2型糖尿病患者心血管自主神经功能与QT离散离及室性心律失常关系的研究

为探讨2型糖尿病患者心血管自主神经功能与QT离散度（QTd)及室性心律失常的关系。随机选取2型糖尿病患者60例,按标准心血管自主神经功能试验（下简称神功试验）结果分为阳性（异常）组35例和阴性组25例,另取35例健康人作为对照组。分别测定QTd和经心率校正的QTd(QTcd),同时记录24小时室性心律失常的发生率,进行对比分析。结果 60例糖尿病患者心血管神功试验的阳性率为58.3%,阳性组的QTd、QTcd较阴性组明显延长,室性心律失常及复杂性室性心律失常的发生率明显增高（P均＜0.01)。认为糖尿病患者的心血管自主神经功能与QTd与QTcd明显增加,其可能是导致室性心律失常和心源性猝死的重要原因之一。     

平板运动试验QTd、QTcd、JTd对老年冠心病的诊断价值

QT离散度（QTd）预测严重室性心律失常和心源性猝死的价值已得到公认。文献报道冠心病患者QTd明显增大。近年来，QTc（用心率校正的QT间期）延长及QTd增大的临床意义不断受到重视。但对于老年冠心病患者报道较少。本文通过对38例明确诊断冠心病的老年患者行运动试验，对比其运动前后的QTd、QTc、JTd的变化，以比较其对冠心病的诊断价值。     

老年缺血性心脏病患者跨室壁复极离散度心电学检测及临床意义

目的探讨老年缺血性心脏病患者跨室壁复极离散度的心电学检测及临床意义。方法选择老年缺血性心脏病患者159例为实验组,健康体检者143例为对照组;2组均行12导联心电图检查,测定T波峰末间期(Tp-e)、QTc、QTd、Tp-e/QTc;行24h动态心电图,实验组根据室性心律失常发生情况分为无室性心律失常组58例,室性期前收缩组76例,室性心动过速组25例;随访6~48个月,根据实验组死亡情况分为死亡组35例、存活组103例及猝死组21例,观察Tp-e、QTd、Tp-e/QTc与室性心律失常、心源性猝死的关系。结果与对照组比较,实验组和猝死组Tp-e、QTc、QTd、Tp-e/QTc明显升高(P<0.05,P<0.01);猝死组Tp-e、QTc、QTd、Tp-e/QTc较存活组和死亡组明显升高(P<0.05);与无室性心律失常组比较,室性期前收缩组和室性心动过速组Tp-e、QTc、QTd、Tp-e/QTc明显升高;与室性期前收缩组比较,室性心动过速组Tp-e、QTc、QTd、Tp-e/QTc明显升高;Tp-e、QTd、Tp-e/QTc与室性心律失常、心源性猝死相关(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论 Tp-e、QTc、QTd、Tp-e/QTc能够反映老年缺血性心脏病跨室壁复极离散度的变化,其值增大可能是老年缺血性心脏病发生心源性猝死的危险指标。     

急性心肌梗塞QT离散度与室性心律失常和猝死的关系

目的 探讨急性心肌梗塞QT离散度(QTd)与室性心律失常与猝死的关系。方法对265例急性心肌梗塞患者的入院与出院时体表心电图QT问期测量值及30倒正常人测量值对比分析，并分析其与室性心律失常发生率间的关系。结果急性心肌梗塞组的QTd和JTd明显高于正常对照组(P<0.001)。生存组入院与出院时QTd与JTd两组问差异有显著性。QTd≥60ms者室性心律失常发生率高于QTd<60ms者(P<0．01)。猝死组QTd明显高于正常对照组(P<0．001)。结论QTd的增加与室性心律失常和猝死有一定的关系。     

室性心律失常与Q-T离散度的关系分析

体表心电图测量到的Q-T间期反映了心室肌跨膜动作电位的时间，代表心肌的复极过程。各导联的QT差值被称为QT离散度(QTd)，代表心室肌复极不同步性和电不稳定性的程度。对预测急性心肌梗死、心肌疾病和慢性心衰患者发生室性心动过速，室颤或猝死等具有重要意义。本文对动态心电图(DCG)检出的46例恶性室性心律失常患者与35例正常人的QTd进行分析比较，旨在探讨QTd与室性心律失常的关系。     

心力衰竭时室性心律失常发生机制研究进展

慢性充血性心力衰竭(慢性心衰)时较易产生室性心律失常,室性早搏(室早)或成对室早发生率87%,非持续性室性心动过速发生率45%[1]。慢性心衰时室性心律失常与心源性猝死的关系如何是人们研究的焦点。慢性心衰心源性猝死率很高,占其总死亡率的50`%。防治慢性心衰恶性室性心律失常的发生,确切降低心源性猝死率,还有待于对其发生机制的深入了解。本文旨在从“机械电反馈”,心肌微小纤维化所引起的“电负荷改变”、心肌钾通道下调所引起的“电不稳定”,以及“电重构”四个方面的最近研究进展综述慢性心衰时室性心律失常的发生机制。1　血流动力…     

