脑电监测癫痫患者的护理及干预

目的：为癫痫患提供在脑电监测癫痫发作过程的安全护理。保证脑电监测质量，确定致痫灶，为手术提供准确定位。方法：脑电监测前对患进行心理评估，对患应用抗癫痫药物进行干预，做好脑电监测过程中癫痫发作时各种抢救工作及护理安全措施。结果：42例癫痫患在脑电监测癫痫发作、美解眠诱发癫痫发作，在抢救工作准备充分，护理措施得当，监测医生和护士密切配合，即描记到致痫灶波形，又安全度过癫痫发作过程，无一例意外发生。结论：脑电监测癫痫波是确定致痫灶一种主要检查项目，是为选择手术方式提供科学依据一种主要手段。在脑电监测患癫痫发作期间，监测医生与护士进行密切配合，做好各项抢救及护理措施准备，是患平安度过脑电监测癫痫发作期的重要保证。     

641例脑囊虫病致癫痫临床分析

目的 探讨脑囊虫病致癫痫的临床特点及治疗方法。方法 通过对641例脑囊虫病致癫痫患者的回顾性分析，总结其临床特点、免疫水平、影像学及脑电图资料和治疗方法。结果 脑囊虫病致癫痫男性患者占78．47％，女性患者占21．53％，发作频率平均每年2—4次，发作类型以全身强直—阵挛发作(GTC)多见，囊虫免疫反应血IHA及血ELISA均为71．92％，脑脊液CAg阳性率78．40％，脑电图无特异性改变，影像学显示有各种类型脑囊虫病，胞二磷胆碱辅助治疗较用复方丹参更易诱发癫痫(P＜0．01)。结论 脑囊虫病致癫痫男性多于女性，发作频率不高，发作类型多样，免疫力低下，各种类型脑囊虫病均可导致癫痫，脑囊虫病辅助治疗慎用促脑代谢药物。     

癫痫型脑血吸虫肉芽肿的手术治疗

目的总结有癫痫发作的脑血吸虫病肉芽肿的外科治疗经验。方法对武汉同济医院1955年以来，手术治疗的250例患者进行临床资料回顾性分析及术前评估。结果250例患者无手术死亡，随访196例，有180例癫痫术后得到控制。结论对于癫痫型脑血吸虫肉芽肿，在抗癫痫药物治疗无效及有明显颅内占位效应时都应尽早手术，术中的脑电监测是手术成功的关键。     

PET辅助定位脑软化灶伴发难治性癫痫的伽玛刀治疗

目的 探讨正电子发射断层扫描（PET）对脑软化灶伴有难治性癫痫的定位价值和1-刀治疗的效果。方法 对18例脑软化灶伴有难治性癫痫的患者进行PET检查，根据PET检查结果并结合MRI、CT、视频脑电图、VEEG及临床表现确定放射治疗靶区。结果 14例致痫灶位于脑软化病灶周围的皮层组织．4例致痫灶不仅位于脑软化病灶周围，还位于其他脑叶或远隔部位。18例经γ-刀治疗后随访12-48个月，平均16个月，满意8例，显著改善5例，良好3例，无效2例，有效率88．9％（16／18）。均未见新的并发症发生。结论对脑软化灶伴有难治性癫痫发作患者行PET检查定位致痫灶，有助于选择γ-刀治疗方案，提高γ-刀治疗效果。     

幕上脑内海绵状血管瘤与癫痫(46例报告)

目的探讨幕上脑内海绵状血管瘤所致癫痫的临床特点及治疗方法。方法1998—2003年在北京天坛医院顺序入院的72例幕上脑内海绵状血管瘤患者中，46例伴有癫痫发作。详细记录和分析癫痫发作的临床类型和特点，同时给予手术和药物治疗。并对治疗效果进行随访。结果46例患者行显微手术治疗，其中40例术前均给予抗癫痫药物治疗。药物治疗后27例发作次数减少，13例病情无改善。手术治疗后，癫痫均得到良好控制。结论幕上脑内海绵状血管瘤伴发癫痫单纯通过药物控制效果不佳，而显微外科手术效果良好。     

