正常足与拇外翻足的足底压力研究

目的 对正常足与拇外翻足的足底压力进行测量。方法 运用自行研制的足底生物力学测试系统对３０名健康人６０足,４５例拇外翻患者８９足进行了行走时足底压力的测试。结果 重度拇外翻组３１足和正常组相比,第一跖骨头下压力明显减低,第二跖骨头下明显增另,第三,五跖骨头下压力有增高的趋势。结论正常人前足第一跖骨关下压力最高,并向外侧递减,重度拇外翻足前足第一跖骨头下压力明显减低,第二跖骨头下压力明显增高。     

正常人足底压力分析的研究进展

目前，足底压力分析已应用于很多领域，如生物力学、矫形外科、康复医学等。其中，正常人的足底压力分析不仅能让我们对正常人的步态有更为深入的理解，而且还能为病态足的足底压力分析提供正常的基线标准。本文就正常人的足底压力分析作一综述。     

正常足与外翻足的足底压力研究

目的　对正常足与外翻足的足底压力进行测量。方法　运用自行研制的足底生物力学测试系统对30 名健康人60 足,45 例外翻患者89 足进行了行走时足底压力的测试。结果　重度外翻组31 足和正常组相比,第一跖骨头下压力明显减低( P< 0.001),第二跖骨头下压力明显增加(P< 0 .05),第三、五跖骨头下压力有增高的趋势。结论　正常人前足第一跖骨头下压力最高,并向外侧递减。重度外翻足前足第一跖骨头下压力明显减低,第二跖骨头下压力明显增高     

微创截骨治疗小趾囊炎足底压力变化

[目的]探讨微创截骨技术治疗小趾囊炎足底压力变化.[方法] 2017年4月～2018年9月采用微创截骨手术治疗小趾囊炎患者37例(71足)纳入本研究,另外选择33例66足正常者对照.采用Footscan足底压力系统于术前和末次随访时测量第1跖骨至第5跖骨(M1-M5)动态峰值压力(peak force,PF)、压强(p...     

前交叉韧带断裂对外侧副韧带生物力学影响的研究

目的 探讨前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)断裂后,外侧副韧带(lateral collateral ligament,LCL)的生物力学常变化.方法 自愿捐献新鲜成年男性正常膝关节标本共6具,年龄26～35岁,平均31.4岁,为非对称性,左、右膝关节各3具.置于自制运动夹具上并通过电子试验机轴向加载400 N负荷模拟膝关节的正常受力,采用压力感受器分别测定ACL完整及ACL断裂时LCL于屈膝0、30、60及90°时应变值.结果 屈膝0、30、60及90°位时,ACL完整组LCL承受应变分别为(0.00±1.63)、(-17.20±8.57)、(-24.00±4.80)及(26.50±4.65)με;ACL断裂组分别为(0.75±8.22)、(-52.75±3.33)、(24.30±4.99)及(26.30±4.27)με.屈膝0°和90°时两组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);30°和60°时差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 在屈膝30°和60°时,ACL断裂后LCL承受异常负荷.屈膝30°时,LCL松弛度增加,其损伤可能性相对较小;屈膝60°时,LCL高度紧张,处于易损伤高危状态.     

双Endobutton治疗单纯Lisfranc韧带损伤

目的 探讨双Endobutton治疗单纯Lisfranc韧带损伤的手术方法和疗效.方法 对2009年12月至2011年6月收治的9例Lisfranc韧带损伤患者资料进行回顾性研究,男7例,女2例;年龄27 ～ 64岁,平均37.5岁;均利用双Endobutton重建Lisfranc韧带.术后对X线片进行数字化测量,并根据美国足踝外科协会(AOFAS)中足评分系统评定术后疗效.结果 所有患者术后获6～23个月(平均12.8个月)随访.所有切口均一期愈合,未发生感染、内置物松动、断裂及异物反应等相关并发症,关节间隙均能在负重后保持稳定.术前AOFAS评分[(52.1±12.7)分]分别与术后3个月[(83.6±10.1)分]和术后6个月[(86.7±8.3)分]比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05),术后3个月与术后6个月比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.998).结论 双Endobutton治疗单纯Lisfranc韧带损伤具有操作简单、固定牢固、符合人体正常生物力学、适合早期活动和负重及无需二次手术取出等优点,是的有效方法之一.     

