Effect of Intraoperative Fluid Management on Outcome after Intraabdominal Surgery

Background: The debate over the correct perioperative fluid management is unresolved.

Methods: The impact of two intraoperative fluid regimes on postoperative outcome was prospectively evaluated in 152 patients with an American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status of I-III who were undergoing elective intraabdominal surgery. Patients were randomly assigned to receive intraoperatively either liberal (liberal protocol group [LPG], n = 75; bolus of 10 ml/kg followed by 12 ml [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] h-1) or restrictive (restrictive protocol group [RPG], n = 77; 4 ml [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] h-1) amounts of lactated Ringer's solution. The primary endpoint was the number of patients who died or experienced complications. The secondary endpoints included time to initial passage of flatus and feces, duration of hospital stay, and changes in body weight, hematocrit, and albumin serum concentration in the first 3 postoperative days.

Results: The number of patients with complications was lower in the RPG (P = 0.046). Patients in the LPG passed flatus and feces significantly later (flatus, median [range]: 4 [3-7] days in the LPG vs. 3 [2-7] days in the RPG; P < 0.001; feces: 6 [4-9] days in the LPG vs. 4 [3-9] days in the RPG; P < 0.001), and their postoperative hospital stay was significantly longer (9 [7-24] days in the LPG vs. 8 [6-21] days in the RPG; P = 0.01). Significantly larger increases in body weight were observed in the LPG compared with the RPG (P < 0.01). In the first 3 postoperative days, hematocrit and albumin concentrations were significantly higher in the RPG compared with the LPG.     

Liberal or restrictive fluid management during elective surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis

This article reviews if a restrictive fluid management policy reduces the complication rate if compared to liberal fluid management policy during elective surgery. The PubMed database was explored by 2 independent researchers. We used the following search terms: “Blood transfusion (MESH); transfusion need; fluid therapy (MESH); permissive hypotension; fluid management; resuscitation; restrictive fluid management; liberal fluid management; elective surgery; damage control resuscitation; surgical procedures, operative (MESH); wounds (MESH); injuries (MESH); surgery; trauma patients.” A secondary search in the Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane library revealed no additional results. We selected randomized controlled trials performed during elective surgeries. Patients were randomly assigned to a restrictive fluid management policy or to a liberal fluid management policy during elective surgery. The patient characteristics and the type of surgery varied. All but 3 studies reported American Society of Anaesthesiologists groups 1 to 3 as the inclusion criterion. The primary outcome of interest is total number of patients with a complication and the complication rate. Secondary outcome measures are infection rate, transfusion need, postoperative rebleeding, hospital stay, and renal function. In total, 1397 patients were analyzed (693 restrictive protocol, 704 liberal protocol). Meta-analysis showed that in the restrictive group as compared with the liberal group, fewer patients experienced a complication (relative risk [RR], 0.65; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.55-0.78). The total complication rate (RR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.52-0.64), risk of infection (RR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.48-0.79), and transfusion rate (RR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.66-0.99) were also lower. The postoperative rebleeding did not differ in both groups: RR, 0.76 (95% CI, 0.28-2.06). We conclude that compared with a liberal fluid policy, a restrictive fluid policy in elective surgery results in a 35% reduction in patients with a complication and should be advised as the preferred fluid management policy.     

Intravenous lidocaine infusion facilitates acute rehabilitation after laparoscopic colectomy

BACKGROUND: Intravenous infusion of lidocaine decreases postoperative pain and speeds the return of bowel function. The authors therefore tested the hypothesis that perioperative lidocaine infusion facilitates acute rehabilitation protocol in patients undergoing laparoscopic colectomy. METHODS: Forty patients scheduled to undergo laparoscopic colectomy were randomly allocated to receive intravenous lidocaine (bolus injection of 1.5 mg/kg lidocaine at induction of anesthesia, then a continuous infusion of 2 mg.kg.h intraoperatively and 1.33 mg.kg.h for 24 h postoperatively) or an equal volume of saline. All patients received similar intensive postoperative rehabilitation. Postoperative pain scores, opioid consumption, and fatigue scores were measured. Times to first flatus, defecation, and hospital discharge were recorded. Postoperative endocrine (cortisol and catecholamines) and metabolic (leukocytes, C-reactive protein, and glucose) responses were measured for 48 h. Data (presented as median [25-75% interquartile range], lidocaine vs. saline groups) were analyzed using Mann-Whitney tests. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Patient demographics were similar in the two groups. Times to first flatus (17 [11-24] vs. 28 [25-33] h; P<0.001), defecation (28 [24-37] vs. 51 [41-70] h; P=0.001), and hospital discharge (2 [2-3] vs. 3 [3-4] days; P=0.001) were significantly shorter in patients who received lidocaine. Lidocaine significantly reduced opioid consumption (8 [5-18] vs. 22 [14-36] mg; P=0.005) and postoperative pain and fatigue scores. In contrast, endocrine and metabolic responses were similar in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous lidocaine improves postoperative analgesia, fatigue, and bowel function after laparoscopic colectomy. These benefits are associated with a significant reduction in hospital stay.     

