肝门部胆管癌的临床诊断与手术治疗分析

目的探讨肝门部胆管癌的临床诊断方法及两种不同手术方法的预后。方法选取2002年12月至2008年3月就诊的肝门部胆管癌患者43例作为研究对象,回顾性分析所有患者的临床表现、影像学检查结果、手术方式、生存率等临床资料,所有对象按手术方法分为根治性切除术组（22例）和姑息性切除术组（21例）,对比分析两组间患者的术后并发症发生率,1、3、5年生存率有无统计学差异。结果临床表现以黄疸最为常见,占86．0％,其次是尿黄（81．4％）和皮肤瘙痒（72．1％）;经过常规超声、CT及MRI联合检查,根治性切除术组和姑息性切除术组对肝门部胆管癌检出率分别为90．9％和95．2％;MRI诊断阳性率明显高于超声诊断阳性率（χ^2=7．379,P〈0．01）。根治性切除术组患者并发症发生率明显高于姑息性切除术组（χ^2=14．321,P〈0．01）,1、3、5年生存率也明显高于姑息性切除术组（r=6．018、χ^2=2．842、r=17．483,P〈0．05）。结论对于肝门部胆管癌患者,MRI诊断阳性率明显高于超声,采取超声联合CT或MRI可提高早期诊断率;根治性切除术治疗肝门部胆管癌,能够提高此类患者的远期存活率。     

肝门部胆管癌的诊断和治疗

肝门部胆管癌是普通外科治疗的难题之一。近年来随着对肝门部胆管癌的基础和临床研究的不断深入,其诊疗水平有了不断提高。笔者从肝门部胆管癌的临床病理特点、分期分型、诊断、治疗、预后、等进行了全面阐述,以期提高对肝门部胆管癌的全面认识。     

肝门部胆管癌早期诊断与根治

29例肝门部胆管癌,积极根治并肝切除16例取得良好效果,3～8年随访全部存活,其中8例已达5年,2例硬化性胆管癌达28年,而11例姑息手术病例均于术后30天内死亡,根治手术组与姑息手术组比较有较大差异。作者认为常规早期诊断与积极根治切除并不增加病死率,但可提高手术切除率、延长术后生存率,而术前根据病史、现代影象学检查如B型超声波、P T C、CT及手术探查,可以早期发现病人。     

肝门部胆管癌的诊断

肝门部胆管癌（Hilar bile duct carcinoma)是指累及胆囊管开口以上1／3的肝外胆管并常扩展至肝管汇合和一侧或双侧肝管的癌，自1954年Browns完成第1例手术切除，到1965年美国耶鲁大学内科医生Klastkin对13例手术结果进行7总结，并指出此类肿瘤局限生长而远处转移少，早期诊断困难，根治性切除率低，姑息性切除或引流可有效延长生命。这些最初的认识都符合实际并不在不断深化和积累中，随着临床上认识和警惕性的提高及影像学检查手段的进步，肝门部胆管癌的报道呈增多的趋势，但其术前诊断困难，根治性切除率低，预后差，仍期待着人们进一步探索和研究。     

肝门胆管癌的临床诊断

目的：探求实用和有效的诊断肝门胆管癌的方法。方法：对61例肝门胆管癌及50例良性胆道疾病（肝门胆管结石伴肝管狭窄、肝门胆管损伤性狭窄）的临床表现,实验室和影像检查结果比较分析。结果：肝门胆管癌的主要表现为梗阻性黄疸和右上腹痛。肝门胆管癌病人血清CA19－9水平显著高于良性对照组（P＜0．01）。血清CA19－9,CEA诊断肝门胆管癌的敏感性和特异性分别是83．6％,17．4％和68％,100％。B超,电脑彩超,CT,MRI诊断肝门胆管癌的敏感性和特异性分别是70％,97％,71．9％,78．3％和95．7％,100％,90．9％,87．5％。所有46例肝门胆管癌病人行MRC均能明确显示胆管梗阻部位和扩张的肝门胆管树。结论：血清CA19－9有助于肝门胆管癌的诊断。彩超,MRI结合MRC是诊断肝门胆管癌的首选影技术。     

