精索静脉曲张合并前列腺炎患者血清性激素水平变化

目的 了解原发性精索静脉曲张合并慢性前列腺炎(CP)者性激素睾酮(Testo)、促黄体生成素(LH)、泌乳素(PRL)水平的变化,探讨性激素在精索静脉曲张合并慢性前列腺炎病理生理中的作用.方法 采用化学发光免疫分析法(CIA)检测148例原发性精索静脉曲张合并慢性前列腺炎者的血清性激素水平,其中左侧精索静脉曲张合并前列...     

腹腔镜和显微镜下精索静脉高位结扎术的疗效比较

目的:比较腹腔镜和显微镜下治疗精索静脉曲张的疗效。方法:将82例精索静脉曲张患者分成两组,44例行腹腔镜精索静脉高位结扎术(腹腔镜组),38例显微镜下行精索静脉高位结扎术(显微镜组)。对比两组患者术后间精液质量、并发症、手术所用时间、术后恢复时间及住院费用。结果:两组术后精液质量、促滤泡成熟激素(FSH)、睾酮及抑制素B比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组术后阴囊水肿、保留精索内动脉、手术平均时间、平均住院时间、平均住院费用比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:从安全性及经济性方面考虑,显微镜下行精索静脉高位结扎术明显优于腹腔镜精索静脉高位结扎术,值得临床推广。     

人绒毛膜促性腺激素治疗精索静脉曲张术后不育40例临床观察

我院从2001年6月至2004年10月,采用人绒毛膜促性腺激素(hCG)对40例精索静脉曲张患者术后不育进行治疗,观察其对血中生殖激素,如卵泡刺激素(FSH)、黄体生成素(LH)、泌乳素(PRL)、雌二醇(E2)、睾酮(T),精液指标及其配偶妊娠率的影响,以探讨hCG在男科治疗中的应用。一、资料与方法1.一般资料:选用2001年6月至2004年10月就诊的男科不育症中确诊为有精索静脉曲张,且实施了高位结扎术后一年仍不育的患者40例,年龄28~40岁,平均30.1岁,所有患者结婚均在2年以上,平均3·5年,夫妇性生活正常,未采取避孕措施,女方无不育原因存在。睾丸大小在正常…     

男性性功能减退病人血清T、LH、FSH浓度的变化

男性性功能减退病人血清Ｔ、ＬＨ、ＦＳＨ浓度的变化王国洪，赵技文，张中书，许瑞吉关键词性功能，阳萎，睾酮，黄体生成素，促卵泡激素体内雄激素──睾酮（Ｔ）水平的降低是男性性功能低下的原因之一。我们用放免法测定了正常人和性功能低下病人血清Ｔ、促黄体激素（Ｌ...     

精索静脉曲张不育患者手术前后血清抑制素水平变化的研究

目的 研究精素静脉曲张手术治疗对血清抑制素B(inhibinB,简称InhB)水平的影响,从而了解精素静脉曲张不育患者手术后生育能力的变化.方法 选取30例患有精素静脉曲张的男性不育患者,对所有患者行腹膜后精索内静脉高位结扎术,分别于手术前和手术后3个月测定血清InhB、卵泡刺激素(FSH)、黄体生成素(LH)、睾酮(T)和精子密度,分析它们的变化.结果 精索静脉曲张不育患者手术后较手术前血清InhB水平显著升高;血清FSH、LH、T手术前后均无显著性变化:精子密度手术后较手术前显著提高.结论 精素静脉曲张手术治疗能使血清InhB水平升高,从而说明了手术对精子发生及支持细胞功能的改善.     