Laparoscopic management of complicated appendicitis.

BACKGROUND: Complicated appendicitis is associated with a significant risk of postoperative morbidity, making the value of the minimally invasive approach controversial. METHODS: From January 2000 to October 2004, 42 patients with complicated appendicitis were categorized into 3 groups: Group 1--perforation, Group 2-abscess formation, and Group 3--generalized peritonitis. The conversion rate, the operative time, the mean hospital stay, the postoperative abdominal and wound infections, the return to oral intake, and the late obstructive complications were analyzed in relation to clinicopathological subgroupings. RESULTS: Conversion was needed in 2 patients (4.8%) due to adenocarcinoma (Group 2) and technical difficulties (Group 1). Mean operative time was 67 minutes (range, 48 to 88), and mean hospital stay was 3.2 days (range, 2 to 5). No postoperative wound infection or intraabdominal abscess was encountered. A clear liquid diet was instituted at the first postoperative 24 hours, and the mean time of flatus passage was 26.5 hours (range, 19 to 31). No statistically significant differences in operative time (P=0.13) and flatus passage (P=0.18) were found among the 3 groups. Two cases of late intestinal obstruction were treated successfully with conservative measures. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic appendectomy is a safe, feasible treatment option in complicated appendicitis. It is not associated with increased risk of septic postoperative complications including wound infections and intraabdominal abscess formation.     

微创食管癌术后不留置胃肠减压管的安全性和可行性研究

目的：探讨微创食管癌根治术后不常规留置胃肠减压管的安全性和可行性。方法回顾性分析安徽医科大学第一附属医院普胸外科同一治疗组医师自2012年1月至2013年5月期间完成的90例胸腹腔镜联合食管癌根治术患者的临床资料,其中留置和未留置胃管患者各45例。对比两组患者的术后排气时间、恢复流质饮食时间、术后住院时间、胃管重置情况及术后并发症情况。结果与留置胃管组相比,未留置胃管组患者咽痛的发生率明显降低[44．4％（20/45）比100％（45/45）,P＜0．01],恢复流质饮食时间（中位2 d比9 d）、术后排气时间（中位3 d比6 d）及术后住院时间（中位7 d比12 d）均明显缩短（均P＜0．01）;而两组术后呕吐情况、并发症发生率及围手术期死亡率的差异均无统计学意义（均P＞0．05）。结论微创食管癌术后不常规留置胃肠减压管是安全的,可加快术后肠功能恢复,缩短术后住院时间。     

