关于小于胎龄儿和大于胎龄儿胎盘终末绒毛血管形态的研究

小于胎龄儿 (SGA)是围产儿发病与死亡的主要危险因素之一 ,存活者在儿童期智力和体格方面均落后于正常儿。造成 SGA的原因有母体、胎儿、胎盘等多方面因素 ,其中胎盘功能性绒毛组织减少 ,胎盘绒毛广泛损伤或胎盘血管异常 ,均可影响胎儿的生长和发育。另外 ,在多种病理状态下 ,子宫 -胎盘血流量显著减少 ,影响氧和营养物质的输送 ,最后也会导致低出生体重儿和胎儿生长受限(FGR)。本研究对 SGA、大于胎龄儿(L GA)及正常儿胎盘绒毛内血管、绒毛横面积比及血管数进行测量比较 ,旨在了解 SGA和 L GA与胎盘微绒毛血管形态的关系。一、资…     

我国小于胎龄儿现状分析

研究我国小于胎龄儿（SGA）的现状。方法　调研我国22个省、自治区、直辖市的86所医院提供的2005 - 01 - 01 T 00:00:00至2005 - 12 - 31 T 00:00:00出院的产科出生的新生儿（45 014例）中SGA的发生率,总结分析该86所医院新生儿科住院患儿（54 466例）中SGA的临床资料。结果　（1）产科出生的 新生儿中SGA 的发生率为6.61 %,其中早产儿中SGA发生率（13.10 %）高于足月儿（6.05 %）;（2）新生儿科住院患儿中SGA的比例为9.19 %;（3）SGA中窒息 、呼吸窘迫综合征（RDS） 、肺出血、呼吸暂停、缺氧缺血性脑病（HIE）、胃潴留、消化道出血、坏死性小肠结肠炎（NEC）、寒冷损伤综合征、先天畸形的构 成比高于适于胎龄儿（AGA）和大于胎龄儿（LGA）;（4）在SGA的转归中,治愈、好转率分别为57.47 %和27.41 %, 自动出院占13.17 %,病死率为1.95 %。其 中SGA病死率明显高于AGA和LGA, 而治愈好转率（84.88 %）则明显低于AGA 和LGA。 结论　我国新生儿科住院患儿中SGA的患病率和病死率较高,加强围生期监 测和干预以减少SGA发生、积极防治SGA并发症仍是我国目前围产工作的重点。     

体质量指数正常的多囊卵巢综合征伴胰岛素抵抗患者的临床特征及胰岛素抵抗影响因素分析

目的:观察体质量指数(BMI)正常的多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)伴胰岛素抵抗(IR)患者的临床及生化表现,探讨其临床特征及IR的影响因素。方法:收集2015年8月至2016年6月就诊于黑龙江中医药大学附属第一医院妇科门诊的BMI正常(18.5 kg/m~2≤BMI≤23.9 kg/m~2)的PCOS患者116例,其中PCOS伴IR患者50例,PCOS不伴IR患者66例,分析、比较两组的临床特征、性激素水平、糖脂代谢水平,采用Spearman或Pearson相关分析稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)的影响因素。结果:1PCOS伴IR组患者腰臀比、多毛评分明显高于PCOS不伴IR组患者,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);2PCOS伴IR组患者空腹葡萄糖(FPG)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)显著高于PCOS不伴IR组患者,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),PCOS伴IR组患者高密度脂蛋白(HDL)显著低于PCOS不伴IR组患者,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);3对BMI正常的PCOS患者进行相关分析,HOMA-IR与年龄、BMI、卵泡刺激素(FSH)、黄体生成激素(LH)、LH/FSH、睾酮(T)、硫酸脱氢表雄酮(DHEAS)、雄烯二酮(AND)无关(P0.05);与腰臀比(r=0.386)、FPG(r=0.459)、FINS(r=0.981)、TC(r=0.360)、TG(r=0.343)和LDL(r=0.467)呈正相关(P0.01),与性激素结合球蛋白(SHBG)(r=-0.220,P0.05)、HDL(r=-0.288,P0.01)呈负相关。结论:BMI正常的PCOS伴IR患者腰臀比、多毛评分及糖、脂代谢指标较无IR的PCOS患者均有改变。BMI正常的PCOS患者的IR与腰臀比、FPG、FINS、TC、TG、LDL及SHBG、HDL相关。     