脑磁图与视频脑电图定位癫痫灶的结果比较★(英文）

背景: 多数癫痫患者的癫痫发作经药物治疗可得到控制，但对于难治性癫痫患者来说，手术可能是一种治疗选择，正确定位癫痫患者的致痫灶是癫痫手术成功的基础。癫痫患者的术前评估包括视频脑电图、MRI、正电子发射计算机体层摄影/单光子发射计算机体层摄影和神经心理测试等。脑磁图作为一种新的无创性术前检测技术，已被许多国家用于癫痫外科手术计划和大脑功能的研究。 目的：术前采用磁源成像技术进行对手术治疗的难治性癫痫患者进行致痫灶定位，并与无创性视频脑电图对比，参考手术效果，评估其定位价值。 设计、时间及地点：回顾性病例分析，于2001-11/2005-12在广东三九脑科医院脑磁图室完成。 对象：选择进行脑磁图检查618例的癫痫患者，采集其自发磁场信号进行单偶极子定位分析诊断。对其中149例MRI检查有结构改变、病史在2年以上者进行了手术治疗，病程2~35年，平均9.5年。 方法：用148通道全头型脑磁系统(Magnes WH2500, 4-D Neuroimaging, San Diego, CA, USA)在磁屏蔽室采集脑自发磁场，采样频率为508.63 Hz，带通为1.0~100 Hz，采集30 min发作间歇期的自发脑磁，采用单个等效电流偶极子进行数据分析。分析结果最后重叠在MRI-T1加权像上，形成磁源成像。 主要观察指标：术前视频脑电图、MRI和脑磁图结果及术后随访结果。 结果：30 min发作间期的脑磁图检测到明显的癫痫样活动的敏感度为91%，并且大部分患者，其等效偶极子主要分布于结构性异常的边缘和邻近区域。与无创性视频脑电图(38.9%，58/149)相比，利用脑磁图可以对大部分MRI上有病变的患者(62.4%，93/149)进行精确定位并且能够确定切除区域。对资料完整的89 例患者进行了3~35个月的随访，平均随访9个月。89例患者中有72例(80.9%)术后未出现癫痫发作(EngelⅠ)；7例(7.9%)癫痫发作极少或癫痫发作频率减少90%以上(Engel Ⅱ和 Engel Ⅲ)；10例(11.2%)癫痫发作频率无明显减少(Engel Ⅳ和Engel Ⅴ)，总有效率达88.8%(EngelⅠ~Ⅲ)。 结论：与无创性视频脑电图相比，利用脑磁图可以对大部分MRI上出现结构性病变的癫痫患者致痫灶进行精确定位，并且能够确定切除区域。     

脑囊虫病致癫痫的外科治疗

我们对 1985年 6月— 2 0 0 0年 4月 ,应用手术治疗的 2 2例脑囊虫所致癫痫的病人进行回顾性分析 ,为脑囊虫致癫痫的外科治疗提供依据 ,现报告如下。材料和方法1.一般资料　本组 2 2例均有癫痫发作及ＣＴ检查占位病灶存在 ,并确诊为脑囊虫病而来神经外科治疗 ,其中男 15例 ,女     

有癫痫发作的脑型血吸虫病的头颅CT检查和临床表现

目的评价头颅ＣＴ对有癫痫发作的脑型血吸虫病的诊断价值。方法选择５４例有癫痫发作并经临床确诊的脑型血吸虫病，其中大发作２６例，局限运动型癫痫２６例，颞叶癫痫２例。全部病例行头颅ＣＴ检查，并与他们的临床表现、分型、治疗和预后进行比较。结果头颅ＣＴ异常４４例，异常ＣＴ随本病分型不同而有差异。结论头颅ＣＴ检查不但有助于脑型血吸虫病致癫痫病人的诊断，而且对本病的鉴别诊断、分型和指导治疗亦有参考价值。     

外伤性癫痫的临床特征分析及手术治疗

目的 总结外伤性癫痫的临床特征及手术效果。方法 对病人进行神经学检查及EEG、CT、MRI及ECT检查，确定致痫灶后手术治疗，手术中行皮层及深部脑电监测。结果 外伤性癫痫病人32例，年龄10至45岁。临床主要表现有全身强直痉挛性发作、部分性发作、精神运动发作、失神发作。头皮脑电图显示32例病人中30例患者有与损伤部位或对冲部位相符的恒定局限性高波幅尖波、棘波和棘慢波。所有病人均在皮层及深部脑电监测下切除病灶。术后15例已完全停止发作，16例已明显好转，1例无明显改变。结论 外伤性癫痫的临床特点包括局灶性发作多见，癫痫发作形式多样和致痫灶在影像学改变附近。手术切除病灶能获良好效果。     

