食管癌术后消化道气管瘘的诊疗

目的:研究食管癌术后消化道气管瘘的诊断、治疗及预后.方法:回顾分析2008年1月-2012年5月1603例行食管癌手术患者的临床资料,其中发生消化道气管瘘者共14例,对这些病例的临床表现、诊断、治疗方法和预后进行统计和分析.结果:1603例食管癌手术中,消化道气管瘘14例(0.87％),病死6例(42.86％),肺部感染和呼吸衰竭是病死直接原因.消化道气管瘘分吻合口瘘和胃坏死穿孔两型,其中吻合口瘘型发生在术后6～33(平均19)d,胃坏死穿孔型发生在术后6～61(平均13)d.结合临床症状、消化道造影、食管镜和气管镜、手术探查等手段进行诊断.治疗手段包括手术修补3例,支架及手术联合支架植入8例,保守治疗3例.结论:消化道气管瘘是食管癌术后少见却严重危及生命的并发症.一旦发现,需即刻治疗,可根据病情的严重程度选择恰当的治疗方式.早期发现隐匿性消化道瘘并及时干预可有效预防本病的发生.     

1例消化道高位唇状瘘患者应用两件式泌尿造口袋的应用效果观察

肠外瘘是消化道手术严重的并发症,死亡率高,治疗的时间长,瘘口局部处理复杂。高位唇状瘘往往需要等待机体感染控制、营养状态恢复后,再次行择期确定性手术[1],进行消化道重建关闭瘘口。治疗早期唇状瘘的关键是稳定机体内环境、控制感染、改善营养状态。2012年3月笔者将两件式泌尿造口袋应用于1例消化道高位唇状瘘患者,解决了消化道高位瘘漏出消化液对皮肤的腐蚀、感染。同时用该造口袋收纳消化液,然后得以向瘘口远端肠管回输消化液,解决了近端肠道漏出的消化液不能参与远端肠道消化吸收的问题,改善了患者营养状态,缩短了发生瘘到确定性修复手术的时间,体现了有效的护理能起到治疗患者的作用,现报道如下。     

肝移植术后早期并发消化道瘘的护理

目的 总结肝移植术后早期并发消化道瘘的护理体会.方法 2000年1月至2010年12月共完成1173例次尸体肝移植,61例术后早期并发消化道瘘.回顾性分析61例患者的临床资料及其护理要点.结果 肝移植术后早期并发消化道瘘的发生率为5.20％.其中胆瘘发生率为3.90％,胃瘘为0.42％,十二指肠瘘为0.08％,空肠瘘为0.34％,回肠瘘为0.08％,横结肠瘘为0.34％.肝移植术后早期并发消化道瘘的时间为3～24 d,临床表现有:发热,腹痛,腹胀,肠蠕动减弱,甚至发生感染性休克.实验室检查可出现白细胞计数升高或下降、肝酶学及总胆红素升高等.经保守或手术治疗后,4例胆瘘患者死亡,7例肠瘘患者死亡.其余50例康复出院.结论 肝移植术后早期消化道瘘的发生率低,但死亡率高.密切观察患者的病情变化争取早期诊断,及时恰当处理,以有效提高肝移植并发消化道瘘的治疗效果.同时做好心理护理、基础护理、饮食护理等,提高患者的生存率和生活质量.     

消化道瘘20例分析

目的:探讨有关术后消化道瘘的原因,提高其治疗水平。方法:回顾20例术后肠外瘘胆瘘的临床资料。吻合口瘘10例,胆瘘1例,十二指肠瘘3例,胰瘘合并胆瘘6例。平均术后至瘘时间4.5d。采用有效引流、禁食水,胃肠减压、肠外加肠内营养、生长抑素及生长激素、控制感染、纠正水电解质及酸碱平衡紊乱等治疗。结果:除2例死亡(病死率10%),其余均治愈,平均治愈时间48d。结论:有效充分引流及营养支持是治疗消化道瘘成功的关键。     

胆内瘘31例诊治分析

目的：总结胆内瘘的临床特征和诊治经验。方法：回顾分析31例自发性胆内瘘患者的临床资料。结果：术前经B超、CT、消化道造影、磁共振胰胆管造影（magnetic resnancect cholangiopancreatography,MRCP）等检查确诊胆内瘘8例,术前疑诊胆内瘘7例。术中证实胆囊十二指肠瘘23例,胆囊结肠瘘4例,胆囊胆总管瘘4例。除2例胆囊癌晚期外均切除胆囊后,行十二指肠瘘修补术18例,胆总管切开T管外引流＋胃空肠吻合术2例,结肠瘘修补术3例,横结肠癌根治术1例,胆总管修补＋T管引流术4例,另有3例行回肠切开取石。结论：胆内瘘患者常无特殊临床症状,结合B超、CT、消化道造影、MRCP等检查有助于术前诊断胆内瘘,治疗原则仍是切除病变胆囊和瘘管、修补瘘口、解除消化道梗阻。     