不同糖耐量状态肥胖儿童血清脂联素的变化及其临床意义

目的了解不同葡萄糖耐量状态的肥胖儿童血清脂联素水平，探讨其与年 龄、体重指数(BMI)、血脂、血糖及胰岛素水平的关系。 方法选择2002~2004年于广州市儿童医院初诊并住院诊治的肥胖儿童52例，分为36例糖耐量正常(NGT)肥胖组和16例糖耐量受损(IGT)肥胖组。测定两组肥胖儿童和41例年龄、性别匹配的正常儿童空腹血清脂联素、胆固醇(CHO)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL C)、血糖和胰岛素(FINS)，计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA IR)。肥胖组儿童均做口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)，测定OGTT 2h血糖和胰岛素。 结果正常对照组、NGT肥胖组及IGT肥胖组血清脂联素水平依次降低，HOMA IR依次升高，且均有统计学意义；相关性分析显示肥胖儿童血清脂联素与TG、LDL C、FINS呈显著负相关(P<005)。 结论肥胖儿童血清脂联素水平降低，并与血脂、胰岛素抵抗密切相关；与NGT肥胖组相比，IGT肥胖组儿童的血清脂联素水平进一步降低。     

瘦素与妊娠期糖尿病胰岛素抵抗的关系

目的　探讨瘦素与妊娠期糖尿病 (GDM)胰岛素抵抗 (IR)关系及在GDM发病机制中的作用。方法　应用放射免疫法测量 32例GDM妇女、 30例正常糖耐量妊娠妇女 (NGT)的空腹瘦素、C肽水平及空腹胰岛素和 75g葡萄糖耐量试验 (OGTT)后 2h的胰岛素水平。应用稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数 (HOMA -IR)及胰岛分泌功能指数 (HBCI) ,比较两组HOMA -IR及HBCI的差异 ,分析两组空腹瘦素与IR之间的关系。结果　①GDM组HOMA -IR (2 3± 0 3)高于NGT组 (1 4± 0 4 ) ,差异有显著性 (P <0 0 1) ;两组间HBCI比较差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。②GDM组血清瘦素水平 (2 4 7± 2 2 )ng ml高于NGT组 (2 0 3± 1 5 )ng ml,两组之间比较差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5 )。相关分析表明 ,在GDM组瘦素与HOMA -IR呈正相关 (rLeptin =0 5 4 8,P <0 0 0 1) ,在NGT组二者之间无相关性 (rNGT =0 2 2 1P >0 0 5 )。结论　妊娠期IR程度增加 ,可能是GDM主要的发病机制之一。瘦素与GDM胰岛素抵抗有关 ,可能参与GDM的发病     