脑磁图定位顽固性癫痫手术治疗51例临床分析

目的　探讨脑磁图在顽固性癫痫术前评估的价值。方法　术前对 5 1例顽固性癫痫患者行脑磁图、磁共振及视频脑电检查 ,结合术中皮层脑电图分别进行选择性海马杏仁核切除术、标准前颞叶切除术及致痫灶切除术等手术 ;并用脑磁图定位神经导航下手术切除致痫灶 2例 ,神经导航下海马杏仁核切除 2例。结果　术后发作完全停止的占 76 5 % ,发作减少 >75 %的占 11 8% ,发作减少>5 0 %的占 5 8% ,发作减少不足 5 0 %的占 5 8% ;脑磁图与视频脑电及皮层脑电图的定位符合率分别为 82 %和 96 % ;脑磁图对内侧颞叶癫痫的定位敏感性较差 ;脑磁图定位导航手术可在切除致痫灶的同时保护脑的重要结构。结论　脑磁图是一项灵敏的无创性癫痫灶定位方法 ,是癫痫外科术前评估中的一项技术突破     

胼胝体切开治疗药物难治性癫痫105例分析

目的 探讨胼胝体切开术治疗药物难治性癫痫的适应证、手术方法、有效性及安全性.方法 1999年1月至2010年8月单纯采用胼胝体切开术治疗105例药物难治性癫痫患者,发作类型以容易致残的全身性强直一阵挛发作(48例)、全身性强直发作(32例)或失张力发作(25例)为主.其中58例行胼胝体前2/3切开,47例行前3/4切开.结果 术后随访13～150个月,所有患者术后继续正规服用抗癫痫药物,13例(12.4%)患者术后发作消失,59例(56.2%)发作频率减少大于75%,22例(21.0%)发作频率减少50%～75%,9例(8.6%)无明显改善,2例(1.9%)加重.围手术期没有死亡病例,手术并发症较轻,且多为一过性.结论 对于无法行致痫灶切除术的药物难治性癫痫患者,胼胝体切开术能有效减少癫痫全身性发作的频率和严重程度.     

儿童难治性癫痫的外科治疗

目的 分析儿童难治性癫痫的病因、外科手术的适应证和预后.方法 回顾性分析采用外科手术治疗342例儿童癫痫的经验.结果 皮质发育障碍是本组儿童难治性癫痫的最重要病因,占18.4%.药物难治性癫痫综合征占13.5%.术后疗效Engel Ⅰ级158例,Ⅱ级76例,Ⅲ级61例,Ⅳ级47例.平均智商(1Q)从术前的69.2分提高到79.8分.术前显示智力低下者术后亦有明显改善.结论 早期外科干预能有效地控制癫痫发作、改善智力损害,智力低下不应是外科治疗的禁忌证.同时,正确认识儿童难治性癫痫的病凶和病理埘儿童癫痫的外科治疗具有重要作用.     

Long-term survival after epilepsy surgery compared with matched epilepsy controls and the general population

This study evaluates if there was a difference in long-term survival between epilepsy surgery patients, individually matched controls with intractable epilepsy, and controls from the general population. In a cohort study, we compared the survival of patients operated with epilepsy surgery in Norway 1948-1988 with: (1) a control group with prolonged medical treatment for intractable epilepsy individually matched for age, gender, and seizure type (n = 139), and (2) expected mortality for matched individuals in historical cohorts of the general population (n = 196). Survival was compared using Kaplan-Meier curves and stratified proportional hazards analysis. After on average 25 years of observation after surgery, there was no difference in survival between the epilepsy surgery group and the controls with intractable epilepsy (p = 0.18). The risk ratio for death after epilepsy surgery was 0.6 (95% CI 0.4-1.1; p = 0.08) compared with the control group. However, survival of epilepsy surgery patients was lower than that of a matching general population (p < 0.001), with a risk ratio for death of 6.2 (95% CI 3.1-12.6; p < 0.001). In this long-term study of a national cohort of epilepsy surgery patients, we found no beneficial effect of epilepsy surgery on survival compared with a control group of medically treated patients with intractable epilepsy. The mortality after epilepsy surgery was higher than expected in the general population.     