静脉高营养支持治疗消化道瘘8例观察

消化道起于口腔食管止于直肠肛门。胸腹部外伤和肿瘤是消化道常见病，常以手术治疗，手术不外乎切除吻合和修补两种。吻合和修补是不可避免有瘘的可能，消化道吻合口瘘和修补处瘘是胸腹部手术的严重并发症。食管、十二指肠及高位小肠瘘更为严重，需要长时间禁食水，又丢失大量消化液；特别是十二指肠瘘，可致患者贫血、营养不良、低蛋白血症、电解质紊乱、重要的多脏器功能衰竭，     

器械缝合消化道术后吻合口及缝合口瘘的防治

目的减少器械吻合和缝合消化道术后并发吻合口及缝合口瘘的发生率。方法从1985年7月-2007年5月我们完成器械吻合和缝合消化道手术1360例（2563次），发生吻合口及缝合口瘘10例约占（0．73％），进行回顾性分析。结果局部组织水肿4例，器械故障3例，术者操作不当3例。器械吻合和缝合消化道术后并发瘘直接与术者操作、器械情况、适应证选择有关，术后并发瘘者1例死亡，其余经治疗获愈。结论器械吻合和缝合消化道只要正确操作、正确选择适应证仍具有许多优越性，消化道的吻合口和缝合口瘘可以预防。     

国内原发性主动脉消化道瘘14例临床分析

目的提高对主动脉消化道瘘的诊治经验.方法总结1例原发性主动脉消化道瘘的诊治体会,以及国内13例文献报道.结果14例原发性主动脉消化道瘘,其中胸主动脉食管瘘3例,腹主动脉消化道瘘11例(十二指肠4例,空肠6例,结肠1例).7例(50%)表现为典型三联征.诊断手段包括:超声、CT、MRI、主动脉造影和内镜检查.2例(14.3%)获得术前确诊.8例行手术治疗,4例手术成功,死亡率达71.4%(10/14).结论原发性主动脉消化道瘘罕见,死亡率高,主动脉瘤病人的消化道出血应和主动脉消化道瘘鉴别诊断,及时诊断和快速外科治疗是提高存活率的关键.     

肠内营养在治疗手术后高位消化道瘘的作用及其临床应用

肠内营养在治疗手术后高位消化道瘘的作用及其临床应用段东明陈宝公杨士琨术后的高位消化道瘘为严重的手术并发症，一旦发生病情危重，预后差。我院外科１９８２年１月～１９９４年１月收治术后高位消化道瘘３１例（１６例外院转入），２２例应用肠内营养（ＥＮ），另９例...     

成人冠状动脉瘘的诊治分析

目的：探讨成人冠状动脉瘘的诊治方法，减少其误诊及漏诊率。方法：回顾性分析5例冠状动脉瘘的临床资料。结果：临床表现多变，常规检查未发现瘘存在，误诊及漏诊率达100%。5例均经冠状动脉造影而确诊。结论：冠状动脉瘘临床表现缺乏特异性，常规检查常难于确诊，冠状动脉造影或逆行升主动脉造影最具诊断价值。对症状轻微、瘘管细小、分流量少、血流动力学未产生明显改变者可不作特殊处理，反之则需早期治疗。     

Contrast-enhanced endosonography for the diagnosis of anal and anovaginal fistulas

PURPOSE: We assessed whether contrast-enhanced anal endosonography (AES) with hydrogen peroxide improves the identification of anal fistulas and their internal openings compared with non-contrast AES. METHODS: The study group comprised 12 patients who had various types of anal fistulas with visible external openings. AES was performed before and about 15 seconds after injection of 1 ml of 3% hydrogen peroxide into the fistula tract through the external opening. RESULTS: Both contrast and non-contrast AES revealed 7 transsphincteric, 2 intersphincteric, 1 suprasphincteric, and 2 anovaginal fistulas. Simple tracts were found in 8 cases and complex tracts in 4 cases on non-contrast AES. Contrast-enhanced AES revealed 9 simple and 3 complex fistulas. One fistula that appeared complex on the non-contrast study appeared simple after contrast agent administration. Contrast-enhanced AES demonstrated more internal openings than non-contrast AES did. Surgery confirmed 11 of the fistulas; an internal opening could not be located surgically for the other tract. CONCLUSIONS: Contrast-enhanced AES appears to be superior to non-contrast AES in the preoperative assessment of anal and anovaginal fistulas and in demonstrating and locating their internal openings.     

