神经外科手术患者芬太尼-异丙酚-琥珀胆碱麻醉诱导时颅内压的变化

目的 评价神经外科手术患者芬太尼-异丙酚-琥珀胆碱麻醉诱导时颅内压（ICP）的变化。方法择期神经外科手术患者20例，采用硬膜外间隙穿刺针于L3.4或L2.3椎间隙行蛛网膜下腔穿刺，监测脑脊液压力（CSFP）。麻醉诱导时，静脉注射芬太尼2～3μg／kg，5min后以50mg／min静脉注射异丙酚2mg／kg，3min后静脉注射琥珀胆碱1．5mg／kg，达满意肌松后气管插管。记录麻醉诱导前（基础值）、注射芬太尼后5min、注射异丙酚后1、2、3min、肌颤时和气管插管后即刻CSFP。结果与基础值相比，注射异丙酚后1、2、3min及肌颤时CSFP均降低（P〈0．05），气管插管后即刻CSFP差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论神经外科手术患者芬太尼-异丙酚-琥珀胆碱麻醉诱导可降低ICP，且可避免气管插管引起的ICP升高。     

重型颅脑损伤后脑组织氧分压和颅内压监测及其临床意义

目的探求重型颅脑损伤患者颅内压(ICP)和脑组织氧分压(PbtO2)的变化及临床意义。方法选择重型脑损伤患者(GCS<8)28例,PbtO2持续监测,同时行颅内压(ICP)、血电解质、动脉血氧分压(PaO2)、动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)测定;分析ICP和PbtO2的变化规律及意义。结果(1)伤后24小时PbtO2≤5mmHg,ICP≥40mmHg无法降压者预后不良;(2)伤后ICP、PaO2、PaCO2明显影响患者PbtO2;(3)没有发生与插入监测电极相关的并发症。结论脑组织氧分压测定是一种安全、可靠、灵敏的脑组织氧合程度监测方法,可反映出重型脑损伤后的脑组织缺血缺氧情况,提示预后,对临床治疗具有重要的指导作用。     

床旁超声联合脑室内颅内压监测在颅脑外伤所致颅内压增高患者诊断中的临床价值

目的探究床旁超声联合脑室内颅内压监测在颅脑外伤所致颅内压增高患者诊断中的临床价值。方法将2015年6月至2018年6月收治的80例颅脑外伤所致颅内压增高患者作为研究对象,按照入院先后均分为观察组和对照组。对照组患者行单纯脑室内颅内压监测,观察组患者在此基础上行床旁超声检查。分析、比较观察组中ICP正常和增高患者的ICP及眼球后各测量点ONSD水平,对两种诊断方式在诊断ICP增高上的临床价值进行对比。结果 ICP正常组患者的ICP水平显著低于ICP增高组,同时在眼球后3mm、5mm、7mm的ONSD水平均明显低于ICP增高组,差异比较有统计学意义(P0.05)。床旁超声联合脑室内颅内压检查、单纯脑室内颅内压监测在诊断ICP增高上的敏感度、特异度、准确度以及阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为96.97%、71.43%、92.50%、94.12%、83.33%和75.86%、36.36%、65.00%、75.86%、36.36%。两种诊断方式在敏感度、准确度以及阳性预测值上比较有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论颅脑损伤患者的ICP水平随其ONSD的升高而增高,床旁超声联合脑室内颅内压监测在预测、诊断ICP异常增高上具有较高的临床价值。     

过度通气对异丙酚麻醉病人颅内压和颈内静脉血氧饱和度及血氧含量差的影响

异丙酚因诱导麻醉平稳,可控性好,能降低颅内压,而越来越多地用于颅脑手术的麻醉.颅脑手术麻醉期间常采用人工过度通气降低颅内压(ICP),异丙酚和过度通气均可引起脑血流明显减少[1],有致脑氧失衡的可能.故在异丙酚静脉麻醉下确定何种程度过度通气既能降低颅内压又不致于脑氧供需失衡非常重要,而国内外未见类似报道.本研究主要探讨不同呼气末二氧化碳分压(PETCO2)对异丙酚静脉麻醉病人颅内压、颈内静脉血氧饱和度(SjvO2)、动脉、颈内静脉血氧含量差值[C(a-jv)O2]的影响.为临床合理使用过度通气提供依据.     