睾丸容积与精索静脉曲张的关系

精索静脉曲张是男性不育症最常见的原因。生育力低下的人中21—40％有精索静脉曲张,是正常人的3倍。众多报告发现精索静脉曲张的低育男性有精液异常,包括精子数少、活动力弱、细头精子和不成熟精子增多。Macleod认为精索静脉曲张病人的精液是压抑型(stross pattern)。组织学检查光镜可见生精上皮变薄、精子生成受阻及生精细胞的变性坏死,电镜可见精子成熟受阻以及支持细胞与精细胞交界处异常的复合物。因此有人推测,由于组织学的改变可引起睾丸容积的变化。作者用睾丸测量器测定了83例正常人和291例     

精索静脉曲张所致不育的免疫学变化

精索静脉曲张是男性继发性不育的常见原因。调查资料表明:精索静脉曲张在青春发育期男性中的发病率为15％;在男性不育患者中的发病率高达40％(21～41％),故世界卫生组织在男性不育症研究中把精索静脉曲张不育症列为首位。但是精索静脉曲张所致不育的机理至今尚未完全阐明。目前认为精索静脉曲张导致不育和以下几种因素有关:1.睾丸局部温度升高,影响精子的发生;2.内分泌激素水平的改变,睾酮的生物合成受到影响,干扰了精子的生成;3.睾丸静脉血液淤滞,睾丸组织血液循环受影响,组织内缺氧和二氧化碳蓄积,组织出现营养障碍;4.血液逆流,肾静脉内的代谢产物和部分激素如类固醇类激素、前列腺素逆流到精索静脉,影响精子生成;5.附睾功能受损,精子成熟出现障碍。近年来,随着基础医学研究的进展,特别是免疫学的飞速发展,新的免疫学检验     

不育男性双侧Ⅰ度精索静脉曲张对睾丸体积和生殖激素水平的影响

目的 评价不育男性双侧I度精索静脉曲张对睾丸体积和生殖激素水平的影响.方法 185例不育男性双侧I度精索静脉曲张(A组)和149例正常生育男性(B组),比较其睾丸体积、卵泡刺激素(FSH)、黄体生成素(LH)和睾酮(T)水平.结果 A组患者两侧睾丸体积均小于B组,但睾丸体积绝对差异和睾丸体积相对差异与B组比较,无统计学意义.A组患者血清FSH水平高于B组,而LH、T与B组相比,差异无统计学意义.结论 不育男性双侧I度精索静脉曲张可导致患者双侧睾丸体积减小,血清FSH水平升高.     

抑制素B在青春期前精索静脉曲张患者睾丸功能评价中的作用

目的:研究青春期前精索静脉曲张患者手术前后血清中抑制素B(INHB)的变化在睾丸功能评价中的作用。方法:31例青春期前患者,年龄9~14岁,平均12.6岁。所有患者确诊为左侧精索静脉曲张,其中合并右侧精索静脉曲张9例。所有患者行患侧精索内静脉高位结扎术。分别采用酶联免疫法检测术前、术后4周、12周和26周外周血及术中精索内静脉血中卵泡刺激素(FSH)、黄体生成素(LH)、睾酮(T),抗精子抗体(As Ab)及INHB。结果:外周血中INHB术前[(255.18±69.97)pg/ml]与术后12周[(141.78±59.83)pg/ml]及26周[(128.69±46.32)pg/ml]相比有显著性差异(P0.05),术中精索内静脉血清INHB水平[(412.41±259.42)pg/ml]与术前外周血相比差异有显著性(P0.01)。FSH术前、术后12周、26周分别为[(4.07±1.08)IU/L]、[(4.86±0.88)IU/L]、[(4.89±1.59)IU/L],呈上升趋势(P0.05),相关性分析显示INHB与FSH呈负相关(r=-0.224,P0.01)。结论:青春期前精索静脉曲张患者精索静脉高位结扎术后6个月内外周血中INHB水平呈下降趋势,与FSH呈负相关,联合检测INHB和FSH能较好的反映青春期前精索静脉曲张患者睾丸功能状态。     