妊娠期胰岛素分泌模式及其他因素与新生儿出生体质量的相关因素分析

目的:建立妊娠期不同血糖状态下胰岛素分泌模式,探讨胰岛素分泌模式及其他因素与新生儿出生体质量之间的关系。方法:回顾性分析2432例孕妇临床资料,依据75 g葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT),分为妊娠期糖尿病组(GDM,737例)及糖耐量正常组(NGT,1695例);将GDM组再分为仅空腹血糖异常(GDM1组,89例)、服糖后血糖异常(GDM2组,516例)和空腹及服糖后均异常(GDM3组,132例)3组。根据胰岛素分泌试验结果参照文献建立胰岛素分泌模式曲线(Ⅰ型:早时相胰岛素分泌存在;Ⅱ型:胰岛素分泌峰延迟)。利用卡方检验对新生儿出生体质量的影响因素[胰岛素分泌模式及年龄、孕前体质量指数(BMI)、新生儿性别及血糖状态]行单因素分析,并进一步对危险因素行Logistic回归分析。结果:①GDM组孕妇年龄、孕前BMI、新生儿出生体质量及大于胎龄儿(LGA)发生率均大于NGT组(P0.05)。②NGT组孕妇的胰岛素分泌模式主要表现为Ⅰ型(76.76%),而表现为Ⅱ型仅394例(23.24%);GDM1组孕妇的胰岛素分泌模式也主要表现为Ⅰ型,而GDM2组和GDM3组孕妇主要表现为Ⅱ型。与NGT组比较,GDM1组、GDM2组、GDM3组孕妇的胰岛素分泌水平在服糖后0、60、120、180分钟时明显升高(P0.05),GDM的3组孕妇分别在服糖后0、120、180分钟时两两比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。③NGT组中Ⅱ型胰岛素分泌模式及GDM组中Ⅱ型胰岛素分泌模式、服糖后血糖异常和空腹及服糖后均异常均是发生LGA的独立危险因素(OR1,P0.05)。女性新生儿无论在NGT组或GDM组中均为LGA发生的保护性因素(OR1,P0.05),而为小于胎龄儿(SGA)的独立危险因素。NGT组中年龄25岁、孕前BMI18.5 kg/m~2为影响SGA发生的保护性因素(OR1,P0.05),GDM组中孕前BMI18.5 kg/m~2为影响SGA发生的保护性因素(OR1,P0.05)。结论:孕妇的胰岛素分泌模式不仅在GDM组与NGT组中不同,而且在GDM的不同亚组中的表现也不同。与SGA有关的因素包括孕妇年龄25岁、孕前BMI18.5kg/m~2及胎儿性别。与LGA有关的因素包括孕期血糖状态、胰岛素分泌模式及胎儿性别。尤其应警惕胰岛素分泌峰值延迟的孕妇,以防止LGA的发生。     

妊娠期糖尿病血清脂联素与胰岛素抵抗和分泌的相关性研究

目的　探讨不同糖耐量孕妇血清脂联素与胰岛素抵抗和胰岛 β细胞分泌功能的关系。 方法　 2 0 0 3年1月至 2 0 0 4年 1月广东省妇幼保健院和佛山市妇幼保健院采用稳态模型评估法 (HOMA)分别评估正常糖耐量孕妇 (NGT)、糖耐量减低孕妇 (GIGT)和妊娠期糖尿病患者 (GDM)的胰岛素抵抗指数 (HOMA IR)和胰岛 β细胞功能指数 (HBCI) ;利用放免法检测三组孕妇的血清脂联素水平。结果　 (1)GDM组HOMA IR显著高于GIGT组 (P <0 0 5 )和NGT组 (P <0 0 0 1) ,三组的HBCI则差异无显著性。 (2 )血清脂联素水平由NGT、GIGI到GDM呈逐步下降态势 (P <0 0 0 1) ;多元回归分析提示HOMA IR、孕晚期体重、孕晚期BMI是影响血清脂联素水平的最显著因素(r2 =0 4 84 ,P <0 0 0 1)。结论　GDM和GIGT患者血清脂联素显著降低 ,并以GDM降低最为明显 ;其脂联素水平的改变与胰岛素敏感性高度相关。     

