肺结核与结核性脑膜炎病例中结核分枝杆菌耐利福平相关基因突变分布分析

目的分析结核性脑膜炎与肺结核病例中,导致结核分枝杆菌利福平耐药的rpoB基因突变分布规律及差异。方法对包含利福平耐药决定区81bp的102株结核分枝杆菌临床分离株的PCR产物进行测序分析。结果 102株利福平耐药的结核分枝杆菌的rpoB基因测序发现,63株导致肺结核的结核分枝杆菌的rpoB基因突变常见位点为:531(53.97%),526(20.63%),516(6.45%)。39株导致结核性脑脑膜炎的rpoB基因突变最常见位点为:531(61.54%),526(20.51%),533(7.69%)。结论导致结核性脑膜炎与导致肺结核的结核分枝杆菌耐利福平rpoB基因的最常见两个突变位点(531和526)无显著差异。其中531位密码子的Ser-Leu突变率占明显优势。     

临床分离结核分枝杆菌耐药性质与rpoB、rpsL基因变异的研究

目的:对从疑似结核病患者痰液中分离的结核分枝杆菌的rpoB和rpsL基因突变情况进行研究,分别探讨其与耐利福平(RFP)和耐链霉素(SM)之间的关系.方法:采用PCR和DNA测序法对结核分枝杆菌临床分离株和1株卡介苗株(BCG)的rpoB和rpsL基因进行序列分析.结果:分离得到耐利福平27株,耐链霉素25株,经测序分析,所有利福平、链霉素敏感株rpoB、rpsL基因均未发生氨基酸突变;RFP和SM耐药株rpoB和rpsL基因的突变率各为81.5％(22/27)和76％(19/25);耐利福平以Ser531Leu突变最为常见,突变频率为55.6％(15/27),耐链霉素以Lys43Arg位突变最为常见,突变频率为72.0％(18/25).结论:rpoB和rpsL基因突变分别是结核分枝杆菌RFP和SM耐药性产生的主要分子机制,PCR-DNA测序法可快速检测结核分枝杆菌RFP和SM耐药性.     

实时荧光PCR分子信标检测耐利福平结核分枝杆菌印rpoB基因

目的 应用实时荧光PCR分子信标技术,建立快速检测临床标本中结核分枝杆菌利福平rpoB相关耐药突变点方法,探讨其缩短耐药实验报告时间的临床应用价值.方法 以分枝杆菌药物敏感性实验绝对浓度法为标准,12株非结核分枝杆菌、4株非分枝杆菌作对照,对174例结核患者临床分离株应用实时荧光PCR分子信标方法,检测利福平rpoB核心区域的耐药突变点并将结果与直接测序进行比较.结果 (1)实时荧光PCR分子信标方法:82例结核分枝杆菌利福平敏感菌株中,3例发生rpoB基因突变,特异度为96.3%;92例结核分枝杆菌利福平耐药菌株中,82例检出耐药突变,敏感度为89.1%;准确性为92.5%.(2)DNA直接测序分析:82例结核分枝杆菌利福平敏感株中,1例发生rpoB基因突变,特异度为98.8%;92例结核分枝杆菌利福平耐药菌株中,83例发生:rpoB基因突变,敏感度为90.2%;准确性为94.2%.检测174株结核分枝杆菌临床分离菌株,与实时荧光PCR分子信标方法检测一致性为98.3%(171/174).结论 实时荧光PCR分子信标方法检测耐利福平结核分枝杆菌rpoB基因突变点可作为结核患者快速耐药检测的初筛方法之一.     

焦磷酸测序技术快速检测结核分枝杆菌利福平耐药性研究

目的利用焦磷酸测序技术，建立一种高通量结核分枝杆菌利福平耐药性快速基因检测方法。方法应用生物素标记的引物扩增rpoB基因片段，经链亲和素标记的磁珠分离制备单链模板，设计2个测序引物在焦磷酸测序仪上检测rpoB基因耐药突变区的81bp序列突变情况，与H。Rv序列比对后判断耐药结果。结果通过建立的基于焦磷酸测序技术的结核分枝杆菌rpoB基因突变检测平台，32株利福平耐药株均在rpoB基因片段上检测到突变，22株利福平敏感株未检测到突变，检测结果与直接测序符合率达100％。结论本方法可快速、准确、高通量检测结核分枝杆菌耐利福平rpoB基因突变。     