垂体泌乳素大腺瘤患者术后内分泌的变化及临床疗效分析

目的:探讨手术治疗垂体泌乳素大腺瘤的临床疗效,以及对机体内分泌的影响。方法:收集符合标准的患者45例,观察手术前后血清泌乳素(PRL)、雌二醇(E2)、促卵泡素(FSH)、黄体生成素(LH)、孕酮(P)和睾酮(T)等水平变化以及对应各种激素刺激后FSH、LH和睾酮(T)的变化,并对患者临床疗效进行评定。结果:患者术后3个月、6个月和1年进行临床疗效评价,有效率分别为37.78%、60.00%和75.56%;患者术后1年血清PRL水平与术前比较,显著下降。术前促卵泡素(FSH)、黄体生成素(LH)的水平分别为(10.52±8.17)和(6.28±4.74)mIU/mL,GnRH激素刺激后,LH水的峰值达到(12.34±1.78)(P<0.05),而FSH的最高峰值为(11.28±2.30)(P>0.05);术后LH和FSH与手术之前相比显著升高。睾酮(T)术前与术后的水平有统计学意义,但是hCG反应的峰值没有显著区别。结论:泌乳素大腺瘤通过下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴影响一系列促性腺激素的释放进而影响生殖器官的功能,手术治疗垂体泌乳素大腺瘤临床疗效确切,可以显著改善患者内分泌激素水平。     

Seminal plasma hormone profile in infertile men with and without varicocele

Seminal plasma FSH, LH, prolactin, testosterone, and oestradiol were estimated in 41 infertile men with varicocele and 45 infertile men without varicocele who failed to impregnate their wives after 2 years of marriage and 30 fertile men. There was significant elevation of FSH in the seminal plasma of the infertile men with varicocele compared with the seminal plasma of the other infertile and fertile men. Seminal LH and prolactin values were similar in both infertile groups but significantly higher than in the fertile men. Testosterone and oestradiol levels in the seminal plasma of infertile men with varicocele were lower than in the fertile and the other infertile males. Finding that both steroids were decreased in infertile men with varicocele could explain disturbed function of spermatozoa in men with varicocele. Further analysis will elucidate the importance of these hormone findings in the seminal plasma of infertile men with varicocele.     

精索静脉曲张不育患者手术前后血浆性激素变化

将６４例单纯精索静脉曲张源性不育患者随机分为手术组３３例与非手术组３１例，分别于术前及术后６个月测血浆卵泡刺激素（ＦＳＨ）、黄体生成素（ＬＨ）、睾酮（Ｔ），同时测４６名正常生育力男性性激素作为正常值对照，对两组不育患者还进行了睾丸体积测定和精液分析。手术组采用经髂窝腹膜外单纯精索内静脉高位结扎术。结果：６４例精索静脉曲张源性不育患者精子密度、精子存活率、睾丸体积低于正常组，ＦＳＨ、ＬＨ、Ｔ均在正常值范围，与正常组对照无明显差异。两组手术前后对照分析，手术组与非手术组手术前后血浆性激素虽无统计学差异，但手术组患者术后精液质量、睾丸体积明显改善，随访一年手术组妊娠率（２７％）显著高于非手术组（１３％）。术前ＦＳＨ较高的患者术后精液质量、睾丸体积无明显改善，而术前ＦＳＨ正常者有显著差异。认为，精索静脉曲张不育患者通过手术治疗确能提高其生育能力，而术前根据血浆ＦＳＨ、ＬＨ、Ｔ测定结合睾丸检查、精液分析可以初步估计睾丸受损程度，对手术预后的判断有一定参考价值。     

Pituitary Gonadal Function in Infertile Men with Varicocele

Infertile men with varicocele or idiopathic infertility were compared with a control group. Spermocytograms were taken and the following radioimmunological plasma analyses carried out: testosterone, FSH and LH before and after 50 micrograms LRH, Prolactin (PRL) before and after 200 micrograms TRH; in addition, 8 patients with varicoceles and 3 controls received LRH intravenously (0.4 microgram/min.) for 4 hours. The binding of [125I] human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) to testicular tissue obtained by biopsy from 10 infertile men was also investigated. Of the parameters studied, no differences were found between the unilateral or bilateral varicoceles. In the two groups of infertile men, sperm motility and percentage normal forms were similar and significantly lower than in controls. As compared to the controls, in the groups of infertile men, basal LH and testosterone levels were no different but basal FSH levels was increased, basal PRL was higher (p less than 0.05) in the varicocele group. Responses of the LH, FSH and PRL to LRH and TRH stimulations were generally higher in infertile men than in controls. As compared to the idiopathic infertile men, testosterone levels and responses of plasma FSH to LRH injection were lower in varicocele group. Moreover, in infertile men with varicocele, age was correlated negatively with sperm motility and testosterone level and it was correlated positively with LH response to LRH injection. For each patient, testicular tissue was able to specifically bind [125I]hCG, but in some cases of varicoceles, hCG binding capacity was different in the two testes and seemed higher than that observed in men with obstructive azoospermia. These results suggest: 1) dysfunction in both spermatogenesis and Leydig cells with a compensatory hyperfunction of the pituitary gland in infertile men with varicocele; 2) worsening in Leydig cells and tubular lesions with longer duration of varicocele; and 3) absence of any gross abnormality in hCG binding to its specific receptors in the testis of men with varicocele. These data suggest varicoceles may play a causal role in infertility.     