肝门部胆管癌52例分析

探讨肝门部胆管癌早期诊断方法和手术方式对患者预后的影响。方法 回顾性分析经手术和病理确诊的肝门部胆管癌５２例临床特征，手术方式和随访结果。结果 本组手术切全２８全我院总手术切除５３．８％，其中根治性切除１９例，姑息性切除９例，行胆管内，外引流术２４例。     

肝门部胆管癌53例手术治疗分析

能使患者获得最长生存期.联合肝叶切除可提高手术切除率,但对于仅能达到姑息切除或腹腔干淋巴结转移阳性者,联合肝叶切除并未能延长患者生存期.     

204例肝门部胆管癌的临床分析

目的 探讨肝门部胆管癌的手术疗效及影响其预后的因素.方法 回顾性分析中国医科大学附属第一医院1996年1月至2007年5月收治的204例肝门部胆管癌的临床资料,并进行多因素Cox回归模型预后因素分析.结果 204例按Bismuth-Corlette分型:Ⅰ型18例,Ⅱ型40例,Ⅲa型30例,Ⅲb型53例,Ⅳ型57例.其余6例未分型.术前行彩超、CT检查和MRCP检查与术中Bismuth分型对照,诊断符合率分别为53.7%、76.4%、100%.手术切除肿瘤92例,其中根治性切除(R0)55例,姑息性切除(R1、R2)37例.胆道探查置管引流98例,开腹探查6例,同种异体原位肝移植手术2例.手术切除组和非手术切除组生存率差异有统计学意义(x2=36.4,P<0.01),根治性切除组和姑息性切除组生存率差异有统计学意义(X2=22.9,P<0.05).Cox模型多因素分析表明手术方式、肿瘤细胞分化程度是二个独立的预后因素.结论 肝门部胆管癌的治疗以手术切除为主,只有根治性切除才能达到最佳疗效.     

肝门部胆管癌223例临床分析

目的:探讨肝门部胆管癌临床分型、手术方式、组织病理等因素对预后的影响.方法:对223例肝门部胆管癌临床特征、手术方式、病理分化程度等资料进行回顾性分析.结果:1)223例中根治性切除85例,切除率38.1%,术后1、3、5年生存率分别为58.8%、30.9%、8.8%.姑息性治疗110例,中位生存期为8个月.未经外科治疗者28例,平均生存时间为5个月.2)行病理学检查132例,腺癌121例,占91.7%.高、中、低矧匕分别29例(24.0%)、43例(35.5%)、4g例(40-5%).根治性切除高中分化组,1、3、5年生存率分别为55.0%、40.0%、15.0%,低分化组为45.8%、16.7%、0.3)按照Bismuth分型法1型占20.%,Ⅱ型占23.2%, Ⅲa型占10.3%,Ⅲb型占23.2%,Ⅳ型占7.2%,未分型者占16.0%.结论:1)根治性切除是提高肝门部胆管癌远期疗效的关键.2)肝门部胆管癌的低分化癌占有相当大比例,且病理分化程度与预后关系密切.3)肝门部胆管癌Bismuth分型法尚有一定局限性,仍需改进.     

肝门部胆管癌165例的诊断与外科治疗

目的 总结肝门部胆管癌的诊断及外科治疗.方法 回顾性分析1972-2001年收治的肝门部胆管癌165例的临床资料.结果 根据不同时期的发病例数、手术切除率不同,分为前15年第一阶段及后15年的第二阶段.首发症状为上腹不适或闷痛、胀痛、乏力、食欲减退及进行性黄疸.B超、CT、MRI和MRCP是无损伤诊断的首选方法;若显示肝内胆管扩张或诊断肝外梗阻性黄疸,则应行PTC（27例）、MRCP（15例）或ERCP（78例）.本组手术切除73例,切除率44.2%,其中根治性切除38例;非根治性切除35例.第一阶段切除15例,切除率27.3%;第二阶段切除58例,切除率52.7%.本组54例得到随访,其中根治性切除术5年生存率39.5%,非根治性切除术为14.3%;未切除的62例得到随访,均于1～1.5年死亡.结论 一旦诊断为肝门部胆管癌,就应积极剖腹探查,不要延误切除时机.手术切除是治疗肝门部胆管癌的最有效的治疗方法.     