结核分枝杆菌rpoB基因突变的测序研究

目的　了解南通地区耐利福平结核分枝杆菌rpoB基因突变特征。 方法　对 36株临床分离菌株rpoB基因 5 0 2～ 5 33位点进行序列测定。结果　耐利福平 (RFP)分离株 93 3% (2 8/30 )存在rpoB基因突变 ,5 31位突变率 5 3 3% (16 /30 ) ,5 2 6位2 3 3% (7/30 ) ,5 16位 6 7% (2 /30 ) ,联合突变 3 3% (1/30 ) ,敏感菌株均无突变。结论　rpoB基因突变与利福平耐药密切相关 ,以 5 31位突变为主。     

应用多重PCR-单链构象多态性分析同时检测耐异烟肼和利福平的结核分枝杆菌

目的 探讨应用多重PCR-单链构象多态性分析(multiplexpulymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism,multi-PCR-SSCP)方法快速、特异地同时快速检测结核分枝杆菌对异烟肼和利福平耐药性的效能.方法 根据结核分枝杆菌的inhA序列、katG序列、rpoB序列,分别设计出3对特异性寡聚核苷酸引物.采用multi-PCR-SSCP技术,一次性检出耐异烟肼和利福平的结核分枝杆菌.新方法的有效性通过116株临床分离株(70株耐异烟肼,66株耐利福平)的验证.结果 名 Multi-PCR-SSCP方法检测临床分离株基因突变的有效性,以细菌培养和药敏试验结果为金标准.116株临床分离株和H37Rv标准株中除了4株katG缺失突变,其余菌株3个基因katG、inhA和rpoB在单基因PCR中都扩增成功.与H37Rv标准株相比,46株katG基因突变,14株inhA基因突变,58株rpoB基因突变.38株katG和rpoB,4株inhA和rpoB,4株inhA和katG同时突变,还有2株3个基因都有突变.multi-PCR-SSCP对于耐异烟肼和利福平的结核分枝杆菌检出的敏感度分别为80%、82%,特异度分别为100%和92%.结论 multi-PCR-SSCP方法敏感、特异,能同时快速有效地检测耐多药结核分枝杆菌,有望成为临床指导用药的好方法,为深入研究耐药基凶检测奠定了良好的基础.     

结核分枝杆菌耐多药的基因研究

目的 探讨耐多药结核分枝杆菌耐药基因突变与耐药性的关系。方法 用聚合酶链反应和聚合酶链反应单链构象多态性分析对128株结分村以杆菌临床分离析耐利福平（rpoB)、链霉素（rpsL)和异烟肼（KatG）基因检测。结果 38株 敏感株中,各有1株（206%)测出rpoB、rpsL和KatG突变;90株耐多药析中,分别有81株（90.0%)、71株（78.9%)和63株（70.0%)测出rpoB、rpsL和KatG突变;有77株（85.6%)同时测出2种以上耐药基因突变;10株耐其他药物株中,仅有1株测出KatG基因突变。结论 85.6%的耐多药结核分枝杆菌存在2种以上耐药基因突变,且耐药基因突变率与耐药浓度有关。     

结核分杆杆菌rpoB基因突变的顺序研究

目的 了解南通地区耐利福平结核分枝杆菌rpoB基因突变特征。方法 对36株临床分离菌株rpoB基因502-533位点进行序列测定。结果 耐利福平（RFP）分离株93．3％（28／30）存在rpoB基因突变，531位突变率53．3％（16／30），526位23．3％（7／30），526位23．3％（7／30），516位6．7％（2／30），联合突变3．3％（1／30），敏感菌株均无突变。结论 rpoB基因突变与利福平耐药密切相关，以531位突变为主。     

结核分枝杆菌对利福平和异烟肼耐药基因突变快速检测方法的建立

目的建立结核分枝杆菌对利福平和异烟肼耐药基因突变的快速检测方法。方法根据结核分枝杆菌标准株H37Rv序列，自行设计覆盖rpoB、katG、inhA基因突变区的系列寡核苷酸探针，并检测临床样品中结核分枝杆菌的基因突变情况，以此来判断耐药结果。结果在56个利福平耐药菌株中，有50个菌株都在rpoB基因上榆出有突变，利福平耐药突变检出率为89．3％（50／56）；有30个利福平敏感菌株rpoB基因上都未检出突变。有58个异烟肼培养的耐药菌株中有47个在katG或inhA基因上检出有突变，异烟肼耐药突变检出率为81．0％（47／58）；有30个异烟肼敏感菌株katG或inhA基因上未检出突变。结论用膜芯片检测结核分枝杆菌对利福平和异烟肼的耐药性，具有较高的特异性和敏感性，可用于临床结核分枝杆菌耐药性的检测。     