踝关节周围韧带损伤对距骨稳定性影响的有限元分析

目的有限元法分析踝关节周围韧带损伤对距骨生物力学稳定性的影响,为临床踝关节周围韧带损伤的治疗提供理论依据。方法基于正常男性的足踝部螺旋CT扫描数据,运用三维重建软件,建立足踝部三维几何模型,最后导入Abaqus 6.9软件中,模拟人体踝关节内旋、外旋的受力状况,分析踝关节周围韧带损伤后距骨各关节面的接触压力及VonMises应力分布。结果建立包括骨、软骨、韧带在内的正常人体足踝部三维有限元模型,踝关节周围韧带在踝关节内旋、外旋时对距骨的生物力学影响不同。结论在外旋作用力下胫距后韧带对踝关节的稳定性具有重要作用,而在内旋作用力下跟腓韧带对踝关节的稳定性具有重要作用。     

腰椎管狭窄平衡功能的足底压力分析

[目的]对比分析具有神经源间歇性跛行（neurogenic intermittent claudication, NIC）症状的腰椎管狭窄症（lumbar spinal stenosis, LSS）患者与健康人群之间足底压力中心（center of pressure, COP）的差异,验证COP在客观评估LSS患者行走平衡功能方面的应用价值。[方法]选取32例L_(4/5)LSS患者为LSS组,32例健康成人作为健康人组,利用Footscan^?足底压力测试系统收集动态足底压力数据,通过比较LSS组与健康人组的COP位移和COP速度评估LSS患者的行走平衡功能。[结果]LSS组前足触地期（forefoot contact phase, FFCP）以及全足触地期（foot flat phase, FFP）的COP位移和速度均较健康人组显著增加（P<0.05）,而足跟触地期（initial contact phase, ICP）和前足离地期（forefoot push-off phase,FFPOP）的COP位移和速度的差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。[结论] LSS患者NIC症状发作后其平衡功能显著受损,可以利用FFCP期和FFP期COP的位移和速度对LSS患者动态平衡功能进行客观评估。     

下胫腓联合韧带损伤诊治的进展

下胫腓联合韧带与内、外侧副韧带共同维持踝穴的稳定，踝关节骨折脱位常合并下胫腓联合韧带的损伤，是晚期常形成踝关节创伤性关节炎的原因之一。近年来，随着运动医学的发展和对踝部创伤研究的深入，对下胫腓联合韧带损伤的诊断和治疗有了进一步的认识，现综述如下。     

Degenerative lesions of the accessory plantar ligaments

Summary Degeneration and disintegration of the accessory plantar ligaments occur in the absence of local inflammatory disease. The gross and histological changes are described. These lesions are associated with metatarsalgia, deformities of the metatarsophalangeal joints and the development of the convex anterior metatarsal arch. The connection between these three is explained.

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Résumé La dégénérescence et la destruction du ligament accessoire plantaire peuvent survenir en l'absence de toute affection inflammatoire locale. Les auteurs décrivent les modifications histologiques. Ces lésions sont associées à une métatarsalgie, à des déformations articulaires métatarso-phalangiennes et à un pied rond antérieur. Une explication de l'association de ces trois éléments est proposée.