传递函数方法建立颅内压动态模型研究

目的 观察平均动脉压(MAP)与颅内压(ICP)的定量关系,探讨无创颅内压(nICP)的连续、定量输出方法.方法 建立兔急性颅内压增高(iICP)模型并采集MAP、ICP、VMCA、RI、PI、PErCO2等数据.取每8 s的平均颅内压、血压及心率值为1组数据.共采集数据5000组.用传递函数方法建立以MAP为输入端,以定量ICP为输出端的、考虑生物体机能的数学模型并验证其可靠性.结果 通过多元线性回归方法得到的基本IRF为:ICP=0.21 MAP+6.15 PI+19.69 RI0.33 CO2.iICP的定量输出模型为:ICPt=c(1)MA Pt+c(2)PIit+c(3)RIt+c(4)CO2t+c(5)MAPt-1+t;t=c(6)t-1+t.将实验数据代入该方程所得到的即时ICP模拟曲线与同一动物的ICP实测曲线拟合满意、预测准确.结论 基于无创血压、经颅多普勒(TCD)数据和实时获取的SCA的数学模型可以较好地估算nICP.     

无创联合有创颅内压监测在外伤性脑肿胀治疗中的应用

目的探讨闪光视觉诱发电位无创和简易有创颅内压联合监测颅内压(ICP)值对治疗外伤性急性脑肿胀的指导作用以及临床意义。方法 2010年1月~2014年12月我科运用无创颅内压和简易有创颅内压联合监测治疗外伤性急性脑肿胀患者39例。GCS评分3~5分8例,6~8分17例,9~12分14例。CT中线移位<5 mm者11例,5~10 mm者10例,中线移位>10 mm者6例,双侧弥漫性脑肿胀12例。根据患者初始ICP值分为三种类型:(1)轻度颅高压型(ICPl5~25 mm Hg)11例;(2)中度颅高压型(ICP25~35 mm Hg)13例;(3)重度颅高压型(ICP>35 mm Hg)15例。结果本组轻、中、重型患者预后良好率分别为90.1%(10/11)、61.5%(8/13)和20%(3/15),预后不良率分别为9.1%(1/11)、38.5%(5/13)和80%(12/15);组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论外伤性急性脑肿胀患者入院时ICP值与患者预后密切相关;运用无创及有创ICP联合监测患者颅内压简单实用,可在基层医院积极推广应用;同时联合脑室外引流术对治疗外伤性急性脑肿胀有重要的临床指导作用。     

七氟醚和异丙酚复合麻醉下妇科腹腔镜手术患者脑血流量和颅内压的比较

目的 比较七氟醚和异丙酚复合麻醉下妇科腹腔镜手术患者的脑血流量(CBF)和颅内压(ICP).方法 择期拟行妇科腹腔镜手术患者40例,年龄20～59岁,体重44～69kg,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,随机分为2组(n=20):七氟醚复合麻醉组(S组)和异丙酚复合麻醉组(P组).麻醉诱导:S组吸人8%七氟醚,P组TCI异丙酚(Ce 4μg/ml),两组均TCI瑞芬太尼(Ce 6ng/ml),睫毛反射消失后,静脉注射顺阿曲库铵0.15mg/kg,BIS<45时行气管插管.麻醉诱导后瑞芬太尼Ce下调为3 ng/ml,调节异丙酚Ce和七氟醚吸人浓度,维持BIS 45～50,于麻醉诱导前水平仰卧位稳定后5 min(T1)、水平截石位稳定后5 min(T2)、气管插管后即刻(T3)、气管插管后5 min(T4)、气腹头低位后即刻(T5)、气腹头低位后15 min(T6)及气腹放气后10 min(T7)时采用经颅多普勒超声测定大脑中动脉脑血流速率(CBFV)和搏动指数(PI).结果 与T1时比较,P组T3,4,7时CBFV降低,T3,4时P1降低,S组T4,7时CBFV降低,两组T5,6时PI升高(P<0.05);与T4时比较,两组T5,6时CBFV升高(P<0.05);与S组比较,P组T3时CBFV降低,T3,4时PI降低(P<0.05).结论 与七氟醚复合麻醉相比,异丙酚复合麻醉下妇科腹腔镜手术患者麻醉诱导后CBF和ICP明显降低;气腹后CBF和ICP均升高.     

