基于临床流行病学调查的充血性心力衰竭气虚血瘀证诊断标准

目的探讨充血性心力衰竭气虚血瘀证的中医诊断标准。方法应用充血性心力衰竭中医证候量表于多中心收集病例750份(2012年12月至2013年12月),综合筛选证候相关条目与主、次症;应用条件概率换算方法为相关条目赋值;结合ROC曲线确定本病证的临床诊断界值,应用四分位数间距法确定证候轻中重程度;运用均值描述脑钠肽(BNP)参考范围,完善其临床诊断标准。结果根据充血性心力衰竭中医证候量表、条目赋值表以及百分制换算,本病气虚血瘀证的临床诊断界值为52分,52~58分为轻证,59~70分为中等程度证候,71~100分为重证。BNP参考值为209.33~316.57 pg/ml;量化诊断标准的回顾性与前瞻性临床考核灵敏度、特异度、准确度基本都在90%以上,阳性似然比基本均10。结论充血性心力衰竭气虚血瘀证的临床诊断标准,将临床症状、体征分为主要依据、次要依据,并参考BNP的变化,灵敏度、特异度、准确度均较高,具有较好的临床适用性。     

Pioglitazone initiation and subsequent hospitalization for congestive heart failure.

AIMS: Thiazolidinediones (TZD) have been associated with an expansion in plasma volume and the development of peripheral oedema. A recent study reported an association between the use of TZDs and development of congestive heart failure (CHF). The objective of this study was to determine if short-term use of pioglitazone, a TZD, is associated with increased risk of admission to hospital because of CHF in a well-characterized, community-based cohort of Type 2 diabetic patients without prevalent CHF. METHODS: A cohort study of all patients in the Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program with Type 2 diabetes (Kaiser Permanente Northern California Diabetes Registry) who initiated any diabetes pharmacotherapy (n = 23 440) between October 1999 and November 2001. Only patients initiating single new therapies ('new users') were included to reduce confounding and create mutually exclusive exposure groups. We constructed Cox proportional hazards models (with sulphonylureas initiators specified as the reference group) to evaluate the impact of initiating new diabetes therapies on time-to-incident admission to hospital because of CHF, defined by primary hospital discharge diagnosis. RESULTS: Patients initiated pioglitazone (15.2%), sulphonylureas (25.3%), metformin (50.9%), and insulin (8.6%) alone, or as additions to pre-existing or maintained therapies. Three hundred and twenty admissions for CHF were observed during the follow-up (mean 10.2 months) after drug initiation. Relative to patients initiating sulphonylureas, there were no significant increases in the incidence of hospitalization for CHF in those initiating pioglitazone [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.28; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.85-1.92] after adjusting for demographic, behavioural and clinical factors. There was a significantly higher incidence among those initiating insulin (HR = 1.56; 95% CI: 1.00-2.45) and lower incidence among those initiating metformin (HR = 0.70; 95% CI: 0.49-0.99). CONCLUSIONS: This study of patients with Type 2 diabetes failed to find evidence that short-term pioglitazone use was associated with an elevated risk of hospitalization for CHF relative to the standard, first-line diabetes therapy.     

Prognosis of patients with congestive heart failure: its determinants in various heart diseases in Japan.

We investigated the prognosis of patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) and the factors which influence the prognosis of Japanese patients with this condition. From among the patients admitted to our hospital from January 1, 1978 to December 31, 1985, the 298 patients who were diagnosed having CHF were investigated. Patients with CHF had a rather poor prognosis, with the 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year cumulative survival rates being 76%, 60%, and 49%, respectively. The factors influencing the prognosis of patients with CHF were the type of underlying heart disease, the left ventricular ejection fraction, the left ventricular end-diastolic dimension, and the central venous pressure. Survival rates differed significantly depending on the type of underlying heart disease. The cumulative 5-year survival rate was 35% for coronary artery disease, 40% for dilated cardiomyopathy, 53% for rheumatic valvular heart disease, and 80% for hypertensive heart disease.     