     

Treatment of metatarsalgia based on claw toe deformity through soft tissue release of the metatarsophalangeal joint and resection of the proximal interphalangeal joint: Evaluation based on foot kinematics and plantar pressure distribution

IntroductionThis study investigated the effect of operative claw toe correction with release of the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint, repositioning of the plantar fat pad and resection of the proximal interphalangeal joint on foot kinematics, plantar pressure distribution and Foot Function Index (FFI).MethodsProspective experimental study with pretest-posttest design. The plantar pressure, 3D foot kinematics and the FFI of 15 patients with symptomatic claw toes were measured three months before and 12 months after surgery. Mean pressure, peak pressure and pressure time integral per sensor and various foot angles were calculated for the pre- and posttest and compared to a control group (N = 15).ResultsClaw toe patients have increased pressure under the distal part of the metatarsal head and less pressure under the proximal part of the metatarsal heads compared to healthy controls. After surgery, there was a redistribution of pressure, resulting in a significant decrease of pressure under the distal part and an increase under the proximal part of the metatarsal head, providing a more equal plantar pressure distribution. Except for some small areas under the forefoot, heel and toes, there were no significant differences in pressure distribution between the operated feet and controls. Small, but significant differences between the pre- and postoperative condition were found for the lateral arch angle, calcaneus/malleolus supination and tibio-talar flexion. The score on the FFI improved statistically significant.DiscussionThese findings imply that the present operative procedure results in a more equal distribution of the plantar pressure under the forefoot and decrease of pain and offers successful treatment of metatarsalgia based on claw toe deformity.     

The effect of eliminating leg length difference on plantar foot pressure distribution in patients wearing forefoot offloading shoe

Background and purposeElevated heel construction offloads the forefoot after surgery. However, side-to-side height difference alters limb kinetics, whereas leg-length equalizing-sole at non-operated side may have beneficial effects on foot loading. The purpose of this study was to characterize leg-length equalizing sole effect on bilateral plantar pressures when using heel-lift forefoot-offloading shoe.Materials and methodsTwenty men were tested walking. Plantar peak pressures (PP) and pressure-time integrals (PTI) in the forefoot-offloading shoe and in contralateral running shoe were compared between two conditions: one with- and the other without leg-length equalizing sole elevation at the running shoe.ResultsAdding leg-length equalizing sole to the running shoe resulted in the following changes in the forefoot-offloading shoe: increased lateral midfoot PP (8.7%, p = 0.03), increased lateral midfoot (11.3%, p = 0.05) and lateral metatarsals PTI (10.3%, p = 0.04), and decreased medial and lateral heel PTI (>5%, p = 0.02). These changes were non-significant when applying a Bonferroni correction. Changes in the running shoe were: increased medial midfoot (20.5%, p = 0.03) and decreased 2nd and lateral metatarsals PP (23%, p < 0.01). PTI increased in medial and lateral heel (>25%, p < 0.01), medial midfoot (63.2%, p < 0.01) and lateral midfoot (9.2%, p = 0.04) and decreased in 2nd and lateral metatarsals (>24.5%, p < 0.01).ConclusionLeg-length equalizing sole at contralateral running shoe in subjects wearing forefoot-offloading shoe results in lateral load shift alongside heel pressure attenuation within the forefoot-offloading shoe, which is beneficial during first month after medial forefoot surgery. Reciprocal medial load-shift in the elevated running shoe itself should yet be considered when bilateral medial forefoot pathology is present.     

The effect of pre-fabricated insole on plantar pressure distribution in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

BackgroundFoot deformities result in pain and changes in plantar pressure distribution in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Medical insoles are commonly prescribed for declining pain and modifying foot pressure distribution in these patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a pre-fabricated insole with metatarsal pad and medial longitudinal arch support on plantar pressure distribution in rheumatoid arthritis patients.MethodsFifteen females with RA participated in this study. All patients received a pair of pre-fabricated insoles that were individually modified using metatarsal pads and medial longitudinal arch supports. Mean peak pressure (kPa), maximum force (N), and contact area (cm²) were calculated for the heel, midfoot, metatarsophalangeal joint, and toe regions using the Pedar-X system immediately and after a month follow-up.FindingsIn the heel and metatarsophalangeal joint regions, maximum pressure and force showed a significant reduction in the follow-up assessment (p < 0.05). The comparison showed a significant increase in maximum pressure and force in the midfoot when participants walked with insole compared to without insole condition (p < 0.001).InterpretationUsing a pre-fabricated insole with an individually modified metatarsal pad and medial longitudinal arch support could alter rheumatoid arthritis patients’ plantar pressures after one month of follow-up. This type of insole is simple and inexpensive and showed a significant effect on decreasing pressures under the metatarsal heads.     