芬太尼咪唑安定静脉复合麻醉用于脑神经外科手术的临床研究

目的 观察芬太尼、咪唑安定和普鲁卡因静脉复合麻醉对脑神经外科手术患者颅内压、血液动力学和血气分析的影响。方法 100例ASA Ⅰ-Ⅱ级的择期手术患者随机分为观察组(Ⅰ组)和对照组(Ⅱ组)。Ⅰ组诱导药为咪唑安定0.2mg·kg~(-1)、硫贲妥钠(3～5)mg·kg~(-1)、司可林1.5mg·kg~(-1),维持用药为2％普鲁卡因内加芬太尼0.4mg,咪唑安定20mg;Ⅱ组诱导药氟芬合剂2～4ml、硫贲妥钠(3～5)mg·kg~(-1),司可林1.5mg·kg~(-1),维持药为2％普鲁卡因内加芬太尼0.4mg、安定20mg。另两组各选10例行腰穿置管,连续观察脑脊液压力。结果 Ⅰ组CSFP下降显著(P<0.01);Ⅰ组血压下降幅度大于Ⅱ组,但无明显差异;两组血气分析均在正常范围内。结论 芬太尼、咪唑安定和普鲁卡因复合麻醉能有效地降低颅内压和血压,是脑神经外科手术良好的麻醉药物组合。     

23.4%高渗盐水治疗重型颅脑损伤并颅内高压效果分析

目的探讨23.4%高渗盐水治疗重型颅脑损伤并颅高压的效果。方法随机将100例重型颅脑损伤并颅高压患者分为2组,各50例。观察组输注23.4%高渗盐水,对照组给予20%甘露醇。比较2组颅内压监测时间、ICU住院时间,2周病死率,颅内压高负荷的累积率及每日颅内压高负荷时间的差异。结果观察组的ICU住院时间少于对照组,颅内压高负荷的累积率及每日颅内压高负荷的时间低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);2组ICP监测时间与2周病死率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对重型颅脑损伤患者快速注射高渗盐水在降低颅内压高负荷的累积率及颅内压高负荷时间比甘露醇效果更好,可缩短重型颅脑损伤患者的ICU住院时间。     

小剂量氯胺酮对颅脑手术患者颅内压的影响

目的观察小剂量氯胺酮对颅脑手术患者颅内压的影响。方法选择20例需行开颅手术的颅内肿瘤患者,随机分为氯胺酮组(K组)和对照组(C组),每组10例:K组在麻醉诱导后给予氯胺酮0.2mg/kg静脉注射,然后以6μg/(kg·min)泵入维持至缝皮,C组给予等量生理盐水。于麻醉前、诱导、插管、切皮、钻孔、去骨瓣以及手术结束时测定两组颅内压(ICP)、平均动脉压(MAP)、脑灌注压(CPP)和心率(HR)。结果两组比较ICP、MAP、CPP、HR差异无显著性(P>0.05);组内较比,去骨瓣及术毕时两组ICP都显著低于麻醉前(P<0.05)。两组各时点CPP均维持在9.3kPa(70mmHg)以上。结论小剂量氯胺酮不升高ICP,可应用于颅脑外科手术麻醉。     