Speech recognition impairments in patients with intractable right temporal lobe epilepsy

PURPOSE: To evaluate speech recognition in patients with focal intractable epilepsy and surgical resections in the nondominant (right) hemisphere. METHODS: Speech recognition was tested prospectively, under different listening conditions, in 22 patients with right temporal lobe (11 patients) or extra-temporal lobe epilepsy. All were left-hemisphere dominant for language on preoperative intracarotid sodium amobarbital testing. RESULTS: All patients demonstrated normal auditory recognition of words and environmental sounds before and after surgery. However, when real-world listening conditions were simulated by using acoustically degraded (filtered) words, patients with temporal lobe epilepsy performed significantly worse than patients with frontal or parietooccipital lobe epilepsy before and after surgery (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with intractable right temporal lobe epilepsy are at risk for speech recognition impairments in real-world listening environments, independent of surgery. The impact of speech recognition difficulties on verbal communication, coupled with the prevalence of adverse listening environments, underscores the importance of testing speech recognition under different listening conditions in patients with intractable right temporal lobe epilepsy.     

Outcome and long term follow-up after corpus callosotomy in childhood onset intractable epilepsy

Introduction Epilepsy surgery is a standard of care in the treatment of medically intractable epilepsy. Twenty five percent of patients with intractable epilepsy in childhood can be candidates for epilepsy surgery. Corpus callosotomy is a surgical treatment option for patients with potentially injurious drop attacks and disabling generalized seizures. Postoperative improvement of cognition and speech are important gains after epilepsy surgery particularly during childhood. The aim of this study is to evaluate the outcome of corpus callosotomy for the treatment of childhood onset medically intractable epilepsy in a developing pediatric epilepsy surgery center.Method We report 16 patients who underwent two thirds anterior corpus callosotomy for treatment of refractory seizures in childhood.Results All patients had drop attacks or multiple types of seizures, yet some showed focal onset with secondary generalization on electroencephalogram (EEG). One patient was seizure free (class 1 outcome), five had class 2A outcome, five had class 2B outcome, and five had class 3 outcome. Overall 11/16 (69%) of our patients improved significantly after anterior callosotomy.Conclusion Corpus callosotomy remains to be a fairly good choice of surgical treatment for childhood onset medically intractable epilepsy in selected patients.     

扩大胼胝体离断术治疗难治性癫痫

目的探讨扩大胼胝体离断术治疗难治性癫痫的手术疗效和并发症的发生。方法回顾性分析58例扩大胼胝体离断术患者,分析术后的急慢性并发症和手术对癫痫发作的控制。结果术后随访13～48个月,所有患者术后仍然继续术前抗癫痫药物治疗,6.9%(4例)的患者术后发作消失,术后发作频率减少大于75%的患者为55.2%(32例),29.3%(17例)的患者发作频率减少50%以上,8.6%(5例)的患者无明显改善。51例患者术后发生缄默症状,47例在术后2周内恢复,4例3周后恢复;11例出现右侧肢体轻偏瘫,均在2周内症状消失;6例术后3～6天出现小便失禁,均在2周内恢复;未见长期并发症患者。结论对于癫痫灶定位困难的难治性癫痫患者,扩大胼胝体离断术能够较好的缓解患者的发作,尽管急性并发症发生率较高,但通常恢复良好,远期并发症发生率低,是一种有效和安全的手术。     