Serum levels of dimeric and monomeric inhibins and the degree of seminal alteration in infertile men with varicocele

The aim of the present study was to establish the serum levels of inhibins and their relationship with the degree of seminal alteration in infertile men. Thirty-six patients with varicocele (Va) and seven non-obstructive azoospermic men (Az) were included. The Va group was divided into two subgroups: Va I (sperm concentration: >20 x 106; n = 21) and Va II (sperm concentration: < 20 x 106; n = 15). Twelve fertile men were included as a control group (Co). Semen analysis and serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone (T), inhibin B and Pro-alphaC levels were determined. Serum inhibin B and T levels were significantly lower and FSH and LH significantly higher in group Az when compared with the Co. Inhibin B was unable to differentiate Va I from Va II groups. However, in Va II an increase in FSH levels was observed. An inverse correlation between inhibin B and FSH, a direct correlation between inhibin B and testosterone, sperm concentration, motility and morphology were found. No such correlations were seen when only the Va group was analysed. The lack of correlation between serum levels of inhibin B, gonadotrophins, sperm concentration and seminal parameters observed in Va, adds other factor to the complex pathophysiology of varicocele. Finally, further studies are needed to elucidate if oligozoospermic patients with varicocele have also an impaired negative feed-back mechanism that regulates FSH synthesis and secretion.     

Hormonal and Seminal Parameters in Infertile Men

500 infertile patients (250 with and 250 without left side varicocele) and 33 fertile men were evaluated as far as seminal parameters and the hormonal status were concerned. Sperm motility was constantly lower in infertile patients also when infertile group was compared to fertile one with the same sperm density. Serum testosterone levels were lower in infertile groups when compared to fertile men, and this confirms the existence of an androgenic deficit as a common finding in infertility associated or not to varicocele. FSH and LH increased (p less than 0.001) when sperm density dropped to less than 5 X 10(6) spermatozoa/ml. A negative correlation was found between both gonadotropins and sperm count (p less than 0.001), also after exclusion of azoo- and oligozoospermic (less than 5 X 10(6) spermatozoa/ml) patients (p less than 0.01). Gonadotropins were moreover tightly correlated between each other (p less than 0.001). Our data suggest that both gonadotropins are tightly tuned with sperm output and thus with the spermatogenic potential.     

Preserved testicular artery at varicocele repair

Whether or not varicocele causes infertility is a contentiously debated issue. This study aimed to compare semen parameters and pregnancy rate in infertile males who underwent varicocelectomy with preserved or accidentally ligated testicular artery. Ninety-five infertile oligoasthenozoospermic patients with left-sided varicocele were subjected to subinguinal varicocelectomy with trial of preserving testicular artery. According to absence or presence of testicular artery in the histological excised pedicle the cases were divided into two groups; group 1 ( n  = 60) with preserved testicular artery and group 2 ( n  = 35) where the artery was accidentally ligated being not defined or injured. Semen analysis was carried out after 4, 8 and 12 months and post-operative pregnancy rate was assessed after 1 year. Serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinising hormone (LH) and total testosterone (T) were estimated pre- and post-operatively. Semen parameters (total sperm count, sperm concentration and sperm motility) showed significant increase post-operatively compared with pre-operative parameters but were comparable in both groups with no significant difference. Serum FSH, LH, T hormones and pregnancy rate (23.3% versus 22.9%) 1 year post-operatively showed no significant difference. It is concluded that accidental ligation of testicular artery has no deleterious effect on semen parameters during primary varicocele repair if the testicular arterial supply was not compromised.     