合并脑损伤高危因素小于胎龄儿的生后早期运动发育特点

目的探讨合并脑损伤高危因素的小于胎龄儿的早期运动发育特点。方法回顾性纳入2022年2～10月在西安市儿童医院新生儿随访门诊随访, 合并脑损伤高危因素且在校正年龄(corrected age, CA)2～5周或CA14～17周随访并完成一次婴儿运动能力测试(Test of Infant Motor Performanc, TIMP)的小于胎龄儿(small for gestational age, SGA)和适于胎龄儿(appropriate for gestational age, AGA)共81例。CA2～5周随访到SGA 17例(SGA组), AGA 24例(AGA组);CA14～17周随访到SGA 20例(SGA组), AGA 20例(AGA组)。采用两独立样本t检验、秩和检验及χ2检验比较组间的人口学特征、脑损伤高危因素及TIMP各项评分的差异。结果 CA2～5周和CA14～17周, SGA组的出生体重均低于AGA组[(1 817.1±440.3)与(2 630.0±560.9)g, t=-4.98;(1 752.0±434.4)与(2 226.3±699.8)g, t=-2....     

小于胎龄儿脑发育的随访观察

目的　探讨小于胎龄儿 (SGA)出生时脑发育受影响的程度和出生后脑发育的情况 ,为有脑发育异常的 SGA进行早期干预提供依据。　方法　运用颅脑超声对 SGA的小脑进行冠状位和矢状位小脑面积、周长、纵横径及大脑半球宽度的测量 ,并与适于胎龄儿 (AGA)进行比较分析。　结果　婴儿出生时小脑面积、周长、横径及纵径与其胎龄和出生体重存在较好的相关关系 ,尤以小脑面积和周长与其胎龄和出生体重相关较好 ;大脑半球宽度也与婴儿出生体重存在较好的相关关系。出生时 SGA的脑发育落后于 AGA,出生后 SGA的脑生长速度与 AGA相似 ,但随访至 12个月时 SGA脑发育仍落后于 AGA ,SGA其他脑的异常发生率也较 AGA高。　结论　 SGA不仅在宫内脑的发育受到影响 ,而且可影响到生后脑和神经系统发育 ,故应加强围产期保健 ,制订早期干预计划 ,做好优生工作。     

胰岛素抵抗及高胰岛素血症与多囊卵巢综合征发病关系的探讨

目的:了解胰岛素抵抗(IR)及高胰岛素血症(HI)与多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)发病的关系.方法:选择诊断为PCOS的患者97例,分为高胰岛素血症组(HI组)60例和非高胰岛素血症(NHI组)37例.检测记录两组患者年龄、身高、体重、腰围、臀围、Ferrimarr-Gallwey(F-G)评分、痤疮评分及体重指数(BMI);放射免疫法测定血清促黄体生成素(LH)、促卵泡生成素(FSH)、泌乳素(PRL)、睾酮(T)、脱氢表雄酮(DHEA)、雄烯二酮(A)、空腹血糖(FPG)和胰岛素(FINS);行口服糖耐量试验(OGTT)和胰岛素释放实验(IRT).结果:97例患者中有60例伴有HI,HI组患者腰围、臀围及BMI均高于NHI组(P＜0.05),HI组30分钟、60分钟及120分钟血糖、IRT各时点FINS值、胰岛素曲线下面积(AUC)、稳态模型指数(HOMA)均明显高于NHI组(P均＜0.05),而胰岛素敏感性指数(ISI)则明显低于NHI组(P＜0.01).结论:IR与HI可促进PCOS患者肥胖尤其腹型肥胖的发生,并与PCOS糖代谢紊乱密切相关.早期干预对预防PCOS远期并发症具有积极意义.     