肝胆管结石合并胆管癌的诊治分析

目的总结肝胆管结石合并胆管癌的诊治经验。方法回顾性分析46例肝胆管结石合并胆管癌患者的临床资料,其中18例行根治性手术,28例行姑息手术。结果病理诊断为胆管腺癌36例,粘液癌10例。姑息组中有3例仅行活检术,术后1月死于肝功能衰竭。术后发生胆瘘1例,肝断面胆漏2例,伤口感染5例,均经保守治愈,2例伤口裂开经二期缝合治愈。随访43例,根治组平均存活26(13～45)个月,姑息治疗组平均存活10(5～14)个月。根治组术后1、2、3年生存率分别为94.4%、55.6%、33.3%,姑息组术后1年生存率为39.3%,无二年生存。结论肝胆管结石反复炎性刺激可并发胆管癌,根治性切除可延长生存期,姑息手术可提高生存质量;提高肝胆管结石合并胆管癌疗效的关键是争取早期根治性治疗肝胆管结石。     

肝切除术加区域性淋巴结清扫治疗肝门部胆管癌

目的探讨肝切除术加区域性淋巴结清扫治疗肝门部胆管癌的疗效。方法回顾性分析1990年1月～2004年12月收治的60例肝门部胆管癌的根治性治疗资料。所有病人均给予肝外胆管切除及区域淋巴清扫。根据肝切除情况分为2组：肝切除组38例，未切肝组22例。结果肝切除组和未切肝组术后并发症发生率分别为31．58％、9．09％，两者有统计学差异（P〈0．05），两组病死率分别为5．26％、4．55％，无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。肝切除组1、2、3年累积生存率分别为84．2l％、60．53％、39．47％，未切肝组分别为72．73％、31．82％、13．64％，两组比较，第1年无差别（P〉0．05），第2、3年有统计学差异（P〈0．05）。结论肝切除术加区域性淋巴结清扫是提高肝门部胆管癌根治性切除率、生存率和改善生活质量的重要手段，骨骼化淋巴清扫应成为操作规范。     

肝门部胆管梗阻的病因分析——附80例报告

复习1991年9月至1996年9月的5年病历资料,将其中80例手术证实、以肝门部胆管梗阻为主要临床表现的病历进行了分析。结果:80例病人中,恶性梗阻57例,占63.8％;良性梗阻29例,占36.2％。恶性梗阻主要包括肝门部胆管癌、胆囊癌、肝癌、肝门部转移癌,以肝门部胆管癌最为常见。良性梗阻主要包括Mirizzi综合征、肝门部结石及其他。结论:肝门部胆管梗阻临床上主要表现为黄疸、肝内胆管扩张,应引起高度警惕,防止漏诊,但另一方面有些其他疾病也可造成肝门部胆管阻塞,临床上出现与胆管癌的类似病症,易误诊为胆管癌,也应仔细分析,才能得出正确的诊断。     

Prognosis of Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma: Hilar Bile Duct Cancer versus Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Involving the Hepatic Hilus