心脏再同步治疗除颤器在心力衰竭患者的疗效观察

慢性心力衰竭是各种心血管疾病（包括缺血性心肌病、扩张性心肌病等）的一种转归,也是心血管疾病的主要死亡原因之一。虽然心力衰竭的药物治疗不断取得进展,但仍有部分顽固性心力衰竭疗效不佳。心脏再同步治疗（CRT）以及心脏再同步治疗除颤器（CRT—D）治疗顽固性心力衰竭的疗效近年来已经得到公认。本文就本院植入CRT—D治疗顽固性心力衰竭患者的资料进行回顾性分析并总结。     

Peripheral hemodynamic effects of ibopamine in patients with congestive heart failure. A placebo-controlled,double-blind study

Summary Under double-blind conditions, 150 mg of ibopamine (di-isobutiric ester of N-methyldopamine) or placebo were given orally to 11 patients with congestive heart failure; after 3 hours, 50 mg of sulpiride were administered intramuscularly. Peripheral hemodynamics were evaluated at the level of the forearm using strain-gauge plethysmography. Ibopamine increased arterial blood flow and venous capacity and decreased arterial peripheral resistance; these effects were counteracted by sulpiride. No significant changes were observed after placebo and sulpiride. These findings confirm the vasodilating effects of ibopamine on peripheral hemodynamics and its utility in patients for the treatment of congestive heart failure.     

Tei-index in patients with mild-to-moderate congestive heart failure.

BACKGROUND: Congestive heart failure is related to contraction and relaxation abnormalities of the ventricle. Isolated analysis of either mechanism may not be reflective of overall cardiac dysfunction. A combined myocardial performance index (isovolumic contraction time plus isovolumic relaxation time divided by ejection time, 'Tei-Index') has been described which may be more effective for analysis of global cardiac dysfunction than systolic and diastolic measures alone. It was the aim of the present investigation to evaluate the Tei-Index against invasive examination. METHODS AND RESULTS: Eighty-one subjects were included in a consecutive manner, among 125 patients undergoing left heart catheterization for invasive measurement of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure; 43 patients had congestive heart failure (35 male, 8 female, 68+/-6 years) defined by NYHA functional class >/=2 (mean 2.5+/-0.5) and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure >/=16 mmHg (mean 20+/-4) and 38 subjects (32 male, 6 female, 66+/-5 years) without symptoms of heart failure (NYHA functional class I) and with normal left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (mean 12+/-3 mmHg) served as a control group. Using conventional echo-Doppler methods, parameters assessed were: ejection fraction, peak velocities of early (E) and late (A) diastolic filling, the E/A ratio, deceleration time, isovolumic contraction time, isovolumic relaxation time and ejection time. The Tei-Index was obtained by subtracting ejection time from the interval between cessation and onset of the mitral flow. The control group and patients with congestive heart failure did not differ with respect to the E/A ratio (0.86+/-0.27 vs 0.90+/-0.44, P=ns), deceleration time (203+/-42 ms vs 206+/-36 ms, P=ns) and isovolumic relaxation time (97+/-16 ms vs 94+/-26 ms, P=ns). The ejection fraction was slightly reduced in patients with congestive heart failure (46+/-11% vs 55+/-8%, P<0.05). The Tei-Index was easily and reproducibly measured in all subjects. The mean value of the Tei-Index was significantly different between the control group and patients with congestive heart failure (0.39+/-0.10 vs 0.60+/-0.18, P<0.001). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for the Tei-Index yielded an area under the curve of 0.88+/-0.038. Using a Tei-Index >/=0.47 as the cutpoint, congestive heart failure was identified with a sensitivity of 86% and a specificity of 82%. No correlation was observed between the Tei-Index and heart rate (r=0.22, P=ns), systolic blood pressure (r=0.16, P=ns) or diastolic blood pressure (r=0.08, P=ns). The Tei-Index was significantly related to left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (r=0.46, P<0.01). CONCLUSION: The Tei-Index is a sensitive indicator of overall cardiac dysfunction in patients with mild-to-moderate congestive heart failure. The Tei-Index is easily obtained and may be used in the work-up of patients with suspected cardiac dysfunction.     