检测结核分枝杆菌rpoB基因突变的研究

目的：建立聚合酶链反应－单链构象多态性（PCR－SSCP）检测结核分枝杆菌rpoB基因突变的方法，并评价共临床应用的价值。方法：依据结核分枝杆菌rpoB基因的耐利福平决定区设计引物，用PCR从临床分离株和直接从痰标本中扩增rpoB基因片段；对扩得的rpoB基因片段做DNA SSCP分析，并随机测定rpoB片段的序列。结果：PCR从所有212株结核分枝杆菌中均扩得230bp片段135份抗酸染色阳性的痰标本中，有113份扩得阳性片段（83．7％），在SSCP分析中，140份经L－J药敏试验检测为利福平耐受的结核分枝杆菌，有130份有rpoB基因突变（符合率为92．9％），72份经L－J药敏试验检测为利福平敏感的菌，有67份的rpoB基因无突变（符合率为93．1％），测序分析发现57份经SSCP检测为突变的rpoB片段均有序列改变，10份经SSCP分析为无突变的有8份无序列改变，SSCP与测序结果的符合率为94．0％，在本研究的菌株中，耐多药结核病（MDR－TB）占76．4％（107／140），有92．5％（99／107）耐多药菌株经SSCP检测有rpoB突变。结论：建立的PCR－SSCP分析方法，是一种较准确和稳定的检测结核分枝杆菌rpoB基因突变的方法，可用于临床快速分析患者结核分枝杆菌对利福平的耐药性，并可作为MDR－TB判断的一个重要指标。     

Detection of rpoB mutations associated with rifampin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis

Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) was used to probe for mutations associated with rifampin (RIF) resistance in the rpoB gene of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. DGGE scans for mutations across large regions of DNA and is comparable to DNA sequencing in detecting DNA alterations. Specific mutations are often recognized by their characteristic denaturation pattern, which serves as a molecular fingerprint. Five DGGE primer sets that scanned for DNA alterations across 775 bp of rpoB were developed. These primer sets were used to scan rpoB for DNA alterations in 296 M. tuberculosis patient isolates from the United States-Mexico border states of Texas and Tamaulipas. The most useful primer set scanned for mutations in the rifampin resistance-determining region (RRDR) and detected mutations in 95% of the RIF-resistant isolates compared to 2% of RIF-susceptible isolates. Thirty-four different alterations were observed within the RRDR by DGGE. In addition, isolates harboring mixtures of DNA within rpoB were readily detected by DGGE. A second PCR primer set was used to detect the V146A mutation in 5 to 7% of RIF-resistant isolates. A third primer set was used to detect mutations in 3% of RIF-resistant isolates, some of which also harbored mutations in the RRDR. Only 1 of 153 RIF-resistant isolates did not have a detectable rpoB mutation as determined by DGGE and DNA sequencing. These results demonstrate the power and usefulness of DGGE in detecting mutations associated with drug resistance in M. tuberculosis.     

武汉地区耐利福平结核分枝杆菌rpoB基因突变分析

摘要：目的：探讨武汉地区结核分枝杆菌（MTB）利福平耐药株rpoB基因的突变特征。 方法：对76例MTB临床分离株包括rpoB核心区域81 bp碱基在内的428 bp碱基进行PCR测定,并进行DNA序列分析。 结果：76例临床分离MTB中利福平耐药株56例,敏感株20例。耐药株中92.9%（52/56）存在突变,共涉及10个密码子的18种突变类型。 531、526为常见突变位点,其突变率分别为57.7%(30/52)、19.2%(10/52);联合突变率为13.5%（7/52）;同时发现了509位（AGC→AGA）新的突变类型和国内少见的517位CAG缺失类型。 结论：rpoB基因突变在武汉地区利福平耐药MTB中广泛存在,并存在新的突变位点。     