Background Clinically hepatobiliary resection is indicated for both hilar bile duct cancer (BDC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma involving the hepatic hilus (CCC). The aim of this study was to compare the long-term outcome of BDC and CCC. Methods Between 1990 and 2004, we surgically treated 158 consecutive patients with perihilar cholangiocarcinoma. The clinicopathological data on all of the patients were analyzed retrospectively. Results The overall 3-year survival rate, 5-year survival rate, and median survival time for BDC patients were 48.4%, 38.4 %, and 33.7 months, respectively, and 35.8%, 24.5 %, and 22.7 months, respectively, in CCC patients (P = .033). On multivariate analysis, three independent factors were related to longer survival in BDC patients: achieved in curative resection with cancer free margin (R0) (P = .024, odds ratio 1.862), well differentiated or papillary adenocarcinoma (P = .011, odds ratio 2.135), and absence of lymph node metastasis (P < .001, odds ratio 3.314). Five factors were related to longer survival in CCC patients: absence of intrahepatic daughter nodules (P < .001, odds ratio 2.318), CEA level ≤2.9 ng/mL (P = .005, odds ratio 2.606), no red blood cell transfusion requirement (P = .016, odds ratio 2.614), absence or slight degree of lymphatic system invasion (P < .001, odds ratio 4.577), and negative margin of the proximal bile duct (P = .003, odds ratio 7.398). Conclusions BDC and CCC appear to have different prognoses after hepatobiliary resection. Therefore, differentiating between these two categories must impact the prediction of postoperative survival in patients with perihilar cholangiocarcinoma. T. Sano is currently with: Hepato-Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery Division, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan.     

Outcome of Surgical Treatment of Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma

To evaluate surgical results and the effect of adjuvant chemotherapy in cases of hilar cholangiocarcinoma, we retrospectively analyzed 27 consecutive patients who underwent surgical resection (eight bile duct resections, 18 bile duct resections plus hepatectomy, one hepatopancreaticoduodenectomy). There was no operative mortality, and the morbidity was 37%. Curative resection (R0 resection) was achieved in 20 (74%) patients. Overall survival at 3 and 5 years was 44% and 27%, significantly higher than that of 47 patients who did not undergo resection (3.5% and 0% at 3 and 5 years, p < 0.0001). Survival of patients with positive margins (R1/2 resection) was poor; there were no 5-year survivors. However, survival was better than that of patients who did not undergo resection (median survival: 22 vs 9 months, p = 0.0007). Univariate analysis identified lymph node metastasis as a negative prognostic factor (p = 0.043). Median survival of patients who underwent adjuvant chemotherapy was significantly longer than that of patients who did not (42 vs. 22 months, p = 0.0428). Resection should be considered as the first option for hilar cholangiocarcinoma. There appears to be a survival advantage even in patients with cancer-positive margins. Adjuvant chemotherapy may increase long-term survival.     

Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma: A Review and Commentary

Hilar cholangiocarcinoma is an uncommon cause of malignant biliary obstruction marked by local tumor spread for which surgery offers the only chance of cure. The diagnostic evaluation and surgical management of this disease continues to evolve. Although direct cholangiography and endoscopic biliary procedures have been used extensively to anatomically define the extent of tumor involvement, establish biliary decompression, and obtain histological confirmation of tumor, reliance on these invasive procedures is no longer necessary, and may be detrimental. Current noninvasive imaging technology permits accurate staging of the primary tumor and has improved patient selection for operative intervention without the need for invasive procedures. Overall survival has improved in accordance with an increasingly aggressive surgical approach. The propensity of this tumor for local invasion has led most experienced hepatobiliary centers to perform a partial hepatectomy in 50% to 100% of cases. Three-year survival rates of 35% to 50% can be achieved when negative histological margins are attained at the time of surgery. When resection is not feasible, either operative bilioenteric bypass or percutaneous transhepatic intubation can achieve significant palliation. There is no effective adjuvant therapy for this disease, and unless clear indications of unresectability exist, most patients should be considered for surgical exploration.     