Association of quadriceps angle with plantar pressure distribution,navicular height and calcaneo-tibial angle

ObjectiveThe aim of study was to analyze the association between Quadriceps Angle (QA) and plantar pressure, navicular height (NH), and calcaneo-tibial angle (CTA).MethodsA total of 64 volunteers (mean age: 22.25 ± 2.54 (range:19–33)) participated in this cross sectional study. EMED-m (Novel GmbH, Germany) electronic pedobarograph was employed for dynamic plantar pressure measurement using two step protocol. The angle between the vertical axis of calcaneus and the long axis of Achilles tendon for CTA. The height of navicular tubercle from the ground was measured while the subject was standing on both feet for NH. QA was measured while the subject was standing in a relaxed posture where both feet bearing equal weight.ResultsThere were significant negative correlations between QA and maximum force (MxF) under the 4th. metatarsal head (MH4). The QA was also significantly correlated with MxF and force-time integral (FTI) under the bigtoe (BT). FTI under the 3rd. metatarsal head (MH3), MH4 and 5th. metatarsal head (MH5) were significantly negatively correlated with QA. Pressure-time integral (PTI) under the MH4 and MH5 were found to be significantly negatively correlated with QA. A significant correlation was also found between QA and NH (p < 0.0001), whilst there was no correlation between QA and CTA. Regression analysis showed that NH was appeared as the major contributor for the QA (β = −0.49, p < 0.001) in the dynamic condition, followed by BT-FTI (β = 0.37, p < 0.001) and MH5-MxF (β = −0.21, p < 0.037).ConclusionThese findings may imply that the NH which can at least be controlled by appropriate shoe inserts may affect QA. This way, loading pattern of both plantar region and whole lower extremity may be altered.Level of evidenceLevel III, Diagnostic Study.     

Reliability in ultrasound measurements of plantar aponeurosis thickness

PurposeGiven the increasing research interest in ultrasound plantar aponeurosis (PA) thickness measurements, this study aimed to analyze the inter and intra-rater reliability of independent sonograms and to identify the error related to the image analysis procedure.MethodsTwenty-one healthy men participated in this study. Imaging of PA consisted of two independent sonograms per subject. Two raters (R1 and R2) evaluated each sonogram twice using standardized steps. Precision of the image analysis procedure was analyzed using the Bland and Altman plot and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). Agreement estimates and ICC were used to assess absolute and relative inter and intra-rater reliability.ResultsReliability of PA thickness was found to depend strongly on the number of images acquired per subject. Intra-rater agreement for single measurements were 0.696 (R1) and 0.495 (R2), whereas average measurements yielded values of 0.821 (R1) and 0.662 (R2), respectively. Precision within a sonogram varied from ICC values of 0.873 to 0.960 (intra-rater) and 0.670 to 0.822 (inter-rater).ConclusionMost part of the error in PA thickness measurements seems to be related to the sonogram acquisition process and not to the visual inspection of the image. To minimize error, average values of a minimum of two images per subject should be used. The moderate agreement between raters found in this study ratifies the need of all measurements being made by the same rater or group of raters. If a single rater evaluates all subjects, performing multiple measurements over one image does not seem to affect ICC as much as acquiring multiple images.     