股静脉测压法和膀胱测压法在危重患者腹内压监测中的比较

目的：比较股静脉测压法和膀胱测压法在危重患者腹内压（IAP）监测中的应用价值.方法：对2013年1-6月住院治疗的20例ICU重症患者,分别使用两种测压方法进行IAP监测,均每8 h 1次,连续测定3 d,每次随机选择两种方法的测量顺序,共测量720次,比较两种测压法在读数精准性、测压数值、操作时间、并发症和医护人员满意度等方面的异同.结果：股静脉测压法所测压力数值与膀胱测压法相近[（14.14±4.33）mmHg比（12.91±4.75）mmHg,P〉0.05];但是股静脉测压法的操作时间[（57.94±19.00）s]较膀胱测压法更短[（112.49±27.07）s,P〈0.05];股静脉测压法读数精准率（84.44%）较膀胱测压法（49.44%）高（P〈0.01）,操作并发症低至1.1%（4例次）,远低于膀胱测压法的5.3%（19例次,P〈0.05）;医护人员满意度达（3.90±0.26）分,优于膀胱测压法[（2.48±0.19）分,P〈0.01].结论：相对于膀胱测压法而言,股静脉测压法具有测压值相似、操作时间短、读数精准度高、操作并发症少、接纳度高等优点,值得在危重患者IAP监测中推广.     

间歇正压通气和呼气末正压通气对犬眼内压的影响

目的 探讨间歇正压通气(IPPV)和呼气末正压通气(PEEP)对犬眼内压(10P)的影响.方法 实验犬8只,麻醉后分别监测基础条件下和各种机械通气条件下的IOP、CVP、MAP.结果 实施20 ml/kg和30 ml/kg两种不同潮气量的IPPV时IOP差异无统计学意义.实施10、15、20cm H20三种不同压力值的PEEP时IOP均显著升高(P<0.01).结论 IPPV对IOP影响不大,PEEP可使IOP显著升高.     

Changes in intracranial pulse pressure amplitudes after shunt implantation and adjustment of shunt valve opening pressure in normal pressure hydrocephalus

Summary Background  We have previously reported that the intracranial pulse pressure amplitudes were elevated in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) patients responding to shunt surgery. Whether or not shunt implantation or adjustment of the shunt valve opening pressure modifies the intracranial pulse pressure amplitudes in NPH patients remains to be established. This report summarises our observations. Patients and methods  Thirteen patients with NPH (idiopathic in nine and secondary in four) are presented in whom continuous intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring was done before and after shunt implantation. In two, ICP monitoring was also done during adjustment of shunt valve opening pressure. The mean ICP and mean ICP wave amplitude (i.e. pulse pressure amplitudes) were determined in 6-s time windows. Results  After shunt implantation there was a fall in both mean ICP and mean ICP wave amplitude; the reduction in the two ICP parameters correlated significantly. However, mean ICP in the supine position was normal (i.e. <15 mmHg) in 12 of 13 patients before shunt placement, and remained normal after shunting. According to our criteria, the mean ICP wave amplitudes were elevated before shunting in 12 of 13 patients and became “normalised” the day after shunting in nine patients. The reduction in mean ICP wave amplitude after shunt was highly significant at the group level. Moreover, adjustment of shunt valve opening pressure modified the levels of mean ICP wave amplitudes. Conclusions  The present observations in 13 NPH patients indicate that shunt implantation reduces mean ICP wave amplitudes. Moreover, the level of reduction can be tailored by adjustment of the shunt valve opening pressure.     

Associations between intracranial pressure, intraocular pressure and mean arterial pressure in patients with traumatic and non-traumatic brain injuries

Introduction

Anatomical proximity of the eye and the intracranial space is a fact but the existence of physiological and pathophysiological relationships between them is elusive. The objective of this study was to explore anatomical and pathophysiological interactions between the eye and the intracranial space and to assess clinical utility of intraocular pressure measurement in estimation of intracranial pressure in patients with brain injuries and to discover how haemodynamic instability could influence these interactions. Controversy surrounds the recent literature concerning this problem and the consensus has not been achieved.

Materials and methods

We evaluated the correlation between intracranial pressure and intraocular pressure, intracranial pressure and mean arterial pressure, intraocular pressure and mean arterial pressure in 40 patients with brain injuries initially comatose, admitted to our hospital. All patients required the intracranial pressure monitoring on clinical grounds. Simultaneous recordings of intracranial pressure, intraocular pressure and mean arterial pressure were performed.