Hormone profile in infertile men

Plasma basal levels of FSH, LH, prolactin, and testosterone were evaluated in 263 men with fertility problems. Significant increases in FSH were detected in all groups of infertile men except those with infection, varicocele, infection and varicocele, and obstructive azoospermia. No differences in LH were detected in all groups, except those with chromosomal testicular abnormality and idiopathic seminiferous tubular failure where significant increases were revealed. No differences in prolactin were detected, while a decrease was found in testosterone in the group with chromosomal testicular abnormality. FSH seems to be a most valuable hormone index in the routine workup of male infertility, while prolactin does not offer substantial information. The combined LH and testosterone evaluation might be of diagnostic importance in selected cases.     

Correlation of oxidation–reduction potential with hormones,semen parameters and testicular volume

Seminal oxidative stress (OS) is a major cause of male factor infertility and can be measured as oxidation–reduction potential (ORP). Studies showed significant negative relationships of ORP with sperm count, motility or DNA integrity. Since these parameters are also positively or negatively associated with reproductive hormones follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinising hormone (LH), testosterone, testicular volume and the occurrence of varicocele, it is important to understand the mechanistic relationship between ORP and hormonal and/or testicular parameters. Therefore, we studied the relationship between ORP levels, standard hormone profiles and testicular volume in infertile men with and without varicocele. Results show a highly significant negative relationship of ORP with testicular volume and significantly positive correlations with FSH and LH. Yet, when adding varicocele as covariate, the relationship with FSH/LH became nonsignificant. Contrary, the presence of varicocele had only a contributing influence on the association of ORP with the testis volume. No association was found with estradiol. We propose that since OS causes degeneration of Sertoli cell with testicular shrinkage, such negative effect would result in a negative feedback on the hypothalamus with less inhibin secretion. This may result in increased secretion of LH and FSH. Thus, systemic and/or local OS may be responsible for smaller testis volumes.     

Cytogenetic and molecular analysis of the Y chromosome: absence of a significant relationship between CAG repeat length in exon 1 of the androgen receptor gene and infertility in Indian men

The genetic basis of male infertility remains unclear in the majority of cases. Recent studies have indicated an association between microdeletions of the azoospermia factor a (AZFa)-AZFc regions of Yq and severe oligospermia or azoospermia. Increased (CAG)n repeat lengths in the androgen receptor (AR) gene have also been reported in infertile men. Therefore, in order to assess the prevalence of these genetic defects to male infertility, 183 men with non-obstructive azoospermia (n = 70), obstructive azoospermia (n = 33), severe oligospermia (n = 80) and 59 fertile men were examined cytogenetically and at molecular level for Yq deletions, microdeletions, and AR-CAG repeat lengths along with hormonal profiles [luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone (T)]. We used high resolution cytogenetics to detect chromosome deletions and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) involving 27 sequence-tagged site (STS) markers on Yq to determine the rate and extent of Yq microdeletions. PCR amplification with primers flanking exon 1 of AR gene was used to determine the AR-(CAG)n repeat lengths. Hormonal profiles (LH, FSH and T levels) were also analysed in infertile and fertile men. Testicular biopsies showed Sertoli cell only (SCO) morphology, maturation arrests (MA) and hypospermatogenesis. No chromosome aberrations were found in infertile men but there was a significant increase (p < 0.001) in the association of acrocentric chromosomes including the Y chromosome. Yq microdeletions were found in 16 non-obstructive azoospermic men (16 of 70; 22%) and seven severe oligospermic individuals (seven of 80; 8.7%) and most of them had deletions in the sY240 locus. No Yq microdeletions were detected in patients with obstructive azoospermia. No statistically significant difference in the mean length of CAG repeats in AR gene was observed between infertile and fertile men (22.2 +/- 1.5 and 21.5 +/- 1.4 respectively). No significant increase or decrease in levels of LH, FSH and T was observed in infertile and fertile men. In some infertile men, significantly elevated levels of FSH alone or in combination with LH were found to be indicative of failure of spermatogenesis and/or suggestive of testicular failure. Y-chromosome microdeletions contribute to infertility in some patients but no relationship could be established with the (CAG)n repeat lengths in exon 1 of the AR gene in infertile Indian men.