Plantar pressure distribution and wearing characteristics of three forefoot offloading shoes in healthy adult subjects

Forefoot offloading shoes are used to reduce pressure on specific regions of the foot. Aim of the pressure reduction is to aid healing of the soft and bony tissues and prevent complications by treating foot disorders. A great variety of forefoot offloading shoes are available. In a first step to investigate the appropriate use of these footwear in orthopedic settings, we studied plantar pressure distribution and wearing characteristics of three forefoot offloading shoes namely the Mailand, OrthoWedge and Podalux in a healthy population.Twenty subjects walked in a randomized order wearing three forefoot offloading shoes and a reference shoe for six minutes. The Pedar system was used to measure the pressure in 7 regions. Peak pressure and pressure time integral were analyzed as measures of pressure distribution. Furthermore, wearing characteristics were addressed using a Numeric Rating Scale. Pressure distribution and wearing characteristics of the forefoot offloading shoes were compared to a reference shoe.The Mailand and OrthoWedge shoes significantly reduced peak pressure with more than 80% under the hallux and more than 45% under MTH1 (p < .001). The Podalux did not show significant peak pressure reduction under the forefoot compared to the reference shoe. Under the lesser toes, the MTH4-5 region and heel region the Podalux shoe showed even a significant increase in peak pressure (p = .001). Looking at wearing characteristics, the Podalux and reference shoe scored significantly better than the other two forefoot offloading shoes (p < .01).In this study the differences between different forefoot offloading shoes was assessed. The Mailand and OrthoWedge shoes gave the best pressure reduction in the forefoot but are less comfortable in use. The Podalux rocker shoe showed opposite results. Next step is a patient study to compare our results in a patient population.     

Ultrasonography and erythrocyte distribution width in patients with plantar fasciitis

BackgroundThe measurement of plantar fascia thickness with ultrasonography can be used for both for diagnosis and as a response-to-treatment parameter in plantar fasciitis. Furthermore, with the recent studies, red cell distribution width may be used as an inflammatory marker. Aim of this study is to investigate the association of red cell distribution width and ultrasonography on diagnosis and monitoring of treatment in patients with plantar fasciitis.MethodsClinically diagnosed 102 patients with plantar fasciitis between the dates January 2016 to July 2018 were analysed. Hemogram, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP) and plantar fascial ultrasonography were obtained on initial evaluation and in 1 month, 2 months and 3 months of the standard nonoperative treatment; American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Hindfoot Score (AOFAS) and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores were recorded. Posthoc and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used for statistical analysis on SPSS 21.0.ResultsRed cell distribution width was correlated with plantar fascia thickness by the end of the 1 month (r = 0.26, P = .013). Female sex, BMI over 30 kg/m², higher red cell distribution width and higher plantar fascia thickness were associated with plantar fasciitis on initial evaluation. Higher red cell distribution width together with higher plantar fascia thickness were also found to be a risk factor for both on initial evaluation and 1 month after treatment in plantar fasciitis.ConclusionThis study shows that association of red cell distribution width and plantar fascia thickness can be not only a diagnostic predictor but also an indicator of treatment response in plantar fasciitis.Level of clinical evidenceLevel IV     

Alterations in energy consumption and plantar pressure distribution during walking in young adults with patellofemoral pain syndrome

Objective

The aim of this study was to determine the alterations of walking energy expenditure and plantar pressure distribution in young adults with patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS).

A state-of-the-art review of foot pressure

The science of foot pressure studies the forces acting on the bottom and different regions of the foot along with the pressure exerted on the plantar surface with the interacting surface in contact. The information derived gave impact to human biomechanical assessment on body balance and ergonomics posture during gait. Various experiments designed at generating foot pressure data returns only with limited knowledge generated. Obviously, the procedure for experiment design needs to be properly understood from the foot morphology aspects; healthiness, footwear, surface in contact, load and forces impacts, and the foot sensitivity as well as the specification for the foot pressure. This paper reviews the proper preliminary experimental setups for foot pressure measurement analysis during static or dynamic gait. The strength and limitations of recent devices used and considerable variables are also discussed. The overall review explains that the comfortable natural gait in relation to the aspects of sensitivity, load, time duration, and stability are the standard considerations for plantar pressure experiments.