Results

We calculated both the linear correlation coefficient and the Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient for all three relations. We found significant correlation between intraocular pressure and mean arterial pressure in 63% of the tested population. When the power of the test was increased, by considering only patients with 11 or more observations, this ratio increased to 76%. However, the correlation between intraocular pressure and intracranial pressure, as well as, between intracranial pressure and mean arterial pressure was not significant.

Conclusions

There is no anatomical and pathophysiological basis for the statement that intraocular pressure can be used as an indirect estimator of intracranial pressure.     

Sodium nitroprusside and intracranial pressure

Summary The effects of sodium nitroprusside on intracranial pressure were studied in 10 patients, candidates for surgical treatment, prior to anaesthesia. Blood pressure was lowered to at least 50% of its initial value. In all cases, at the beginning of nitroprusside infusion, both the mean and the pulse intracranial pressures increased (mean increase: 83.2% of the initial value). At a certain moment, however, while the blood pressure continued to fall, the mean intracranial pressure did not increase any more; on the contrary, it decreased. On the other hand, in many cases, the pulse intracranial pressure continued to increase. No neurological or EEG changes were observed.The possible changes of cerebral circulation and CSF dynamics underlying the phenomena observed are discussed.     

Iliac venous pressure estimates central venous pressure after laparotomy

Background

Central venous pressure (CVP) is traditionally obtained through subclavian or internal jugular central catheters; however, many patients who could benefit from CVP monitoring have only femoral lines. The accuracy of illiac venous pressure (IVP) as a measure of CVP is unknown, particularly following laparotomy.

Methods

This was a prospective, observational study. Patients who had both internal jugular or subclavian lines and femoral lines already in place were eligible for the study. Pressure measurements were taken from both lines in addition to measurement of bladder pressure, mean arterial pressure, and peak airway pressure. Data were evaluated using paired t-test, Bland-Altman analysis, and linear regression.

Results

Measurements were obtained from 40 patients, 26 of which had laparotomy. The mean difference between measurements was 2.2 mm Hg. There were no significant differences between patients who had laparotomy and nonsurgical patients (P = 0.93). Bland-Altman analysis revealed a bias of 1.63 ± 2.44 mm Hg. There was no correlation between IVP accuracy and bladder pressure, mean arterial pressure, or peak airway pressure.

Conclusions

IVP is an adequate measure of CVP, even in surgical patients who have had recent laparotomy. Measurement of IVP to guide resuscitation is encouraged in patients who have only femoral venous catheter access.     

体位变化对脑室引流术患者颅内压和平均动脉压及脑灌注压的影响

目的 探讨脑室引流患者的体位变化对平均动脉压、颅内压和脑灌注压的影响.方法 对60例接受过脑室穿刺术并留置脑室引流管患者,监测其抬高床头0°、15°、30°、45°时的颅内压(ICP)和平均动脉压(MAP),再计算出脑灌注压(CPP),比较不同体位状态下患者的MAP、ICP和CPP.结果 ICP随着床头的抬高而显著降低...     

Urethral pressure and pressure variations in stress incontinent women and women with unstable detrusor

The urethral pressure and pressure variations were studied in ten genuine stress incontinent women and twenty-six women with unstable detrusor based on 1 hour recordings. In the stress incontinent women the mean maximum urethral pressure (mMUP) calculated from 1 hour continuous urethral pressure recordings was 49 cm H₂O and the mean maximum urethral closure pressure (mMUCP) was 38 cm H₂O. When analysed in relation to previous data from healthy women the mMUP and the mMUCP were significantly reduced. The urethral pressure variation (UPV) is a normal physiological activity of the urethra, also occurring in stress incontinent and unstable detrusor patients. The UPV amplitude of the stress incontinent women was reduced, indicating that the UPVs are related to the baseline pressure in urethra but still part of the complex pathophysiological changes occurring in urethra during stress incontinence. In the unstable detrusor group the parameters were within the range of the normal material except for the abrupt urethral pressure drop followed by detrusor contraction. However, these events were clearly different from the rhythmic urethral pressure variations which seem to discern from the pathogenesis of the unstable detrusor.     