胎儿生长受限大鼠胰岛素敏感性的动态变化

目的 探讨胎儿生长受限(fetal growth restriction,FGR)大鼠胰岛素敏感性的变化规律.方法 母鼠受孕后第1天始随机分为对照组和低蛋白组,各10只.低蛋白组孕鼠采用低蛋白饮食法建立FGR模型.低蛋白组仔鼠中出生体重低于对照组仔鼠平均出生体重两个标准差者定为FGR鼠.测定对照组和FGR仔鼠(每组雌雄各8只)生后3、7、14、30、60及90 d空腹血浆血糖(fasting plasma glucose,FPG)及空腹血清胰岛索(fasting serum insulin,FINS),计算胰岛素抵抗指数及胰岛素敏感指数.90 d时测定血甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和糖化血红蛋白,同时行腹腔葡萄糖耐量实验.结果 (1)低蛋白组仔鼠平均出生体重为(4.92±0.36)g,低于对照组的(6.43±0.59)g,差异有统计学意义(t=14.73,P＜0.05).(2)雄性FGR鼠生后60 d时FPG高于对照组[(9.38±1.57)mmol/L与(5.58士1.24)mmol/L],直至90 d[(8.95±1.83)mmol/L与(6.21±1.14)mmol/L],差异有统计学意义(t=-3.291,P＜0.05);雌性FGR鼠90 d时FPG为(9.08±1.65)mmol/L,高于对照组的(6.73土0.67)mmol/L,差异有统计学意义(t=-3.226,P＜0.05);雄性FGR鼠FINS 30 d时开始高于对照组,直至90 d时;雌性FGR鼠60及90 d时FINS 高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);雄性及雌性FGR鼠胰岛素抵抗指数及胰岛素敏感指数分别于30 d及60 d始与对照组相比出现改变,直至90 d,差异有统计学意义(P均＜0.05).腹腔葡萄糖耐量实验结果显示,从0 min始各时间点雄性和雌性FGR鼠血糖均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).(3)生后90 d时,雄性FGR鼠糖化血红蛋白为(7.03±0.54)%,高于对照组的(4.37±0.64)%,差异有统计学意义(t=-8.028,P＜0.05).无论雄性或雌性仔鼠,2组血脂水平差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05).结论 FGR鼠在生后早期尚能维持正常的FPG和FINS水平,随着日龄增加,胰岛素敏感性从青年期逐渐降低,直至成年期,而且雄性FGR鼠更易发生胰岛素抵抗.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the regular pattern of dynamic changes of insulin sensitivity in fetal growth restriction (FGR) rats. Methods Twenty pregnant female rats were randomly divided into two groups as normal-protein group (NP) and low-protein group (LP), which respectively received normal protein diet (20% protein) and low protein diet (8% protein) during pregnancy. Weights of newborns were measured within 6 hours after birth, and the LP offspring whose birth weights were at least 2 standard deviations below the mean of NP offspring (≤2 standard deviations) were defined as FGR rats. At day 3, 7, 14, 30, 60 and 90 after birth, rats were fasted for 12 hours and then angular vein blood was collected to measure fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and fasting serum insulin (FINS) level. At 90 days of age, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT)was performed; and blood triglyceride ( TG ), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ),high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and glycosylated hemoglobin Alc (HbAlc) were measured. Insulin sensitivity was evaluated by FINS, insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), insulin sensitivity index (ISI) and IPGTT. Results (1) Birth weights of LP offspring [(4. 92 ± 0. 36) g]were significantly lower than those of NP ones [(6. 43 ± 0. 59) g] (t = 14. 73, P＜0. 05). The incidence of FGR in LP was 88. 2% ; and for the male and female rats, the FGR rate was 94. 1% and 83. 1%, respectively. (2) FPG levels in the male FGR rats were significantly higher than in the NP from the age of 60 days [(9.38 ± 1.57) mmol/L vs (5. 58 ± 1.24) mmol/L] to 90 days [(8. 95 ±1.83) mmol/L vs (6. 21± 1.14) mmol/L] (t=-3. 291, P＜0. 05), while FPG levels in female FGR rats increased significantly only at 90 days of age [(9. 08±1.65) mmol/L vs (6.73±0. 67) mmol/L](t=-3. 226,P＜0. 05). FINS levels were significantly higher in FGR rats than in the NP from the age of 30 days (male FGR rats) or 60 days (female FGR rats) to 90 days (P＜0. 05, respectively).Similarly, HOMA-IR was significantly higher in FGR rats than in the NP at the age of 30 days (male FGR rats) or 60 days (female FGR rats) to 90 days (P＜0. 05, respectively). ISI in male FGR rats showed a reduction in comparison with the NP from the age of 30 to 90 days, while as to the female FGR rats it was significantly lower than in the NP only at 60 days of age and continued to 90 days (P＜0. 05, respectively). IPGTT showed that after injection of glucose, blood glucose at all four points (from 0 min to 120 min) in both male and female FGR rats were higher than that in the NP (P＜0. 05). (3) No significant difference was observed in TG, LDL-C and HDL-C at 90 days of age between the FGR rats and NP ones, while HbA1c in the male FGR rats was significantly higher than that in the NP [(7. 03±0. 54) % vs (4. 37±0. 64)%,t= -8. 028, P＜0. 05]. Conclusions FGR rats are able to maintain glucose balance and normal insulin levels during their earlier age, while insulin sensitivity decreased from adolescence to adulthood. The change of insulin sensitivity is different between male and female FGR rats, and male FGR rats are more likely to develop insulin resistance.     

