Orthodontic bonding to porcelain: A systematic review

Objective:To use a systematic review to determine which materials and technique/protocol present the highest success rate in bonding brackets to porcelain surfaces.Materials and Methods:Different databases were searched without limitations up to July 2013. Additionally, the bibliographies of the finally selected articles were hand searched to identify any relevant publications that were not identified earlier. In vitro and in vivo articles were included.Results:No in vivo articles were found that fulfilled the inclusion criteria. A total of 45 in vitro articles met all inclusion criteria. They were published between 2000 to July 2013.Conclusions:The best protocol described in this review is the etching of 9.6% hydrofluoric acid for 1 minute, rinsed for 30 seconds, and then air-dried. The etching of hydrofluoric acid should be followed by an application of silane. Considering the harmful effects of etching with hydrofluoric acid, another appropriate suggestion is mechanical roughening with sandblasting followed by an application of silane.     

Orthodontic radiology: a review

Before starting orthodontic treatment it is important to have status radiographs to ascertain the state of the patient's general dental health. A dental panoramic tomogram is very suitable in this respect, but right and left bimolar projections together with upper and lower occlusal films provide an appropriate alternative. Unerupted upper cuspids can be localized by means of parallax shift or by using the vertex occlusal projection. The cephalometric radiograph is an invaluable adjunct to the clinical examination and models of the dentition, which together form the basis for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. However, the user should be aware of the various errors which can detract from the reliability of this technique. Cephalometric landmarks are identified and tracings of the radiograph are made. Angular measurements taken from the tracing enable the maxillary and mandibular bases to be related to each other and to the cranial base. Recent developments in computer science and information transfer offer the possibility that in the future cephalometric radiographs will be analysed with the aid of a computer at sites which may be remote from the dental office.     

Orthodontic anchorage: a systematic review

The aim of this systematic review was to examine, in an evidence-based way, what kind of orthodontic anchorage systems/applications are evaluated and their effectiveness. A literature survey from the Pub Med and Cochrane databases covering the period from January 1966 to December 2004 was performed. Randomized controlled trials (RCT), prospective and retrospective controlled studies, and clinical trials comparing at least two anchorage situations were included. Two reviewers selected and extracted the data independently and also assessed the quality of the retrieved studies. The search strategy resulted in 494 articles, of which 14 met the inclusion criteria. Two main anchorage situations were identified: anchorage of molars during space closure after premolar extractions and anchorage loss in the incisor or premolar region (or both) during molar distalization. Because of contradictory results and the vast heterogeneity in study methods, the scientific evidence was too weak to evaluate anchorage efficiency during space closure. Intraoral molar distalization leads to anchorage loss in various amounts depending on the choice of distalization unit. Most of the studies had serious problems with small sample size, confounding factors, lack of method error analysis, and no blinding in measurements. To obtain reliable scientific evidence, controlled RCT's with sufficient sample sizes are needed to determine which anchorage system is the most effective in the respective anchorage situation. Further studies should also consider patient acceptance and cost analysis as well as implants as anchorage.     

Orthodontic retention: a systematic review

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of different retention strategies used to maintain tooth position after treatment by orthodontic appliances. DATA SOURCES: The search strategy was carried out according to the standard Cochrane systematic review methodology. The following databases were searched for randomized clinical trials (RCT) or controlled clinical trials (CCT): Cochrane Oral Health Group Trials Register, Cochrane Clinical Trials Register, MEDLINE and EMBASE. No language restrictions were applied. Authors of trials were contacted to identify unpublished trials. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied when considering the studies to be included and a quality assessment made for each paper. DATA SELECTION: The primary outcome was the amount of relapse. Secondary outcomes were survival of retainers, adverse effects on oral health and patient satisfaction. DATA EXTRACTION: Screening of eligible studies, assessment of the methodological quality of the trials and data extraction were conducted in duplicate and independently by two reviewers. Five studies (2 RCTs and 3 CCTs) fulfilled the inclusion criteria. DATA SYNTHESIS: There was evidence, based on data from one trial, that there was a statistically significant increase in stability in both the mandibular (P<0.001) and maxillary anterior segments (P<0.001) when the CSF (circumferential supracrestal fiberotomy) was used in conjunction with a Hawley retainer, compared with a Hawley retainer alone. However, this evidence may be unreliable due to flaws in the study design. There was also weak, unreliable evidence that teeth settle quicker with a Hawley retainer than with a clear overlay retainer after 3 months. CONCLUSIONS: There is currently insufficient evidence on which to base the clinical practice of orthodontic retention.     

自锁托槽与传统托槽对青少年患者正畸疼痛影响的系统评价

目的 系统评价正畸治疗过程中自锁托槽与传统托槽对青少年患者疼痛程度的影响.方法 通过计算机检索和手工检索PubMed、Embase数据库、Cochrane Library临床随机对照试验库、中国期刊全文数据库(CNKI)、中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)和中文科技期刊数据库(VIP)中比较自锁托槽与传统托槽对青少年患者正畸疼痛程度影响的随机对照试验或半随机对照试验.依据方法学质量评价量表对纳入的文献进行质量评价.结果 最终纳入8项研究,共381例患者.Meta分析结果显示:自锁托槽与传统托槽相比,在正畸矫治过程中疼痛视觉模拟评分值[MD=-0.25,95％CI(-0.43,-0.07),P=0.005]的差异有统计学意义.结论 与传统直丝弓托槽相比较,自锁托槽减轻了青少年患者在矫治过程中的疼痛感,但在临床使用中还需综合考虑影响疼痛的多种因素,此外还需要进行高质量的临床研究以增加该结论的可靠性.     

