history of spinal surgery was associated with an almost four times higher infection rate (OR = 3.7, 95% BI = 1.6–8.6). The risk of SSI increased with the number of levels fused, patients with diabetes had an almost six times higher risk and smokers had more than a two times higher risk for deep SSI. The most common organism cultured was Staphylococcus aureus. All infected patients underwent at least one reoperation, including an open débridement and received appropriate antibiotics to treat the organism. Patients who had had a previous spinal surgery are a high-risk group for infection compared with those that never had surgery. Total costs associated with preventive measures are substantial and should be compensated by health care insurance companies by means of separate clinical pathways. High-risk patients should be informed about the increased risk of complications.     

Predicting surgical site infection after spine surgery: a validated model using a prospective surgical registry

Background contextThe impact of surgical site infection (SSI) is substantial. Although previous study has determined relative risk and odds ratio (OR) values to quantify risk factors, these values may be difficult to translate to the patient during counseling of surgical options. Ideally, a model that predicts absolute risk of SSI, rather than relative risk or OR values, would greatly enhance the discussion of safety of spine surgery. To date, there is no risk stratification model that specifically predicts the risk of medical complication.PurposeThe purpose of this study was to create and validate a predictive model for the risk of SSI after spine surgery.Study designThis study performs a multivariate analysis of SSI after spine surgery using a large prospective surgical registry. Using the results of this analysis, this study will then create and validate a predictive model for SSI after spine surgery.Patient sampleThe patient sample is from a high-quality surgical registry from our two institutions with prospectively collected, detailed demographic, comorbidity, and complication data.Outcome measuresAn SSI that required return to the operating room for surgical debridement.Materials and methodsUsing a prospectively collected surgical registry of more than 1,532 patients with extensive demographic, comorbidity, surgical, and complication details recorded for 2 years after the surgery, we identified several risk factors for SSI after multivariate analysis. Using the beta coefficients from those regression analyses, we created a model to predict the occurrence of SSI after spine surgery. We split our data into two subsets for internal and cross-validation of our model. We created a predictive model based on our beta coefficients from our multivariate analysis.ResultsThe final predictive model for SSI had a receiver-operator curve characteristic of 0.72, considered to be a fair measure. The final model has been uploaded for use on SpineSage.com.ConclusionsWe present a validated model for predicting SSI after spine surgery. The value in this model is that it gives the user an absolute percent likelihood of SSI after spine surgery based on the patient's comorbidity profile and invasiveness of surgery. Patients are far more likely to understand an absolute percentage, rather than relative risk and confidence interval values. A model such as this is of paramount importance in counseling patients and enhancing the safety of spine surgery. In addition, a tool such as this can be of great use particularly as health care trends toward pay for performance, quality metrics (such as SSI), and risk adjustment. To facilitate the use of this model, we have created a Web site (SpineSage.com) where users can enter patient data to determine likelihood for SSI.     

Comparison of adult spinal deformity patients with and without rheumatoid arthritis undergoing primary non-cervical spinal fusion surgery: a nationwide analysis of 52,818 patients

Background Context

Numerous studies have analyzed the impact of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) on the cervical spine and its related surgical interventions. However, there is a paucity of literature available conducting the same analyses in patients with non-cervical spine involvement.

Risk factors for clostridium difficile infection in general surgery patients

BackgroundClostridium Difficile Infection (CDI) is a significant cause of mortality. This study aims to identify predictors of CDI in general surgery patients.MethodsPatients who underwent general surgery operations in the 2019 National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database were identified with demographic, intervention, and outcome data abstracted. Patients with CDI and no CDI were compared by univariate analysis. Multivariable logistic regression (MLR) was performed to determine independent predictors of CDI.ResultsOf 436,831 surgical patients, 1,840 patients were diagnosed with CDI (0.4%). Patients with CDI have a higher mortality (2.1% vs 0.76%,p < 0.0001), longer length of stay (7 days vs 1 day, p < 0.0001), and are less likely to undergo a laparoscopic procedure (29.9% vs 37.5%, p < 0.0001). MLR identified older age, emergent operation, increased time to operation, surgical site infection, deep organ space infection, steroid use, metastatic cancer, smoking, and decreased body mass index (BMI) as independent predictors of CDI.ConclusionsCDI is rare following general surgery. Infections, delay to operation, and emergency operations are associated with CDI.