大手术围术期液体管理策略：分层荟萃分析

背景尽管开放性和目标导向（goal—directed,GD）的液体治疗在围术期都应用大量液体,但两者对围术期预后的影响却明显不同。我们致力于判断是否某种管理策略优于其他策略。方法我们从MEDLINE、EMBASE、PubMed（1951—2011．4）以及注册的Cochrane对照试验中选择在大手术中应用GD或限制性与开放性（restrictive versus liberal,LVR）液体治疗的随机对照试验（randomized controlled trials,RCTs）,不设语言限制。GD和LVR两层进行间接比较。结果该研究纳入来自23项GDRCT[样本量中位数=90,四分位距（interquartile range,IQR）57～JD9]的3861例患者和来自12项LVRRCT（样本中位数=80,IOR36一J5J）的1160例患者。开放性和GD液体治疗均比其相应的对比策略应用更多液体,但两者对结果的影响却明显不同。开放性补液与限制性液体治疗患者比较,肺炎[风险比（riskratio,RR）2．2,95％可信区间[（confidenceinterval,CI）J．0～4．5J和肺水肿（RR3．8,95％CIJ．J—J3）风险更高,住院时间更长[平均差异（mean difference,MD）2天,95％C10．5。3．4]。与非GD液体治疗患者比较,GD治疗患者的肺炎风险（RR0．7,95％C10．6—0．9）和肾脏并发症（RR0．7,95％C10．5。0．9）减少,住院时间缩短（MD2天,95％CIJ一3）。与GD治疗患者比较,开放性液体治疗患者住院时间延长（4天。95％CI3．4～4．4）、肠蠕动恢复时间延长（2天,95％CIJ．j～2．3）、肺炎风险增加（足足月3,95％CIJ．8～4．8）。结论GD液体治疗比无血流动力学目标指导的开放性液体治疗的围术期预后更好。但GD液体治疗是否优于限制性液体治疗仍不确定。     

Epidural naloxone reduces intestinal hypomotility but not analgesia of epidural morphine

PURPOSE: Epidural morphine is associated with decreased bowel motility and increased transit time. Low doses of intravenous naloxone reduce morphine-induced pruritus without reversing analgesia, but the effect of epidural naloxone on bowel motility has not been studied. Therefore we evaluated bowel motility and analgesia when naloxone was co-administered with morphine into the epidural space. METHODS: Forty-three patients having combined thoracic epidural and general anesthesia for subtotal gastrectomy were randomly assigned to one of two study groups. All received a bolus dose of 3 mg epidural morphine at the beginning of surgery, followed by a continuous epidural infusion containing 3 mg morphine in 100 ml bupivacaine 0.125% with either no naloxone (control group, n = 18) or a calculated dose of 0.208 microg x kg(-1) x hr(-1) of naloxone (experimental group, n = 25) for 48 hr. We measured the time to the first postoperative passage of flatus and feces to evaluate the restoration of bowel function, and visual analog scales (VAS) for pain during rest and movement. Scores were assessed at 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 36 and 48 hr postoperatively. RESULTS: The experimental group had a shorter time to the first postoperative passage of flatus (5 1.9 +/- 1 6.6 hr vs 87.0 +/- 19.5 hr, P < 0.001 ) and feces (95.3 +/- 25.0 hr vs 132.9 +/- 29.4 hr, P < 0.001). No differences were found in either resting or active VAS between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Epidural naloxone reduces epidural morphine-induced intestinal hypomotility without reversing its analgesic effects.     

Randomized clinical trial of the effect of postoperative intravenous fluid restriction on recovery after elective colorectal surgery

BACKGROUND: Use of intravenous fluids is an important part of perioperative management. The aim of this study was to compare outcome following administration of restricted or standard postoperative intravenous fluids and sodium in patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery. METHODS: Eighty patients were randomized to restricted fluids (less than 2 litres water and 77 mmol sodium for 24 h after surgery) or a standard postoperative fluid regimen (3 litres water and 154 mmol sodium per day for as long as necessary). The primary endpoint was hospital stay. RESULTS: The median (i.q.r.) total intravenous fluid intake in the restricted group was 4.50 (4.00-5.62) litres compared with 8.75 (8.00-9.80) litres in the standard group (P < 0.001). Intravenous sodium intake was also significantly less in the restricted group (229 (131-332) versus 560 (477-667) mmol; P < 0.001). There was no difference in median time to first flatus (2.9 versus 2.9 days; hazard ratio (HR) 0.85 (95 per cent confidence interval (c.i.) 0.54 to 1.32); P = 0.466) or first bowel motion (4.7 versus 4.9 days; HR 1.06 (95 per cent c.i. 0.68 to 1.65); P = 0.802) between the restricted and standard groups, or in median hospital stay (7.2 versus 7.2 days; HR 1.03 (95 per cent c.i. 0.66 to 1.61); P = 0.902). CONCLUSION: Restriction of postoperative intravenous fluid and sodium does not reduce hospital stay following elective colorectal surgery.     