头静脉与桡动脉显微吻合内瘘术42例体会

目的 总结并报道42例动静脉内瘘显微手术的方法和效果。方法 回顾性分析42例终末期肾功能衰竭患45次采用的不同手术方法的临床资料。结果 在前臂行端侧吻合21例，侧侧吻合3例，在鼻咽窝处行端端吻合19例，行端侧吻合2例。均能保证透析中血流量要求，一次手术成功38例，成功率90．5％。结论 根据患的不同情况，选择适当的手术方式，可以提高内瘘手术的成功率。     

内支架治疗消化道恶性梗阻的探讨

目的探讨内支架治疗消化道恶性梗阻和食管-支气管瘘的有效性和安全性。方法71例消化道恶性梗阻和食管-支气管瘘患者采用永久性部分覆膜镍钛合金内支架治疗,全部病例均在DSA监视下经口或肛门将支架置放于梗阻或瘘口部位,术前术后均做造影对照,根据进食进水和排便情况评价疗效。结果上消化道支架置入后恢复饮食,饮水后无呛咳62例(96.9%);乙状结肠和直肠支架置入后肠梗阻症状均即刻解除;术后支架移位2例(2.8%);再狭窄2例(2.8%);声音嘶哑1例(1.4%);胸部剧烈疼痛2例(2.8%),轻度疼痛12例(16.9%);大出血1例(1.4%),经相应处理后全部好转。结论永久性部分覆膜镍钛合金内支架置入术是消化道恶性梗阻和食管-支气管瘘的有效治疗方法,操作简便,安全性高。     

Colovesical fistula as the initial manifestation of advanced colon cancer: A case report and review of literature

Colovesical fistulas (CVFs) are rare complications of very advanced cancers of the abdominal or pelvic cavity and often cause diagnostic troubles. CVFs are found more often in males, whereas females usually suffer from rectovaginal or vesicovaginal fistulas. This article presents a case of a female patient who was admitted to the hospital because of acute diarrhea, presumably of infectious origin, and with only subtle abnormalities in blood tests and urinalysis. Owing to the ineffectiveness of the performed treatment and progressive intensification of symptoms, diagnostics were extended to include a computed tomography scan, sigmoidoscopy and cystography. The imaging results revealed a large heterogeneous conglomerate of solid and fluid structures in the pelvis, which involved reproductive organs, the bladder and sigmoid colon. The excrement leaking from the digestive tract was urine, and CVF was the first manifestation of colon cancer. Shortly after the final diagnosis, the patient deteriorated and eventually died after an urgent colostomy was performed because of a bowel obstruction.     

梯形对称二等分叶小血管吻合法在动静脉内瘘术中的应用

目的探讨应用梯形对称二等分叶小血管吻合法施行头静脉桡动脉内瘘手术的临床效果.方法门诊采用梯形对称二等分叶法吻合头静脉桡动脉形成内瘘44例. 结果术后44例中42例内瘘通畅良好,1例因术后血管危象而失败行二次手术后内瘘通畅,1例因血流量不足放弃使用,42例使用良好.动静脉内瘘使用3～28个月,最多已穿刺达200余次,内瘘使用仍良好.结论采用梯形对称二等分叶法吻合头静脉桡动脉建立内瘘术,操作简便,吻合速度快,成功率高,效果满意,并发症少,是建立长期血液透析通路的理想方法.     

Minimally invasive surgical clip closure of anorectal fistulas: current status of OTSC Proctology

Abstract

OTSC Proctology is a minimally invasive sphincter-preserving technique for the surgical treatment of anorectal fistulas. It is based on a super-elastic Nitinol clip which closes the internal fistula opening to allow healing of the fistula tract. A systematic search of the literature was undertaken to identify publications about OTSC Proctology. All studies and reports identified were reviewed and evaluated to determine the feasibility, efficacy and safety of clip surgery. The assessment of all available studies with a total of more than 200 surgical cases strongly suggests that the clip procedure is safe and effective with a low rate of complications. The technique rendered convincing short and long term results with an overall healing rate of approximately 63%. Best results were achieved when OTSC Proctology was used as first-line treatment (healing rate 74%) and for cryptoglandular fistulas (healing rate 64%). However, its future clinical role for IBD-associated recurrent and anorecto-vaginal fistulas remains to be determined, due to a relatively low number of these patients in the evaluated studies. OTSC Proctology is part of the novel armamentarium for the treatment for anorectal fistulas, which is based on high-technology devices. They can be repeatedly used and even combined without causing irreversible sphincter damage.     