Characterization of rpoB mutations in rifampin-resistant clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Kuwait and Dubai

Mutations conferring resistance to rifampin in rifampin-resistant clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates occur mostly in the 81 bp rifampin-resistance-determining region (RRDR) of the rpoB gene. In this study, 29 rifampin-resistant and 12 -susceptible clinical M. tuberculosis isolates were tested for characterization of mutations in the rpoB gene by line probe (INNO-LiPA Rif. TB) assay and the results were confirmed and extended by DNA sequencing of the PCR amplified target DNA. The line probe assay identified all 12 susceptible strains as rifampin-sensitive and the DNA sequence of RRDR in the amplified rpoB gene from two isolates matched perfectly with the wild-type sequence. The line probe assay identified 28 resistant isolates as rifampin-resistant with specific detection of mutation in 22 isolates including one isolate that exhibited hetro-resistance containing both the wild-type pattern as well as a specific mutation within RRDR while one of the rifampin-resistant strain was identified as rifampin-susceptible. DNA sequencing confirmed these results and, in addition, led to the specific detection of mutations in 5 rifampin-resistant isolates in which specific base changes within RRDR could not be determined by the line probe assay. These analyses identified 8 different mutations within RRDR of the rpoB gene including one novel mutation (S522W) that has not been reported so far. The genotyping performed on the isolates carrying similar mutations showed that majority of these isolates were unique as they exhibited varying DNA banding patterns. Correlating the ethnic origin of the infected TB patients with the occurrence of specific mutations at three main codon positions (516, 526 and 531) in the rpoB gene showed that most patients (11 of 15) from South Asian region contained mutations at codon 526 while majority of isolates from patients (6 of 11) of Middle Eastern origin contained mutations at codon 531.     

Mutation analysis of mycobacterial rpoB genes and rifampin resistance using recombinant Mycobacterium smegmatis

Rifampin is a major drug used to treat leprosy and tuberculosis. The rifampin resistance of Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis results from a mutation in the rpoB gene, encoding the β subunit of RNA polymerase. A method for the molecular determination of rifampin resistance in these two mycobacteria would be clinically valuable, but the relationship between the mutations and susceptibility to rifampin must be clarified before its use. Analyses of mutations responsible for rifampin resistance using clinical isolates present some limitations. Each clinical isolate has its own genetic variations in some loci other than rpoB, which might affect rifampin susceptibility. For this study, we constructed recombinant strains of Mycobacterium smegmatis carrying the M. leprae or M. tuberculosis rpoB gene with or without mutation and disrupted their own rpoB genes on the chromosome. The rifampin and rifabutin susceptibilities of the recombinant bacteria were measured to examine the influence of the mutations. The results confirmed that several mutations detected in clinical isolates of these two pathogenic mycobacteria can confer rifampin resistance, but they also suggested that some mutations detected in M. leprae isolates or rifampin-resistant M. tuberculosis isolates are not involved in rifampin resistance.     

Molecular characterization of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated in Nepal

Despite the fact that Nepal is one of the first countries globally to introduce multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) case management, the number of MDR-TB cases is continuing to rise in Nepal. Rapid molecular tests applicable in this setting to identify resistant organisms would be an effective tool in reversing this trend. To develop such tools, information about the frequency and distribution of mutations that are associated with phenotypic drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis is required. In the present study, we investigated the prevalence of mutations in rpoB and katG genes and the inhA promoter region in 158 M. tuberculosis isolates (109 phenotypically MDR and 49 non-MDR isolates collected in Nepal) by DNA sequencing. Mutations affecting the 81-bp rifampin (RIF) resistance-determining region (RRDR) of rpoB were identified in 106 of 109 (97.3%) RIF-resistant isolates. Codons 531, 526, and 516 were the most commonly affected, at percentages of 58.7, 15.6, and 15.6%, respectively. Of 113 isoniazid (INH)-resistant isolates, 99 (87.6%) had mutations in the katG gene, with Ser315Thr being the most prevalent (81.4%) substitution. Mutations in the inhA promoter region were detected in 14 (12.4%) INH-resistant isolates. The results from this study provide an overview of the current situation of RIF and INH resistance in M. tuberculosis in Nepal and can serve as a basis for developing or improving rapid molecular tests to monitor drug-resistant strains in this country.     