Influence of Liberal versus Restrictive Intraoperative Fluid Administration on Elimination of a Postoperative Fluid Load

Background: Previously, the authors found "liberal" fluid administration (approximately 3 l Ringer's lactate [RL]) to improve early rehabilitation after laparoscopic cholecystectomy, suggesting functional hypovolemia to be present in patients receiving "restrictive" fluid administration (approximately 1 l RL). Because volume kinetic analysis after a volume load may distinguish between hypovolemic versus normovolemic states, the authors applied volume kinetic analysis after laparoscopic cholecystectomy to explain the difference in outcome between 3 and 1 l RL.

Methods: In a prospective, nonrandomized trial, the authors studied 20 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Ten patients received 15 ml/kg RL (group 1) and 10 patients received 40 ml/kg RL (group 2) intraoperatively. All other aspects of perioperative management were standardized. A 12.5-ml/kg RL volume load was infused preoperatively and 4 h postoperatively. The distribution and elimination of the fluid load was estimated using volume kinetic analysis.

Results: Patient baseline demographics and intraoperative data did not differ between groups, except for intraoperative RL, having a median of 1,118 ml (range, 900-1,400 ml) in group 1 compared with a median of 2,960 ml (range, 2,000-3,960 ml) in group 2 (P < 0.01). There were no significant preoperative versus postoperative differences in the size of the body fluid space expanded by infused fluid (V), whereas the clearance constant kr was higher postoperatively versus preoperatively (P = 0.03). The preoperative versus postoperative changes in volume kinetics including V were not different between the two groups.     

Effect of adding ketorolac to intravenous morphine patient-controlled analgesia on bowel function in colorectal surgery patients--a prospective, randomized, double-blind study

BACKGROUND: Postoperative ileus (PI) is the transient impairment of bowel motility due to surgical trauma and the associated physiological responses. Postoperative ileus results in patient discomfort, increases gastrointestinal risks, prolongs hospital stay and increases medical expenses. In this study, we investigated the effect of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) morphine with or without ketorolac on bowel functions in patients after colorectal surgeries. METHODS: A total of 79 patients who received elective colorectal resection were randomly allocated into two groups receiving either intravenous PCA morphine (M group) or intravenous PCA morphine plus ketorolac (K group). Recovery of bowel functions (bowel movement, passage of flatus, and soft diet intake), pain scores, morphine consumption, time for first ambulation, and opioid-related side-effects were recorded. RESULTS: Patients in the K group received 29% less morphine than patients in the M group with comparable pain scores. The first bowel movement (1.5 [0.7-1.9] vs. 1.7 [1.0-2.8] days, P < 0.05) and the first ambulation (2.2 +/- 1.0 vs. 2.8 +/- 1.2 days, P < 0.05) were significantly earlier in the K group than in the M group. The time of the first flatus passing, the first intake of soft diet, and duration of hospital stay were not significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that addition of ketorolac to intravenous morphine PCA provides an opioid-sparing effect but has limited benefit in shortening the duration of bowel immobility and time to first ambulation. These findings imply that postoperative ileus is attributable to multiple factors in addition to morphine consumption.     

Intravenous Lidocaine Infusion Facilitates Acute Rehabilitation after Laparoscopic Colectomy

Background: Intravenous infusion of lidocaine decreases postoperative pain and speeds the return of bowel function. The authors therefore tested the hypothesis that perioperative lidocaine infusion facilitates acute rehabilitation protocol in patients undergoing laparoscopic colectomy.

Methods: Forty patients scheduled to undergo laparoscopic colectomy were randomly allocated to receive intravenous lidocaine (bolus injection of 1.5 mg/kg lidocaine at induction of anesthesia, then a continuous infusion of 2 mg [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] h-1 intraoperatively and 1.33 mg [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] h-1 for 24 h postoperatively) or an equal volume of saline. All patients received similar intensive postoperative rehabilitation. Postoperative pain scores, opioid consumption, and fatigue scores were measured. Times to first flatus, defecation, and hospital discharge were recorded. Postoperative endocrine (cortisol and catecholamines) and metabolic (leukocytes, C-reactive protein, and glucose) responses were measured for 48 h. Data (presented as median [25-75% interquartile range], lidocaine vs. saline groups) were analyzed using Mann-Whitney tests. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results: Patient demographics were similar in the two groups. Times to first flatus (17 [11-24] vs. 28 [25-33] h; P < 0.001), defecation (28 [24-37] vs. 51 [41-70] h; P = 0.001), and hospital discharge (2 [2-3] vs. 3 [3-4] days; P = 0.001) were significantly shorter in patients who received lidocaine. Lidocaine significantly reduced opioid consumption (8 [5-18] vs. 22 [14-36] mg; P = 0.005) and postoperative pain and fatigue scores. In contrast, endocrine and metabolic responses were similar in the two groups.     