Does being born small-for-gestational-age affect cerebellar size in neonates?

Objective: To investigate how cerebellar vermis height (CVH) and transverse cerebellar diameter (TCD) measurements are affected in SGA neonates.

Methods: A total of 176 [88 SGA and 88 appropriate for gestational age (AGA)] neonates between 26 and 42 weeks of gestation were included. Midsagittal plane through the anterior fontanel and coronal plane through the left mastoid fontanel were used to measure CVH and TCD, respectively. CVH and TCD values were considered normal when they were ≥?10th percentile, according to nomograms of AGA neonates.

Results: Thirty-six asymmetric SGA neonates, 52 symmetric SGA neonates and their 88 gestational age-matched AGA controls were studied. The percentages of neonates with normal CVH and TCD in the symmetric SGA sub-group were significantly lower than those in the AGA and asymmetric SGA sub-groups. The percentages with normal CVH and TCD in the asymmetric SGA sub-group were also found to be low when compared with the AGA sub-group.

Conclusion: Growth and development of cerebellum may be less spared in SGA neonates. Further studies with larger series are needed in order to evaluate how being born SGA (symmetric and asymmetric) affects cerebellar size and also to see how these findings influence the neurocognitive outcomes of these infants at long-term follow-up.     

磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶的表达及其活性变化与妊娠期糖尿病胰岛素抵抗的关系

目的 研究磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶(phosphatidyl inositol-3 kinase,PI-3K)在妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)患者脂肪组织中的表达及其活性变化,分析其与GDM胰岛素抵抗(insulin resistance,IR)的关系.方法 采用Western印迹法、RT-PCR法分别检测20例GDM孕妇(GDM组)和20例正常妊娠晚期孕妇(正常妊娠组)脂肪组织中PI-3K p85α蛋白质和mRNA的表达,采用ELISA法检测两组孕妇脂肪组织中PI-3K的活性,葡萄糖氧化酶法和放射免疫法检测两组孕妇空腹血糖(fasting plasma glucose,FPG)及空腹胰岛素(fasting insulin,FIN)水平,并采用稳态模型(homeostasis model assessment,HOMA)计算IR指数.结果 (1)PI-3K p85a蛋白的表达GDM组高于正常妊娠组(0.93±0.04和0.71±0.06,P＜0.01).(2)GDM组PI-3K p85emRNA表达高于正常妊娠组(0.83±0.03和0.53±0.07,P＜0.01).(3)GDM组PI-3K的活性为正常妊娠组的30%,明显降低(1.7±0.6和5.2±0.5,P＜0.01)(4)GDM组FPG、FINS、HOMA-IR分别为(5.8±0.2)mmol/L、(14.8±0.2)mmol/L和1.3±0.4,正常晚孕组分别为(4.7±0.3)mmol/L、(11.2±0.3)mmol/L和0.9±0.3,两组间各指标比较均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).PI-3K活性与HOMA-IR呈负相关(r=-0.68,P＜0.01).结论 GDM患者脂肪组织中PI-3K活性降低是其发生胰岛素抵抗的分子机制之一.     