Sequencing of the rpoB gene in Legionella pneumophila and characterization of mutations associated with rifampin resistance in the Legionellaceae

Rifampin in combination with erythromycin is a recommended treatment for severe cases of legionellosis. Mutations in the rpoB gene are known to cause rifampin resistance in Escherichia coli and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and the purpose of the present study was to investigate a possible similar resistance mechanism within the members of the family Legionellaceae. Since the RNA polymerase genes of this genus have never been characterized, the DNA sequence of the Legionella pneumophila rpoB gene was determined by the Vectorette technique for genome walking. A 4,647-bp DNA sequence that contained the open reading frame (ORF) of the rpoB gene (4,104 bp) and an ORF of 384 bp representing part of the rpoC gene was obtained. A 316-bp DNA fragment in the center of the L. pneumophila rpoB gene, corresponding to a previously described site for mutations leading to rifampin resistance in M. tuberculosis, was sequenced from 18 rifampin-resistant Legionella isolates representing four species (L. bozemanii, L. longbeachae, L. micdadei, and L. pneumophila), and the sequences were compared to the sequences of the fragments from the parent (rifampin-sensitive) strains. Six single-base mutations which led to amino acid substitutions at five different positions were identified. A single strain did not contain any mutations in the 316-bp fragment. This study represents the characterization of a hitherto undescribed resistance mechanism within the family Legionellaceae.     

The rpoB gene of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

A portion of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis gene encoding the beta subunit of RNA polymerase (rpoB) was amplified by PCR using degenerate oligonucleotides and used as a hybridization probe to isolate plasmid clones carrying the entire rpoB gene of M. tuberculosis H37Rv, a virulent, rifampin-susceptible strain. Sequence analysis of a 5,084-bp SacI genomic DNA fragment revealed a 3,534-bp open reading frame encoding an 1,178-amino-acid protein with 57% identity with the Escherichia coli beta subunit. This SacI fragment also carried a portion of the rpoC gene located 43 bp downstream from the 3' end of the rpoB open reading frame; this organization is similar to that of the rpoBC operon of E. coli. The M. tuberculosis rpoB gene was cloned into the shuttle plasmid pMV261 and electroporated into the LR223 strain of Mycobacterium smegmatis, which is highly resistant to rifampin (MIC > 200 micrograms/ml). The resulting transformants were relatively rifampin susceptible (MIC = 50 micrograms/ml). Using PCR mutagenesis techniques, we introduced a specific rpoB point mutation (associated with clinical strains of rifampin-resistant M. tuberculosis) into the cloned M. tuberculosis rpoB gene and expressed this altered gene in the LR222 strain of M. smegmatis, which is susceptible to rifampin (MIC = 25 micrograms/ml). The resulting transformants were rifampin resistant (MIC = 200 micrograms/ml). The mutagenesis and expression strategy of the cloned M. tuberculosis rpoB gene that we have employed in this study will allow us to determine the rpoB mutations that are responsible for rifampin resistance in M. tuberculosis.     

Rifampin resistance in Mycobacterium kansasii is associated with rpoB mutations

Rifampin is the most potent drug used in the treatment of disease due to Mycobacterium kansasii. A 69-bp fragment of rpoB, the gene that encodes the beta subunit of the bacterial RNA polymerase, was sequenced and found to be identical in five rifampin-susceptible clinical isolates of M. kansasii. This sequence showed 87% homology with the Mycobacterium tuberculosis gene, with an identical deduced amino acid sequence. In contrast, missense mutations were detected in the same fragment amplified from five rifampin-resistant isolates. A rifampin-resistant strain generated in vitro also harbored an rpoB gene missense mutation that was not present in the parent isolate. All mutations detected (in codons 513, 526, and 531) have previously been described in rifampin-resistant M. tuberculosis isolates. Rifampin MICs determined by E-test were <1 mg/liter for all rifampin-susceptible isolates and >256 mg/liter for all rifampin-resistant ones. In addition, four of the five rifampin-resistant isolates were also resistant to rifabutin. We have thus shown a strong association between rpoB gene missense mutations and rifampin resistance in M. kansasii. Although our results are derived from a small number of isolates and confirmation with larger numbers would be useful, they strongly suggest that mutations within rpoB form the molecular basis of rifampin resistance in this species.