Effects of Perioperative Analgesic Technique on the Surgical Outcome and Duration of Rehabilitation after Major Knee Surgery

Background: Continuous passive motion after major knee surgery optimizes the functional prognosis but causes severe pain. The authors tested the hypothesis that postoperative analgesic techniques influence surgical outcome and the duration of convalescence.

Methods: Before standardized general anesthesia, 56 adult scheduled for major knee surgery were randomly assigned to one of three groups, each to receive a different postoperative analgesic technique for 72 h: continuous epidural infusion, continuous femoral block, or intravenous patient-controlled morphine (dose, 1 mg; lockout interval, 7 min; maximum dose, 30 mg/4 h). The first two techniques were performed using a solution of 1% lidocaine, 0.03 mg/ml morphine, and 2 [micro sign]g/ml clonidine administered at 0.1 ml [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] h-1. Pain was assessed at rest and during continuous passive motion using a visual analog scale. The early postoperative maximal amplitude of knee flexion was measured during continuous passive motion at 24 h and 48 h and compared with the target levels prescribed by the surgeon. To evaluate functional outcome, the maximal amplitudes were measured again on postoperative day 5, at hospital discharge (day 7), and at 1- and 3-month follow-up examinations. When the patients left the surgical ward, they were admitted to a rehabilitation center, where their length of stay depended on prospectively determined discharge criteria.

Results: The continuous epidural infusion and continuous femoral block groups showed significantly lower visual analog scale scores at rest and during continuous passive motion compared with the patient-controlled morphine group. The early postoperative knee mobilization levels in both continuous epidural infusion and continuous femoral block groups were significantly closer to the target levels prescribed by the surgeon than in the patient-controlled morphine group. On postoperative day 7, these values were 90 [degree sign] (60-100 [degree sign]) (median and 25th-27th percentiles) in the continuous epidural infusion group, 90 [degree sign] (60-100 [degree sign]) in the continuous femoral block group, and 80 [degree sign] (60-100 [degree sign]) in the patient-controlled morphine group (P < 0.05). The durations of stay in the rehabilitation center were significantly shorter: 37 days (range, 30-45 days) in the continuous epidural infusion group, 40 days (range, 31-60 days) in the continuous femoral block group, and 50 days (range, 30-80 days) in the patient-controlled morphine group (P < 0.05). Side effects were encountered more frequently in the continuous epidural infusion group.     

非气腹完全腹腔镜与气腹腹腔镜辅助直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术的对比研究

目的：探讨非气腹完全腹腔镜直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术（ total mesorectal excision, TME）的临床价值。方法回顾比较我院2006年6月～2013年9月年龄＞66岁,因直肠癌接受非气腹完全腹腔镜直肠癌TME（n＝35）和气腹腹腔镜辅助直肠癌TME（ n＝33）的临床资料,比较2组手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院时间、术后并发症、清扫淋巴结数目、术后48 h引流量、肛门排气时间、进流质饮食时间、远切缘距病灶边缘距离。结果非气腹完全腹腔镜组手术时间（195．2±28．4） min,明显短于气腹腹腔镜辅助组（215．9±37．4）min（t＝2．559,P＝0．013）;术中出血量（125．3±39．8）ml,与气腹腹腔镜辅助组（130．1±45．0）ml无统计学差异（t＝-0．467,P＝0．642）;清扫淋巴结（11±4）枚,与气腹腹腔镜辅助组（12±5）枚无显著性差异（t＝-0．913,P＝0．364）;肛门排气时间（2．2±0．3）d,明显短于气腹腹腔镜辅助组（3．8±0．5）d（t＝-16．108,P＝0．000）;术后住院时间（5．2±1．3）d,明显短于气腹腹腔镜辅助组（8．1±2．2）d（t＝6．663,P＝0．000）;进流质饮食时间（3．2±0．7）d,明显短于气腹腹腔镜辅助组（4．6±0．4）d（t＝-10．044,P＝0．000）;远切缘距病灶边缘距离（4．2±0．7）cm,明显长于气腹腹腔镜辅助组（3．3±0．5）cm（t＝6．068,P＝0．000）;手术耗材费用（4920．10±665．6）元,明显少于气腹腹腔镜辅助组（7460．8±124．2）元（t＝-21．568,P＝0．000）。非气腹完全腹腔镜组无辅助切口,气腹腹腔镜辅助组术后切口并发症发生率36．4％（12／33）,2组切口并发症有统计学差异（Fisher’s检验,P＝0．000）。结论非气腹完全腹腔镜直肠癌TME避免气腹对人体血流动力学的影响,无腹部辅助切口,更加美观,术后肠道恢复快,住院时间短,可达到腹腔镜辅?     