自发性胆囊内瘘43例分析

目的：总结自发性胆囊内瘘的诊治经验。方法：对43例胆囊内瘘的病例进行回顾性病例分析。结果：43例中胆囊十二指肠瘘28例，胆囊结肠瘘8例，胆囊胆总管、肝总管瘘9例，胆囊胃瘘3例，其中同时有两处瘘7例。术前B超检查41例，9例提示胆囊积气；1例提示胆囊壁腹腔面消失，右下腹探得结石影。7例术前行腹部平片检查，4例提示小肠梗阻；6例见结石影；2例显示胆道积气。8例行CT检查，其中2例显示胆囊、胆管气体。3例行ERCP，其中1例见十二指肠有异常造影剂溢出。术前仅9例考虑到胆囊内瘘的诊断，其余均在术中发现。43例均行胆囊切除或部分切除，37例胆囊胃肠瘘行瘘口修补，其中5例因瘘口过大利用部分胆囊壁来修补；4例胆囊胆管瘘在取尽结石后，经瘘口置T管引流，瘘口较大者亦利用胆囊壁修补。术后1例因感染性休克死亡；1例有少量胆漏，经引流治愈，其余均恢复良好。结论：萎缩性胆囊炎、胆囊结石应警惕合并胆囊内瘘。出现以下情况提示胆囊内瘘：(1)B超、CT、腹部平片发现胆道积气。(2)CT、腹部平片提示肠梗阻。有下列情况可确诊胆囊内瘘：(1)B超发现胆囊腹腔面消失。(2)B超、CT、腹部平片提示原有明确的胆囊结石消失或在异位出现。(3)ERCP、PTC等发现非胆管开口有胆汁或造影剂溢出。(4)口服造影剂或钡剂灌肠见造影剂进入胆囊。治疗应修补瘘口，瘘口过大可利用部分胆囊壁来修补。     

Current concepts in the pathogenesis of cryptoglandular perianal fistula

Cryptoglandular perianal fistula is a common benign anorectal disorder that is managed mainly with surgery. A fistula is typically defined as a pathological communication between two epithelialized surfaces. More specifically, perianal fistula manifests as an abnormal tract between the anorectal canal and the perianal skin. Perianal fistulas are often characterized by significantly decreased patient quality of life. The cryptoglandular theory of perianal fistulas suggests their development from the proctodeal glands, which originate from the intersphincteric plane and perforate the internal sphincter with their ducts. Involvement of proctodeal glands in the inflammatory process could play a primary role in the formation of cryptoglandular perianal fistula. The objective of this narrative review was to investigate the current knowledge of the pathogenesis of cryptoglandular perianal fistula with the specific aims of characterizing the potential role of proinflammatory factors responsible for the development of chronic inflammation. Further studies are crucial to improve the therapeutic management of cryptoglandular perianal fistulas.     

Diverticula in the digestive tract and their complications

This review concerns diverticula in different parts of the digestive tract (oesophagus, stomach, duoudenum, jejunum, ileum (including Meckel" diverticulum), and large intestine). Their origin, pathogenesis, and frequency are discussed, different forms of diverticula and diverticulosis are described with reference to major complications (diverticulitis, peridiverticulitis, ulceration, bleeding, perforation, obstruction, abscess, peritonitis, fistulas, etc.). Methods of clinical, instrumental and laboratory diagnostics and their informative value are considered along with indications and contraindications for surgical treatment. A new classification of diverticula and their complications is proposed. Debatable terminological problems are discussed.     

经直肠超声在肛瘘诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨肛瘘的超声表现及其临床诊断价值。方法回顾性分析腔内超声检查确诊为肛瘘的357例患者的超声图像表现,评价肛瘘与内外括约肌的关系、肛瘘的分型以及瘘管及内、外口的显示,并与手术结果进行对照。结果超声检查均能清晰显示瘘管。单纯性肛瘘患者超声诊断肛瘘位置、内口、外口、分型与手术结果的符合率均为100%(205/205),复杂性肛瘘患者的分别为95.4%(145/152)、85.5%(130/152)、100%(152/152)、84.9%(129/152)。超声诊断肛瘘位置、内口及分型与手术结果符合率均明显高于术前触诊检查结果[98.0%(350/357)vs68.1%(243/357),93.8%(335/357)vs60.5%(216/357),93.6%(334/357)vs57.4%(205/357),P<0.05]。结论对于肛瘘,经直肠超声是一种重要的术前诊断方法,具有较高的临床应用价值。