Blood pressure assessment in haemodialysis patients: Comparison between pre-dialysis blood pressure and ambulatory blood pressure measurement

Aim: Hypertension is common in haemodialysis (HD) patients. Determining the most appropriate method of blood pressure (BP) measurement, representative of target organ damage, is still an issue. BP variations between pre‐ and post‐HD treatment, or between on‐dialysis day and off‐dialysis day, are common. The aim of this study was to examine the possible differences between pre‐HD office BP (OBP) levels, inter‐HD (iHD) or HD day 24 h ambulatory BP measurement (ABPM) with 48 h ABPM, where the latter was considered the gold standard. Methods: 163 HD patients were studied. BP was monitored consecutively for 48 h with a Takeda TM2421 device, then sub‐analysed into two periods of 24 h: HD and iHD day. An average of 12 sessions pre‐HD OBP measurements was determined. Results: OBP significantly overestimates systolic (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) when compared with 48 h ABPM. SBP and DBP are significantly higher on iHD day than on HD day: 141.2 ± 20.8 versus 137.9 ± 20.9, and 77.1 ± 11.1 versus 76.1 ± 10.9 (P < 0.01). No differences of SBP night/day ratio were reported between 48 h ABPM and iHD 24 h ABPM or HD 24 h ABPM. The highest correlations were reported between 48 h SBP/DBP with iHD or HD 24 h ABPM (r² = 0.95, P < 0.001), while the lowest between 48 h SBP/DBP and OBP (r² = 0.40, P < 0.01, r² = 0.12, P < 0.01). The narrowest limits of agreement using the Bland and Altman test were reported between 48 h SBP or DBP and 24 h iHD or HD day ABPM. Considering 48 h ABPM, 80.5% of patients had BP higher than the norm, compared with 61.7% of patients in the case of OBP (χ² = 13.28, P < 0.001). The sensibility for detecting hypertension for iHD day 24 h ABPM was 98.4%, with specificity of 90%. The sensibility of 24 h HD day ABPM was 90.3%, with specificity 96.6%. In the case of OBP, sensibility and specificity were considerably lower, that is, 72.6% and 83.3% respectively. Conclusion: Significant differences are shown between OBP and 48 h ABPM in the recognition of a hypertensive state. OBP measurement has a lower sensibility and specificity than 24 h ABPM, which remains a valid alternative approach to 48 h ABPM in HD patients. Errors of OBP estimation should be taken into account, with possible negative impact on treatment strategies and epidemiology studies.     

Incisional negative pressure therapy reduces complications and costs in pressure ulcer reconstruction

Complications after pressure ulcer reconstruction are common. A complication rate of 21% to 58% and a 27% wound recurrence has been reported. The aim of this study was to decrease postoperative wound‐healing complications with incisional negative pressure wound therapy (iNPWT) postoperatively. This was a prospective non‐randomised trial with a historic control. Surgically treated pressure ulcer patients receiving iNPWT were included in the prospective part of the study (Treatment group) and compared with the historic patient cohort of all consecutive surgically treated pressure ulcer patients during a 2‐year period preceding the initiation of iNPWT (Control). There were 24 patients in the Control and 37 in the Treatment groups. The demographics between groups were similar. There was a 74% reduction in in‐hospital complications in the Treatment group (10.8% vs 41.7%, P = 0.0051), 27% reduction in the length of stay (24.8 vs 33.8 days, P = 0.0103), and a 78% reduction in the number of open wounds at 3 months (5.4 vs 25%, P = ?0.0481). Recurrent wounds and history of previous surgery were risk factors for complications. Incisional negative pressure wound therapy shortens hospital stay, number of postoperative complications, and the number of recurrent open wounds at 3 months after reconstructive pressure ulcer surgery, resulting in significant cost savings.