永安市农村饮用水卫生状况

[目的]探讨永安市农村饮用水卫生状况。[方法]对2008年辖区11个乡镇自来水厂30个村级集中式供水的水质进行监测分析。[结果]监测的水质微生物指标超标率为91．7％（110／120）,各自备水源大部分没有沉淀、过滤和消毒设施。乡镇自来水厂水源水、出厂水和末梢水合格率分别为72．8％、81．8％和81．8％。[结论]永安市农村饮用水水质普遍较差,应引起政府和社会的高度重视。     

梧州市农村生活饮用水卫生状况调查

目的了解农村生活饮用水卫生现状，为制定农村改水计划、策略及采取防病措施提供依据。方法按照《广西农村生活饮用水供水卫生基线调查方案》，对梧州市6个乡镇生活饮用水现状进行调查。结果6个乡镇人口24．86％以地面水为水源，75．14％以地下水为水源；供水方式以地下水分散式供水为主，10．81％饮用城市及镇自来水厂完全消毒的自来水，2．84％和12．92％分别饮用部分处理或未经任何处理的自来水。检测16份水样，结果一级水质4份，三级水质2份，合格率为37．5％。其中集中式和分散式供水的合格率分别为40％和36．36％，地面水和地下水的合格率分别为25％和41．66％，主要是细菌学指标不合格。结论大部分农村人口还未能喝上卫生安全的饮用水，应加快以农村自来水为主的改水工程。     

清远市2003-2006年生活饮用水卫生细菌学监测状况

目的 了解清远市生活饮用水中卫生细菌学指标污染状况，以加强对生活饮用水的监管。方法 抽取集中式供水的水源水、出厂水、管网水，部分农村未经任何消毒处理的直接饮用水和市区二次供水等生活饮用水的样品按中华人民共和国卫生部《生活饮用水卫生规范》（2001．6）进行卫生细菌学监测检验及评价。结果 集中式供水的水源水总合格率为30．64％，出厂水及管网水总合格率89、78％，部分农村未经任何消毒处理直接饮用的自然水合格率为33．56％，二次供水合格率100．00％。结论 水源水及未经任何消毒处理的自然水等污染状况严重，合格率低。县、乡镇集中式供水的消毒效果不稳定。必须加强对水源水的污染源监督治理，加强对集中式供水的消毒效果监督管理，加强农村生活饮用水卫生管理，有条件的地方应实行集中式供水，以便于生活饮用水卫生安全的监管。     

阜宁县生活饮用水微生物污染状况调查

目的全面了解阜宁县生活饮用水卫生细菌学指标污染状况,为监督管理提供依据,防止水源性疾病发生。方法采集县城水厂和乡镇集中式供水的出厂水、末梢水共650份,按卫生部《生活饮用水卫生规范》（2006）进行细菌学监测和评价。结果2年监测的水样中,县城水厂总合格率为100．0％,乡镇集中式供水总合格率为89．8％,枯水期合格率为97．8％,丰水期合格率为86．3％。结论该地区县城生活饮用水合格率较高,乡镇合格率则相对较低,尤其是丰水期。应加大对乡镇饮用水的整改、监督监测,同时还应加强对各类水源的防护。     

重庆市2004年农村水质状况的调查

目的：评价重庆市农村饮用水卫生质量，发现存在的问题，分析影响饮用水卫生质量的相关因素。方法：选取我市10个监测区县，按卫生部《生活饮用水检验规范》对农村水厂、简易供水站和井水进行检测。结果：农村自来水厂水源水合格率为22．1％；出厂水合格率丰水期和枯水期分别为41．0％和36．1％；管网末梢水合格率丰水期和枯水期分别为41．7％和38．9％。结论：该市农村水源水水质差。饮用水微生物污染严重，农民饮水卫生条件亟待改进。     

2007年北京市怀柔区农村生活饮用水水质卫生调查

目的了解北京市怀柔区农村生活饮用水水质、水源卫生及卫生防护状况，加强农村生活饮用水卫生工作的指导。方法使用统一调查表，进行现场调查及采集水样，用SPSS软件进行统计分析。结果调查涉及怀柔区274个行政村297处水源，集中式和分散式供水检测合格率分别为86．7％、61．0％；不同水源类型微生物指标合格率由高到低依次为深水井、浅水井、泉水、河水，合格率分别为92．8％、80．1％、68．1％、33．3％。集中式供水较分散式供水水质好，地下水较地面水水质好，差异均有统计学意义。结论怀柔区生活饮用水卫生工作必须向村一级基层单位渗透，提高卫生许可证及健康证办证率；在农村改水工作中，优先选择以深水井、浅水井等地下水作水源。今后，还应当加快农村安全饮水工程工作进度，尽快完善农村饮用水安全检测体系，定期对农村饮用水进行水质检测，通报水质检测情况，指导农民饮用卫生、安全的水。     