巯甲丙脯酸与螺内酯联合治疗老年人充血性心力衰竭并室性心律失常的临床观察

目的 :研究巯甲丙脯酸与螺内酯联合治疗老年人充血性心力衰竭 (CHF)并发室性心律失常的临床疗效及安全性。方法 :对 2 0 0例老年 CHF并发室性心律失常病例进行临床研究 ,观察其加用巯甲丙脯酸与螺内酯后心功能及临床征象的变化。结果 :用药后 98%病例室性期前收缩明显减少 ,部分有短阵室性心动过速或 Ron T现象 ,用药后消失 ,96 %病例用药后心功能改善 1级以上 (NYHA分级 ) ,临床症状明显好转。全部病例钾离子稳定在正常范围 ,无一例高钾血症发生。结论 :巯甲丙脯酸与螺内酯联合治疗老年 CHF并室性心律失常疗效肯定、可靠、安全性好、副作用少 ,值得推广     

The province of Alberta, Canada avoids the hospitalization epidemic for congestive heart failure patients

BACKGROUND: We assessed the incidence and prevalence of congestive heart failure (CHF) in patients diagnosed at the time of hospitalization and patients diagnosed in specialists offices without prior hospitalization in order to compare the trends in Canada with previously published trends in the USA and other industrialized countries. METHODS: Administrative data for Alberta, Canada from 1 April 1994 to 31 March 2000. RESULTS: There was a small but statistically significant decline in the age-sex incident and prevalent hospitalization rates for CHF between 1994/1995 (incidence per 1000 of 1.59; 99% CI 1.51, 1.66: prevalence per 1000 of 2.31; 99% CI 2.22, 2.40) and the year 1999/2000 (incidence per 1000 of 1.24; 99% CI 1.18, 1.30: prevalence per 1000 of 1.97; 99% CI 1.89, 2.05). Crude hospitalization rate per 1000 also demonstrated a small but statistically significant decline between 1994/1995 (2.98; 99% CI 2.88, 3.08) and 1999/2000 (2.55; 99% CI 2.46, 2.64). The age-sex incident rates of ambulatory diagnosis of CHF were similar throughout the 1994/1995-1999/2000 time period (0.88; 99% CI 0.82, 0.94 during 1994/1995 and 0.84; 99% CI 0.79, 0.89 during 1999/2000). The crude mortality percentage for incident hospitalization for CHF were similar throughout the 1994/1995-1999/2000 time period (31.0%; 99% CI 28.7, 33.3 during 1994/1995 and 28.6%; 99% CI 26.3, 30.9 during 1999/2000). CONCLUSIONS: We noted a small decrease in the incident, prevalent, and total hospitalizations for CHF in the time period 1994/1995-1999/2000. The decrease was not the result of a substituted increase in ambulatory diagnosis for CHF.     

Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 and risk of congestive heart failure hospitalization in patients with atrial fibrillation

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Anaerobic threshold detection in patients with congestive heart failure.

Anaerobic threshold measurements determined either invasively by analysis of arterial lactate concentration (lactate threshold) or noninvasively by respiratory gas exchange analysis (ventilatory threshold) were compared in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. Sixteen patients performed symptom-limited maximal exercise on a bicycle ergometer using a continuous ramp protocol with measurement of arterial lactate concentration at 1 minute intervals, and continuous breath-by-breath analysis of respiratory gas exchange. A specific lactate threshold point was detected in only 7 patients. These 7 patients had significantly greater peak oxygen uptake than did the 9 in whom no specific lactate threshold point was detected (15.9 +/- 1.0 vs 10.5 +/- 0.5 ml/kg/min; p less than 0.05). Ventilatory threshold significantly correlated with lactate threshold in these 7 patients. In the remaining 9 patients, neither lactate nor ventilatory threshold could be reliably determined with methods used in the present study.     

重组人生长激素治疗充血性心力衰竭

目的 :探讨重组人生长激素 ( rh GH)治疗充血性心力衰竭对心功能、心室形态和血浆肿瘤坏死因子α( TNFα)的影响。方法 :2 7例重度充血性心力衰竭患者随机分成两组 :1rh GH组 :在强心、利尿、扩血管等常规抗心力衰竭治疗的基础上 ,加用 rh GH;2常规组 :予常规抗心力衰竭治疗。治疗前 ,治疗 1个月和 3个月时 ,以超声心动图测定心功能 ,6min步行试验评定患者的运动能力 ,放射免疫法测定血浆生长激素 ( GH)、TNFα浓度。结果 :完成 rh GH治疗的 11例 ,与完成常规治疗的 9例相比 ,室壁厚度明显增加 ( P <0 .0 5 ) ,心腔明显缩小 ( P <0 .0 1) ,TNFα显著降低 ( P <0 .0 5 ) ,心功能好转和运动耐量的提高较常规治疗更显著 ( P <0 .0 1)。结论 :与常规抗心力衰竭治疗相比 ,rh GH可更显著地改善心功能和提高运动耐量     