肥胖症儿童血浆脂联素与胰岛素抵抗的相关性

目的探讨血清脂联素水平与高胰岛素血症和(或)胰岛素抵抗的联系。 方法采用酶联免疫法测定2004-02—2004-12在天津医科大学总院就诊的34例肥胖儿童和31例正常对照的血清脂联素水平。分析血清脂联素与人体参数、体脂分布及糖代谢中各指标的相关关系。 结果(1)肥胖组脂联素水平低于对照组(P<0001)。(2)脂联素与性别、年龄无相关关系；与收缩压、舒张压呈负相关(相关系数分别为r=-0369，r=-0405，P<001)；与BMI、腰臀比和SF呈负相关(相关系数分别为r=-0330，r=-0282和r=-0350，P<001)；与空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素水平呈负相关(相关系数r=-0264和r=-0357，P<001)；与HOMA R呈负相关(P<001)，与HOMA β无相关关系。(3)多元回归分析表明，HOMA R是影响脂联素最为显著的因素，R2=0122；标准化偏回归系数-0369(P<001)。 结论肥胖症儿童血清脂联素水平较正常儿童降低。血清脂联素水平的变化，是影响空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素水平、HOMA R的重要因素。低脂联素血症可能参与胰岛素抵抗的发生。     

Identifying risk factors for premature rupture of membranes in small for gestational age neonates: a population-based study

Objective. To determine the prevalence and risk factors for premature rupture of membranes (PROM) among pregnancies complicated with small for gestational age (SGA) neonates.

Methods. A computerised database was used to identify deliveries of SGA neonates in pregnancies complicated with PROM between the years 1988 and 2002. Pregnancies with PROM and SGA neonates were compared to those with SGA and without PROM. Demographic, obstetric, clinical and labour characteristics were evaluated. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to determine independent risk factors for PROM in pregnancies complicated by SGA. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS package.

Results. There were 120 982 deliveries included out of which 6074 (5.99%) presented with appropriate for gestational age (AGA) neonates and PROM. A total of 1077 delivered SGA infants complicated with PROM (5.5%). After adjustment for confounding variables, the following characteristics were significantly associated with PROM and SGA: Jewish ethnicity, parity and cervical incompetence. The following complications were associated with PROM and SGA: arrest of labour, fetal distress, failed induction, cesarean delivery, clinical chorioamnionitis and placenta accreta. No significant differences regarding low Apgar scores and perinatal mortality rates were noted.

Conclusions. The risk of PROM among patients with SGA is lower than in AGA infants. Parity and cervical incompetence are risk factors for PROM among women who delivered SGA neonates. In this population there is a higher rate of arrest of labour, chorioamnionitis, fetal distress and cesarean delivery. Neonatal outcome and perinatal mortality are similar in both groups.     

孕晚期妊娠期糖尿病胰岛素抵抗和分泌关系的探讨

目的 :探讨孕晚期妊娠期糖尿病 (GDM)胰岛素抵抗和胰岛素分泌能力的相互关系 ,并研究不同空腹血糖水平与胰岛素抵抗和胰岛素分泌的关系。方法 :利用胰岛素敏感指数 (ISI)和胰岛素分泌指数 (FBCI)分析空腹血糖 (FPG)、胰岛素抵抗和胰岛素分泌水平之间的关系。结果 :(1)GDM孕妇的ISI比正常孕妇 (NP)高 (P <0 .0 0 1) ,胰岛素分泌能力差异则不显著 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;(2 )正常妊娠组ISI与FBCI呈负相关 (P <0 .0 0 1) ;(3)以GDM的ISI中位数为分界点 :ISI高于中位数时 ,GDM的FBCI高于正常孕妇 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,FBCI也与ISI呈正相关 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;(4)正常妊娠组和GDM组FPG与ISI和FBCI相关 (P<0 .0 5 )。以FPG 5 .0mmol/L和 5 .8mmol/L为分界点对GDM分组 :FPG≤ 5 .0mmol/L时 ,FPG与ISI和FBCI相关 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;5 .0 5 .8mmol/L时 ,FPG与ISI和FBCI不相关 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :与正常妊娠相比 ,胰岛素抵抗程度较低的GDM ,胰岛素分泌能力未增加 ;胰岛素抵抗程度较高的GDM ,胰岛素分泌增加不能抵偿胰岛素抵抗增加 ;FPG低于 5 .0mmol/L时更能反映机体GDM的病情。     