Effect of restrictive fluid management and acute normovolemic intraoperative hemodilution on transfusion requirements during living donor hepatectomy

The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of a restrictive fluid management strategy and acute normovolemic intraoperative hemodilution (ANIH) to decrease transfusion requirements among living-donors for liver transplantation (LDLT). We retrospectively reviewed the data of 114 consecutive LDLT donors. The patients were divided into 2 groups based on whether (Group I; n = 73) or not (Group II; n = 41) a restrictive fluid management strategy with ANIH was used during the procedure. For each group we recorded demographic features, intraoperative and postoperative transfusions, amount of administered intraoperative crystalloid and colloids, intraoperative hemodynamics, preoperative and postoperative laboratory values (renal and liver functions), intraoperative and postoperative urine output, and length of hospital stay. Demographic features and preoperative laboratory values were similar for the 2 groups, except for age (Group I, 36 +/- 9 vs Group II, 33 +/- 8; P = .04). Intraoperatively, 7 patients (10%) in Group 1 and 9 (22%) in Group II required blood transfusions (P = .06). The respective amount of heterologous blood transfusion for Groups I and II was 96 +/- 321 mL vs 295 +/- 678 mL (P = .06). Postoperative renal and liver functions were not different between the 2 groups (P > .05). Patients in Group I had a shorter hospital stay than those in Group II (8.2 +/- 4.6 days vs 10.1 +/- 4.9 days; P = .03). In conclusion, a restrictive fluid management strategy with ANIH was a safe blood-salvage technique for LDLT. This approach was also associated with decreased length of hospital stay and a trend toward decreased transfusion requirements.     

Influence of "liberal" versus "restrictive" intraoperative fluid administration on elimination of a postoperative fluid load

BACKGROUND: Previously, the authors found "liberal" fluid administration (approximately 3 l Ringer's lactate [RL]) to improve early rehabilitation after laparoscopic cholecystectomy, suggesting functional hypovolemia to be present in patients receiving "restrictive" fluid administration (approximately 1 l RL). Because volume kinetic analysis after a volume load may distinguish between hypovolemic versus normovolemic states, the authors applied volume kinetic analysis after laparoscopic cholecystectomy to explain the difference in outcome between 3 and 1 l RL. METHODS: In a prospective, nonrandomized trial, the authors studied 20 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Ten patients received 15 ml/kg RL (group 1) and 10 patients received 40 ml/kg RL (group 2) intraoperatively. All other aspects of perioperative management were standardized. A 12.5-ml/kg RL volume load was infused preoperatively and 4 h postoperatively. The distribution and elimination of the fluid load was estimated using volume kinetic analysis. RESULTS: Patient baseline demographics and intraoperative data did not differ between groups, except for intraoperative RL, having a median of 1,118 ml (range, 900-1,400 ml) in group 1 compared with a median of 2,960 ml (range, 2,000-3,960 ml) in group 2 (P<0.01). There were no significant preoperative versus postoperative differences in the size of the body fluid space expanded by infused fluid (V), whereas the clearance constant kr was higher postoperatively versus preoperatively (P=0.03). The preoperative versus postoperative changes in volume kinetics including V were not different between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Elimination of an intravenous fluid load was increased after laparoscopic cholecystectomy per se but not influenced by the amount of intraoperative fluid administration.     