肝门部胆管癌诊治进展

肝门部胆管癌（hilar cholangiocarcinoma,HCCA）,解剖部位隐蔽,早期临床表现不典型,手术切除率低,预后较差。HCCA的诊断和治疗一直是肝胆外科医师公认的难题。近年来随着以肝胆外科为中心的多学科综合治疗日渐成为趋势,影像诊断技术及外科手术技术的不断进步,HCCA的诊断和治疗取得了一定进步。本文结合近年来相关文献报道就HCCA的诊治进展作如下综述。     

带蒂胆囊瓣修复肝门胆管狭窄(附53例报告)

目的提高良性肝门胆管狭窄的治疗效果。方法采用带血管蒂胆囊瓣肝门胆管成形术(plastics of hilar bile duct stricture，PHBDS)治疗合并肝内胆管结石的肝门胆管炎性狭窄，并回顾性分析我院近10年间行PH—BDS及胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术(RYCJ)治疗的肝门胆管狭窄患者的临床资料。结果随访16～87个月，平均47个月。PHBDS组与RYCJ组术后胆管炎发生率分别为5．66％和21．88％，差异有统计学意义(P=0.010)；胆管结石复发率分别为3．77％和16．67％．差异有统计学意义(P=0．021)。结论PHBDS术后远期效果优于RYCJ组。     

腹腔镜辅助下肝门部胆管癌根治术38例

目的探讨腹腔镜辅助下肝门部胆管癌根治切除术的可行性。方法五孔法。切除胆囊、肝左内叶下段的肝组织,中上段胆管,切断距肿瘤1 cm处的肝侧胆管。清除肝固有动脉、门静脉周围的纤维脂肪组织及淋巴结。左、右肝管盆式成形,左上腹辅助4～5 cm小切口腹腔外胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合。结果 38例肝门部胆管癌根治术均在腹腔镜下完成。5例肠间吻合于镜下使用吻合器完成;33例先扩大左上腹小切口于腹外吻合后还纳回腹,重新气腹完成胆肠吻合。手术时间210～348 min,（267±47）min;术中出血10～210 ml,（82.6±63.5）ml。术后出现胆漏3例,未特殊处理,3～5 d后停止;应激性溃疡1例,抑酸药物治疗后3 d治愈;术后出血1例,在腹腔镜下手术止血。术后住院10～15 d,平均12 d。17例术后1周CEA均恢复正常,2.7～3.5μg/L,（2.73±0.49）μg/L;38例CA199术后均下降,但未恢复正常,40～90 U/ml,（69.4±20.1）U/ml。术后35例（92.1%）随访6～30个月,（12.5±5.8）月,1例术后12个月因转移癌死亡,1例术后15个月因突发心肌梗塞死亡,其余33例随访期间未见明确转移病灶。结论腹腔镜辅助下肝门部胆管癌根治切除术是可行的,在达到根治切除目的前提下,减轻手术创伤,利于术后康复,术者应同时具有开腹和腹腔镜手术的经验和技巧。     

Role of Hepatectomy in the Treatment of Hilar Bile Duct Carcinoma

Purpose. To clarify the role of hepatic resection in the surgical treatment of hilar bile duct carcinoma.Methods. Between 1980 and 1997, 68 patients underwent surgery for hilar bile duct carcinoma. The patients were divided into a hepatectomy group (n = 40) and a nonhepatectomized group (n = 28) depending on whether they underwent resection of the bile duct confluence in combination with hepatectomy, or alone, respectively. Background data, operative morbidity and mortality, and survival were retrospectively compared between the two groups.Results. There were no significant differences in morbidity and mortality, or in postoperative survival between the two groups (the 5-year survival rates being 20.6% in the hepatectomized group and 7.1% in the nonhepatectomized group; P = 0.0806). However, patients who underwent curative resection had significantly better postoperative survival than those who underwent noncurative resection (P = 0.048). Hepatectomy provided a significantly better cancer-free margin than bile duct resection alone (P = 0.0296).Conclusions. Although a countermeasure must be taken to decrease mortality, the introduction of hepatectomy with bile duct resection would provide a better cancer-free surgical margin than bile duct resection alone for hilar bile duct carcinoma. Curative resection contributed to long-term survival in this series.