Pregnancy outcome and placental pathology in small for gestational age neonates in relation to the severity of their growth restriction

Purpose: To investigate neonatal outcome and placental pathology in pregnancies complicated with small for gestational age neonates (SGA), in relation to the severity of growth restriction.

Methods: The medical records and placental histology reports of all neonates with a birth-weight (BW) ≤10th percentile, born between 24–42 weeks, during 2010–2015, were reviewed. Placental lesions were classified into maternal and fetal vascular malperfusion (MVM and FVM) lesions. Results were compared between neonates with BW <5th percentile (severe SGA group), neonates with BW between 5th–10th percentile (mild SGA group) and a control group of appropriate for gestational age (AGA) neonates. Composite neonatal outcome was defined as one or more of early complications.

Results: Overall, 753 neonates were included, 238 in the severe SGA group, 266 in the mild SGA group, and 249 in the control group. The severe SGA group had higher rates of composite adverse neonatal outcome as compared with the mild SGA and control groups (37.2 versus 17.6%, versus 24.5%, respectively, p?p?Conclusions: Worse neonatal outcome and more placental MVM and FVM lesions correlate with the severity of neonatal growth restriction in a “dose-dependent” manner.     

Maternal serum placental growth factor combined with second trimester aneuploidy screening to predict small-for-gestation neonates without preeclampsia

Objective

To investigate the role of maternal serum placenta growth factor (PlGF) and quadruple test parameters in predicting the risk of small for gestational age (SGA) infants of mothers without preeclampsia.

Long-term neurocognitive outcomes in small babies

Placental insufficiency leading to fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a significant risk factor for neurodevelopmental delay. The consequence of being small for gestational age (SGA) at birth on long-term intellectual performance is also well documented. Infants born with severe FGR, with reduced head growth or preterm have the worst neurodevelopmental outcomes. There are also two distinct phenotypes of FGR which have different effects on motor, cognitive, social and behavioural domains. As yet, it remains to be determined which variables measured in the prenatal period best identify the type of fetal deterioration that is most predictive of neurodevelopmental delay. It is possible that differing management strategies for FGR may influence the chances of subsequent neurodevelopmental delay and reference is made to relevant national guidelines. Postnatally, those children born SGA/FGR who then attain a height and head circumference similar to those who were born appropriate for gestational age (AGA) achieve better cognitive outcomes.     

chemerin与GDM发病关系的研究

目的:了解妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)孕妇血清chemerin水平的变化及其临床意义。方法:采用酶联免疫吸附法测定38例GDM患者(GDM组)及40例糖耐量正常孕妇(对照组)血清chemerin水平,同时测定受试者空腹血糖(FPG),三酰甘油(TG),总胆固醇(TC),高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C),空腹胰岛素(FINS),计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)。结果:(1)GDM组血清chemerin水平显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。(2)GDM组FPG、TG、FINS、HOMA-IR水平均显著高于对照组(P均<0.05)。GDM组TC,HDL-C水平与对照组的差异无统计学意义。(3)GDM组血清chemerin水平与TG呈显著正相关(r=0.726,P<0.05)。结论:GDM患者血清chemerin水平升高,可能参与了妊娠期糖尿病孕妇糖代谢紊乱。