颅内电极监测技术在癫痫手术中的应用

目的探讨颅内电极监测技术在难治性癫痫外科治疗中的应用价值。方法对头皮脑电图及影像学等非侵袭性检查难以确定致痫灶或致痫灶与重要功能区关系密切的51例难治性癫痫患者,行颅内电极埋置术,长程视频脑电图监测确定致痫灶,并行脑皮层电刺激功能区测定,再次手术切除致痫灶。结果术后致痫灶切除效果按Engel分级：I级32例,Ⅱ级13例,Ⅲ级5例,Ⅳ级1例。术后发生头皮愈合不良3例,延长住院时间后治愈。无脑脊液漏及永久性神经功能缺失发生。结论颅内电极监测可以精确定位致痫灶,皮层电刺激术对脑功能区定位可靠、方便,故对于采用非侵袭性检查不能明确致痫灶或致痫灶与重要功能区关系密切的难治性癫痫患者,颅内电极监测结合皮层电刺激术可以提高其治愈率,并有效降低并发症发生率。     

Natural history of recurrent seizures after resective surgery for epilepsy.

Seizures persist or recur in 20-60% of patients after resective surgery for intractable partial epilepsy. Further information about the natural course of these seizures is lacking in the literature. During one decade of epilepsy surgery at a single institution, we identified 72 patients with recurrent postoperative seizures after resective procedures for epilepsy. Prospectively compiled seizure diaries, hospital records, and outpatient office records were reviewed and supplemented by telephone communications to assess subsequent seizure frequency. Follow-up data was available ranging from 6 months to 7 years 5 months (mean 3 years 5 months). The likelihood of persistent seizures and recurrent intractability was examined with life-tables. Seizures recurred within the first postoperative year in 86% of patients and were similar to preoperative events in 74% of patients. After the first seizure recurrence, there was 80% likelihood of persistent seizures in the next 6 years and 40% likelihood of intractability (more than one seizure a month despite optimal medical therapy). The interval until recurrence within the first postoperative year did not affect the likelihood of subsequent seizures or intractability. Late seizure recurrence (after the first year) was not associated with any instances of subsequent intractability. Recurrent seizures after extratemporal resections were more likely to become persistent and intractable than seizures recurring after temporal resections. This information provides rational prognostication and assists in counseling patients with recurrent seizures after resective surgery for intractable epilepsy.     

影响难治性颞叶癫痫外科疗效的临床特征及相关因素分析

目的探讨影响难治性颞叶癫痫患者术后近、远期疾病控制率的相关临床因素。方法纳入196例难治性颞叶癫痫手术病例进行回顾性分析,观察术后癫痫控制情况及其与影响因素的相关性。结果术后2年内,OC1级142例(72.4%),OC2级10例(5.1%),OC3级25例(12.8%),OC4级14例(7.1%),OC5级5例(2.6%),OC6级0例(0.0%)。效果优良率为77.6%。术后第3年至第6年,平均控制时间为60.287±14.6181个月。颞叶癫痫分型[HR=1.763,95%CI:1.510~2.060],癫痫病程[HR=1.083,95%CI:1.045~1.122]及术后急性期发作频率[HR=1.725,95%CI:1.297~2.296]是影响术后复发的独立危险因素。结论对于难治性颞叶癫痫患者,因根据病程长短,做到尽早手术;术前明确癫痫分型可预测癫痫术后控制率,尤其在颞叶附加症分型上尤为重要;同时减少围术期癫痫的发作频率,对于提升颞叶癫痫术后远期控制率,具有积极的意义。     

Seizure outcome of intractable partial epilepsy in children

The intractable partial epilepsy outcome information is important in determining not only when epilepsy surgery evaluation should begin but also in deciding who would benefit and what is the likelihood of any benefit from surgery. Medical records of 50 children diagnosed with nontumor-related partial seizures, confirmed by video-electroencephalography (video-EEG), had at least one seizure per week and were followed for at least 2 consecutive years after video-EEGs were reviewed. There were 30 patients who continued with antiepileptic drug treatment after video-EEG. The seizure outcome analysis revealed a significant improvement of seizure control in the first year of follow-up but no difference between the first year and the following 3 years. Only 30% had excellent long-term outcome (seizure free or less than one seizure per 6 months). The presence of focal lesions on neuroimaging was the only risk factor of poor outcome. The other 20 patients underwent epilepsy surgery after video-EEG; 60% attained excellent outcome despite the fact that 90% had focal neuroimaging abnormality. Children whose partial epilepsy remained intractable after 1 year of antiepileptic drug treatment should be evaluated for candidacy of epilepsy surgery, particularly those who have focal lesions on neuroimaging.