三角吻合技术在腹腔镜远端胃癌根治术中的应用

目的比较三角吻合的全腹腔镜远端胃切除术（totally laparoscopic distal gastrectomy,TLDG）与传统腹腔镜辅助下远端胃切除术（laparoseopie—assisted distal gastrectomy,LADG）的临床疗效。方法比较2013年1—6月我科32例三角吻合TLDG与32例传统腹腔外吻合的LADG临床资料。结果64例手术均获成功。LADG组1例出现吻合口漏,1例出现吻合口狭窄,吻合口相关并发症发生率6．2％（2／32）。TLDG组均未出现吻合口漏、吻合口狭窄或吻合口出血等吻合口相关并发症。三角吻合的TLDG组三角吻合耗时（30．0±12．8）min。与LADG组相比,TLDG组手术时间[（177．9±37．9）minvs．（186．7±39．1）min,t=-0．914,P=0．364]、清扫淋巴结总数[（33．4±11．8）枚VS．（31．8±12．1）枚,t=0．536,P=0．594]、进流质食时间[（3．5±1．8）d vs．（3．7±1．7）d,t=-0．457,P=0．649]均无明显差异,但住院时间[（8．2±2．4）dVS．（12．7±2．6）d,t=-7．194,P=0．000]、肛门排气时间[（2．0±1．2）dVS．（3．5±1．3）d,t=-4．796,P=0．000]明显缩短,术中出血量[中位数40ml（15～96m1）vs．中位数98ml（50～158m1）,Z=-2．388,P：0．017]明显减少,且术后患者VAS评分[术后第1天：（3．04-1．2）分vs．（6．0±1．6）分,t=-8．485,P=0．000;术后第3天：（1．7±0．7）分vs．（4．2±0．8）分,t=-13．304,P=0．000]和需要的止痛剂剂量[（1．6±0．8）支vs．（3．7±2．8）支,t=-4．079,P=0．000]明显减少。结论三角吻合技术应用于全腹腔镜下远端胃癌根治术是安全可行的,近期效果显著。     

Does a conservative fluid management strategy in the perioperative management of lung resection patients reduce the risk of acute lung injury?

A best evidence topic in thoracic surgery was written according to a structured protocol. The question addressed was whether a conservative fluid management strategy in the perioperative management of lung resection patients is associated with a reduced incidence of postoperative acute lung injury (PALI) and/or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in the recovery period. Sixty-seven papers were found using the reported search, of which 13 level III and 1 level IV evidence studies represented the best evidence to answer the question. Two retrospective case-control studies demonstrated a direct association between liberal fluid intake and the incidence of PALI/ARDS following lung resection on multivariate analysis (MVA) with odds ratios (ORs) of 1.42 (95% CI 1.09-4.32, P?=?0.011) and 2.91 (1.9-7.4, P?=?0.001). In non-PALI/ARDS cases, the mean intraoperative fluid infusion volume was significantly less [1.22?l (1.17-1.26) vs 1.68?l (1.46-1.9) P?=?0.005], the fluid balance over the first 24 postoperative hours was significantly less [1.52?l positive (1.44-1.60) vs 2.0?l positive (1.6-2.4) P?=?0.026] and cumulated intra- and postoperative fluid infusion was significantly less [2.0?ml/kg/h (1.7-2.3) vs 2.6?ml/kg/h (2.3-2.9) P?=?0.003]. These data show that the difference between fluid regimes associated with an increased incidence of PALI/ARDS (i.e. 'liberal') and those which are not (i.e. 'conservative') is narrow but significant. However, this does not prove a causative role for liberal fluid in the multifactorial development of PALI/ARDS. On this best evidence, we recommend intra- and postoperative maintenance fluid to be administered at 1-2?ml/kg/h and that a positive fluid balance of 1.5?l should not be exceeded in the perioperative period with caution being exercised with regard to the adequacy of oxygen delivery. If the fluid balance exceeds this threshold, a high index of suspicion for PALI/ARDS should be adopted and escalation of the level of care should be considered. If a patient develops signs of hypoperfusion after these thresholds are exceeded, inotropic/vasopressor support should be considered.     

Recombinant Coagulation Factor VIIa in Major Liver Resection: A Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind Clinical Trial

Background: Prevention of bleeding episodes in noncirrhotic patients undergoing partial hepatectomy remains unsatisfactory in spite of improved surgical techniques. The authors conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial to evaluate the hemostatic effect and safety of recombinant factor VIIa (rFVIIa) in major partial hepatectomy.