心力衰竭患者生活质量的研究

目的：探讨心力衰竭（HF）对生活质量的影响。方法：以明尼苏达生活质量表对66例HF患进行生活质量调查,结果：q检验表明,心功能IV级组的生活质量计分与Ⅲ级组,Ⅰ-Ⅱ级组间差异非常显（P＜0．01）,心功能Ⅲ组与Ⅰ－Ⅱ级组间差异不显（P＞0．05）。结论：HF患心功能级别与其生活质量有明显关系,心功能越差,其生活质量越差（P＜0．01）。     

Carvedilol therapy in pediatric patients with congestive heart failure: a study investigating clinical and pharmacokinetic parameters

Objective Our purpose was to evaluate the clinical effect of carvedilol among pediatric patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) who did not respond to standard therapy and to assess the pharmacokinetics of carvedilol among these children. Methods In this prospective, open intervention trial with blinded interpretation of selected end points, patients with CHF who did not improve on standard therapy, including digoxin, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and diuretics, were treated with oral carvedilol in a ramped dosing scheme. Clinical parameters (ejection fraction, fractional shortening, and modified Ross score) were assessed before initiation of treatment and monthly for 6 months. Pharmacokinetic profiles of carvedilol were determined over the first 12-hour period after the initial dose in study patients, and for comparison, in 9 healthy adult volunteers. Results Fifteen patients (aged 6 weeks to 19 years) were enrolled in the study, including 10 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and 5 with CHF secondary to congenital heart disease. All 15 patients tolerated carvedilol for the duration of the trial, and all achieved maximum target dosing. After 6 months of carvedilol therapy, ejection fraction increased (36% vs 54%; P < .05) and modified Ross Score improved (5 ± 2 vs 3 ± 3; P < .05). Elimination half-life was about 50% shorter in pediatric CHF patients compared with healthy adult volunteers (2.9 vs 5.2 hours; P < .05). Conclusions Pediatric patients with CHF not responding to standard therapy may benefit from oral carvedilol treatment. The observed increased elimination of carvedilol in children suggests that optimal dosing strategies need to be further defined among the pediatric population. (Am Heart J 2002;143:916-22.)     

Prostacyclin therapy in patients with congestive heart failure

The acute hemodynamic effects of intravenous prostacyclin (PGI₂), in doses of 22 ± 11 ng/kg per min were studied in nine patients with severe congestive heart failure refractory to digitalis and diuretic drugs. After prostacyclin infusion, mean (±standard deviation) pulmonary capillary wedge pressure decreased from 21.0 ± 7.9 to 15.0 ± 6.6 mm Hg (p < 0.001), mean arterial pressure from 98.9 ± 12.8 to 76.2 ± 7.0 mm Hg (p < 0.001), systemic vascular resistance from 2,574 ± 384 to > 1,368 ± 283 dynes s cm^?5 (p < 0.001), pulmonary vascular resistance from 1,008 ± 451 to 443 ± 135 dynes s cm^?5 (p < 0.001) and pulmonary arteriolar resistance from 330 ± 111 to 189 ± 73 dynes s cm^?5 (p < 0.001). Heart rate increased from 78 ± 21 to 82 ± 24 beats/min (p = not significant [NS]), cardiac index from 2.0 ± 0.37 to 3.2 ± 0.59 liters/min per m² (p < 0.001) and stroke index from 27.6 ± 8.69 to 42.0 ± 0.62 cc/m² (p < 0.001). With prostacyclin, moreover, coldness of the limbs and face disappeared, and patients felt warmth and mild flushing of the face. After prostacyclin, plasma norepinephrine levels, renin activity and aldosterone concentrations rose from 824 ± 375 to 880 ± 468 pg/ml (NS), 0.68 ± 1.36 to 0.95 ± 1.21 ng/ml per h (NS), and 6.64 ± 2.50 to 6.38 ± 2.88 ng/dl (NS), respectively, while plasma epinephrine increased from 140 ± 80 to 250 ± 154 pg/ml (p < 0.025).