新疆喀什地区农村改水水质及水源卫生防护调查与评价

为了解新疆喀什区农村改水水质及水原防护状况，对该地区改水后的深井水，手压井水与改水前的池塘水水质及水源卫生防护状况进行调查和监测。结果表明，与改水前比较，水质及水源防护卫生状况明显改善，水质合格率分别是：池塘水３．３％，手压井水４０．０％，深水井５１．７％，结果还表明有必要加强对改水水源的卫生防护。     

东莞市农村水厂供水卫生现状及对策

目的了解东莞市农村水厂供水现状及改善水质对策。方法选择76家管理区、乡村集中供水水厂为调查对象;现场调查水厂的基本情况并采集水样进行化验。测定及结果评价按《地表水环境质雎标准》（GB3838—2002）及《生活饮用水卫生标准）（GB5749—2006）执行。结果农村水厂水源水合格率为49．15％,出厂水合格率为69．05％,管网水合格率为61．02％;镇级以上水厂水源水合格率为24．71％,出厂水合格率为98．14％,管网水合格率为96．14％。镇级以上水厂与农村水厂的水源水、出厂水、管网水均有显著性差异,农村水厂的水源水要好些,而镇级以上的出厂水、管网水合格率则比农村水厂高得多。结论农村水厂供水规模小、水处理工艺简陋、技术落后、消毒设备不完善、卫生管理落后、水源水受生物性污染和化学性污染比较严重,饮用水卫生安全隐患比较多,必须加大力度进行改造。     

农村部分集中式供水卫生状况调查分析

目的了解安徽省农村饮水水质的卫生状况与动态变化，为制定《农村集中式供水卫生要求》提供依据。方法采用现场卫生学词查、水质采样检验方法。结果被词查701家集中式供水水源监测点存在不同程度的污染源。2002年最低，占调查总数的12．08％；2003年最高，占35．29％。3年集中式供水合格现状，地下水以二级水为标准总合格率63．47％、三级水为79．80％。地表水以二级水为标准总合格率46．88％、三级水为65．26％。3年集中式供水水质单项指标检测中微生物指标合格率较低，感观指标和理化指标合格率均在90％以上。结论安徽农村集中式供水存在水源污染，水质不合格主要原因为微生物污染。需加强对集中式供水水源防护、水质处理和消毒工作。     

2006-2009年佛山市顺德区农村水质卫生监测网调查

[目的]了解顺德区2006～2009年生活饮用水的卫生状况,完善我省农村饮水水质卫生监测网络建设,保证农村饮水水质安全。[方法]2006-2009年按GB5750-2006《生活饮用水标准检验方法》、GB5749～2006《生活饮用水水质卫生规范》分别对顺德区各水厂的水源水、出厂水和末梢水进行卫生监测和评价。[结果]2006～2009年顺德区生活饮用水总合格率为86．01％,其中出厂水和末梢水合格率为100．00％,水源水合格率为58．04％,不同年份间水源水合格率的差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。水源水不合格项目为铁和总大肠菌群。[结论]顺德区农村生活饮用水卫生状况良好,但要加强水源水的保护,加强水源水不合格项目的强化处理,以保证供水质量。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

Changes in immune function in asthma in the elderly

Asthma is an inflammatory disorder of the airway. The airway inflammation of asthma is typically an allergic inflammation characterized by cells and mediators described as a "Th2" inflammatory response. There is a growing body of evidence describing changes in the function of immune cells upon aging, a phenomenon referred to as "immunosenescence". Several studies utilizing animal models and human subjects with asthma have begun to explore age-related effects on the airway inflammation in asthma. This review explores the existing data on the presence and effects of immunosenescence or age-related changes in immune function in asthma.     

Changes in Fatty Acid Composition in Beef in Italy

Results from a study conducted in Italy concerning the updating of composition data of beef consumed in Italy are reported here. The study required a very wide sampling plan with regard to both animals and cuts to analyse. Data related to lipid composition of the most widely used type of beef consumed in Italy (young bull, 16–22 months old) show a reduction in total lipid content (which, according to the cuts, ranges between 1.8 and 10.2%) and a substantial change in fatty acid composition, with a high % of polyunsaturated fatty acids (mean 20% of total fatty acids). Such data have been confirmed by other studies conducted in Italy, and are in contrast with data reported in the tables of food composition from other countries, reporting a fatty acid composition characterized by a high fatty acid saturation degree. The occurrence of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid is probably due to the high ratio of phospholipids: triglycerides, occurring when the content in intramuscular lipid is very low; to the young age of animals; to the reduced activity of the rumen, where saturation of fatty acids occurs. It may be concluded that a fatty acid composition, which is particularly rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, seems typical for Italian products.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.