Methods: Two hundred four noncirrhotic patients were equally randomized to receive either 20 or 80 [mu]g/kg rFVIIa or placebo. Partial hepatectomy was performed according to local practice at the participating centers. Patients were monitored for 7 days after surgery. Key efficacy parameters were perioperative erythrocyte requirements (using hematocrit as the transfusion trigger) and blood loss. Safety assessments included monitoring of coagulation-related parameters and Doppler examination of hepatic vessels and lower extremities.

Results: The proportion of patients who required perioperative red blood cell transfusion (the primary endpoint) was 37% (23 of 63) in the placebo group, 41% (26of 63) in the 20-[mu]g/kg group, and 25% (15 of 59) in the 80-[mu]g/kg dose group (logistic regression model; P = 0.09). Mean erythrocyte requirements for patients receiving erythrocytes were 1,024 ml with placebo, 1,354 ml with 20 [mu]g/kg rFVIIa, and 1,036 ml with 80 [mu]g/kg rFVIIa (P = 0.78). Mean intraoperative blood loss was 1,422 ml with placebo, 1,372 ml with 20 [mu]g/kg rFVIIa, and 1,073 ml with 80 [mu]g/kg rFVIIa (P = 0.07). The reduction in hematocrit during surgery was smallest in the 80-[mu]g/kg group, with a significant overall effect of treatment (P = 0.04).     

Association between vasopressor dependence and early outcome in patients after cardiac surgery

Arterial hypotension with vasopressor dependence is a major problem after cardiac surgery. We evaluated the early postoperative course of 1558 consecutive patients scheduled for cardiac surgery, and compared the outcome of patients with and without vasopressor dependence (defined as the need for > 0.1 microg x kg(-1) x h(-1) noradrenaline for > 3 h in the face of normovolaemia). Vasopressor dependence was diagnosed in 424 patients (27%) and was associated with a higher incidence of postoperative renal failure (67 (15.7%) vs 7 (0.6%), respectively; p < 0.0001), a longer duration of ventilation (median IQR [range]) 14 (8-26 [6-39]) h vs 8 (5-11 [4-32]) h; p < 0.0001), a greater need for red cell transfusion (3 (1-5 [0-10]) units vs 1 (0-2 [0-4]) units; p < 0.001) and a longer length of stay in the ICU (4 (2-6 [2-9] days) vs 2 (1-3 [1-6] days; p < 0.001). Vasopressor dependence could be predicted from a combination of factors, including pre-operative ejection fraction < 37%, cardiopulmonary bypass lasting > 94 min, and postoperative interleukin-6 > 837 pg x ml(-1).     

腹腔镜与开放胰十二指肠切除术疗效的对比观察

目的：探讨腹腔镜胰十二指肠切除术（LPD）的手术和肿瘤学安全性,并与开放胰十二指肠切除术（OPD）进行疗效对比。方法回顾性分析2012年1月至2013年6月中山大学附属第三医院胃肠外科收治并行胰十二指肠切除术患者的临床资料,根据所行术式分为LPD组和OPD组,对比分析手术时间、术中出血量、清扫淋巴结数目、术后第1天腹腔引流量、术后排气时间、恢复流质饮食时间、术后发热天数、术后住院天数、术后并发症发生率、1年生存率和复发率等指标。结果两组患者性别、年龄、ASA分级、手术时间、清扫淋巴结数目、病理分期、术后发热天数、术后引流管拔除时间、术后并发症发生情况以及术后1年生存率和肿瘤复发情况等指标差异均无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。而LPD组相比OPD组,术中出血量[（168．2±87．4） ml比（353．5±140．1） ml,P＝0．000]及术后第1天腹腔引流量[（157．7±69．7） ml比（289．1±197．0） ml,P＝0．039]减少,术后排气时间[（4．1±0．9） d比（6．6±3．4） d,P＝0．024]、恢复流质饮食时间[（5．8±1．3） d比（8．2±3．5） d,P＝0．040]、下床活动时间[（3．6±1．4） d比（6．2±1．5） d,P＝0．000]和术后住院天数[（17．0±2．2） d比（25．7±13．8） d, P＝0．047）明显缩短。结论与传统开放手术相比,LPD能够保证肿瘤根治性切除和手术安全的同时,在减少术中出血和促进术后恢复过程方面具有明显优势。