正畸治疗中前磨牙区开(牙合)的原因分析

对440 例非开(牙合)的错(牙合)患者采用标准直丝弓矫正技术,正畸治疗进入正畸第三阶段前观察前磨牙区的覆(牙合)情况.有41 例患者出现了前磨牙区的Ⅰ度开(牙合).其中男性20 例,女性21 例,男女之间差异无统计学意义.拔牙矫治患者前磨牙区开(牙合)的发生率明显高于非拔牙矫治患者,两者之间差异有显著性(P<0.01).发生开(牙合)的原因从高到低依次为:前磨牙向拔牙间隙侧倾斜,前磨牙区托槽定位不佳,磨牙升高,不良口腔习惯.因此对于拔牙矫治患者,在关闭间隙过程中要使用硬丝轻力,争取牙的整体移动;前磨牙区的托槽定位要兼顾尖牙和磨牙的临床冠高度;颌间牵引要慎用,使用颌间牵引过程中要用轻力及加强磨牙支抗;要加强口腔卫生宣教,防止患者发生不良的口腔习惯.     

Orthodontic considerations for gingival health during pregnancy: a review

Abstract:  Gingivitis is caused by several known systemic and local factors. Among systemic factors, the role of hormonal changes during pregnancy is well established. While presence of fixed orthodontic appliances alone may not cause gingivitis, factors such as pregnancy and poor oral hygiene combined together could precipitate acute gingival inflammation that may progress to a periodontal condition in a patient receiving orthodontic therapy. There has been an increase in the number of adult patients who are receiving orthodontic treatment. Orthodontic appliances could act as a potential plaque retentive source and aggravate inflammatory reactions that are seen during pregnancy. There is a lack of awareness regarding oral healthcare issues among patients who are pregnant and choose to seek orthodontic treatment. In addition, there is a need in the literature to outline management guidelines for patients who want to receive orthodontic treatment during pregnancy, with or without pre-existing gingival conditions. This review focuses on the aetiology of pregnancy gingivitis and the management of orthodontic patients during pregnancy. Our emphasis is on patient education, oral hygiene maintenance, preventive and treatment strategies for the management of gingival health in orthodontic patients during pregnancy. We also highlight some of the possible complications of initiating orthodontic treatment during pregnancy.     

Orthodontic treatment in periodontally compromised patients: a systematic review

Objectives

The aim of this systematic review was to examine the literature on aggressive and chronic periodontitis and orthodontics to clarify the therapy-relevant aspects of orthodontic treatment with altered biomechanics in periodontally compromised dentition.

Materials and methods

Literature searches were conducted in the electronic databases “PubMed” and “DIMDI” using the keywords “aggressive periodontitis AND ortho*,” “aggressive periodontitis AND orthodontics,” “chronic periodontitis AND ortho*,” and “chronic periodontitis AND orthodontics” for the publication period from January 1990 to July 2022. In addition, a manual search was carried out in the selected trade journals “Community Dental Health,” “European Journal of Oral Sciences,” and “Parodontologie.” Human clinical trials were included, whereas animal experimental studies, case reports, and reviews were generally excluded. The appropriate studies were selected, and the relevant data was tabulated according to different parameters, regarding the study design, the study structure, and the conduct of the study.

Results

A total of 1067 articles were found in the preliminary electronic search. The manual search and review of all related bibliographies resulted in an additional 1591 hits. After the first screening, 43 articles were classified as potentially relevant and reviewed in their original form. After the suitability test, 5 studies with a total of 366 participants were included in the final evaluation. These included one randomized controlled trial and four low-evidence intervention studies. The studies were conducted in two university hospitals and three private practices. All participants underwent scaling and root plaining and periodontal surgery before the orthodontic treatment started. Mean probing pocket depth reduction before and after the interdisciplinary treatment was analyzed in all the included studies; mean difference in clinical attachment level in four of the studies was also included. All participants were enrolled in a continuous recall system. In all studies, orthodontic therapy in periodontally compromised patients improved function and esthetics, resulting in lower probing depths and clinical attachment gains.

Conclusions

Orthodontic treatment can be used for patients with reduced periodontal support to stabilize clinical findings and improve function and esthetics. The prerequisite for this is a profound knowledge of altered biomechanics and an adapted interdisciplinary treatment approach. Due to the large heterogeneity of the included studies and their limited methodological quality, the results obtained in this review must be considered critically. Further randomized controlled long-term studies with comparable study designs are necessary to obtain reliable and reproducible treatment results.

Clinical relevance

Patients with periodontal impairment can be successfully treated with orthodontics as part of interdisciplinary therapy. Orthodontic treatment has no negative impact on the periodontium; if minimal, controlled forces are used under non-inflammatory conditions.