老年急性心肌梗塞QT及JT离散度与室性心律失常的关系

目的观察急性心肌梗塞（AMI）患者早期心电图QT离散度（QTd）及JT离散度（JTd）的变化，以探讨老年AMI患者QTd、JTd与室性心律失常的关系。方法测量老年组AMI患者109例和非老年组AMI患者34例心电图的QT、JT间期，计算其QTd及JTd。结果（1）QTd及JTd在老年组分别为64．77±21．67ms、60．00±22．38ms，非老年组为55．59±11．33ms、49．41±14．99ms，两组比较差异极为显著（P＜0．01）。（2）QTd、JTd在老年组发生室性心律失常分别为78．89±24．24ms、76．00±24．81ms，在非老年组发生室性心律失常分别为60．76±14．41ms、61．54±14．63ms，两组比较差异显著（P＜0．05）。（3）老年组QTd、JTd≥100ms者全部发生恶性室性心律失常，显著高于QTD、JTd＜100ms者（P＜0．01）。结论老年AMI患者QTd、JTd值越大，室性心律失常的发生率越高，QTd、JTd可作为预测室性心律失常发生的一项重要指标。     

冠心病患者QT及JT间期离度增加与恶性心律失常的关系

目的探讨冠心病患者QT间期离散度（QTd和JT间期离散度（JTd）的增加与室性心动过速、室性颤动（恶性心律失常）的关系。方法测定冠心病（心绞痛型和心力衰竭型）患者中恶性心律失常组（22例）与无恶性心律失常组（30例）之体表12导联心电图的QTd及JTd。结果恶性心律失常组的QTd和JTd分别为72．7±23．1ms和72．8±21．9ms,明显高于无恶性心律失常组（38.2±16．8ms和37．1±16.2ms），差异显著（P＜0．01）。如以QTd值＞40ms或≥80ms分别预测出现恶性心律失常的可能，其敏感性分别为64．5％和100％，特异性分别为90．5％和63．8％，预测值分别为90．9％和100％。结论冠心病病人的QTd或JTd明显增加时，易发生恶性心律失常。提示检测QTd或JTd是预测冠心病病人发生恶性心律失常的一种简单可靠的方法。     

充血性心力衰竭QT离散度变化及美托洛尔对其影响

目的 :测定充血性心力衰竭 （CHF）患者的 QT离散度 （QTd）及美托洛尔对 QTd的影响。方法 :110例 CHF患者和 5 0例健康人同时作 QTd测量 ,CHF患者中 38例进行美托洛尔治疗 ,与未使用美托洛尔的 78例作比较。结果 :CHF患者的 QTd明显高于健康人 （P<0 .0 1） ;QTd与心功能受损的程度呈正相关 ;CHF伴室性心律失常者QTd大于不伴室性心律失常者 （P<0 .0 5 ） ;予美托洛尔治疗后 CHF患者 QTd明显缩短 （P<0 .0 5 ）。结论 :CHF患者 QTd明显增大。美托洛尔可使 QTd缩小 ,对防治严重心律失常和猝死有重要意义     

急性颅脑损伤合并脑心综合征患者QT离散度的临床意义

目的探讨QT离散度（QTd）在急性颅脑损伤合并脑心综合征患者中预测室性心律失常的临床价值。方法将急性颅脑损伤合并脑心综合征患者50例分为非室性心律失常组39例（A组）和室性心律失常组11例（B组）,另选50例健康体检者作为对照组,用12导联同步心电图测量各组的QTd及心率校正后的QTd（QTcd）数值。结果 A组QTd及QTcd与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;B组较A组和对照组的QTd及QTcd均明显增加,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论急性颅脑损伤合并脑心综合征患者发生室性心律失常者QTd及QTcd显著增加,QTd及QTcd可作为预测该类患者发生室性心律失常的一个可靠指标。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Angiographic diagnosis of the degree of serosal invasion of carcinoma of the colon

Angiography using Prostaglandin El^® was performed on 38 patients with carcinoma of the colon in order to diagnose the degree of serosal cancer invasion. The findings at angiography were classified into four groups:1) AG-S3, abnormal change (irregularity and/or encasement) up to marginal vessels; 2) AG-S2, abnormality up to vasa recta; 3) AG-S1, abnormality of penetrating branches of vasa recta within the wall of the colon; and 4) AG-S0, no distinct findings of abovementioned vessels. These angiographic findings were compared with both macroscopic and microscopic serosal cancer invasion. Angiographic diagnosis is in accord with the macroscopic findings in 84.2 percent of cases. Angiographic diagnosis is in accord with the microscopic findings in 32.4 percent of cases. Macroscopic findings confirm the angiographic diagnosis precisely but the conflict with microscopic findings should not be overlooked. This may be the result of inflammatory change, adhesion, and fibrosis around carcinoma of the colon.