《国际功能、残疾和健康分类》检查表:发展和应用

导言　　 2 0 0 1年 10月 2 1- 2 7日 ,在美国马里兰州贝塞斯达 (Ｂｅｔｈｅｓｄａ)召开了世界卫生组织国际分类家族 (ｔｈｅＦａｍｉｌｙｏｆＩｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌＣｌａｓｓｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓ,ＷＨＯ ＦＩＣ)合作中心领导人会议 ,会议要求秘书处为 2 0 0 2年的中心领导人会议提交一份报告 ,说明ＩＣＦ检查表的发展和应用。本报告就是应这一要求而作。检查表的发展历史及其在ＩＣＦ修订过程中的应用检查表起源于世界卫生组织和美国国家健康研究所在 16个国家的 2 0个地点组织实施的跨文化可适用性研究 (ｔｈｅＣｒｏｓｓＣｕｌｔ…     

对功能、残疾和健康国际分类中文版的研究

系统分析<国际功能、残疾和健康分类>(ICF)产生的历史背景、主要特点、理论模式和应用领域,并就今后ICF在中国的发展提出了有关的研究与应用设想.     

世界卫生组织残疾评定项目及其与《国际功能、残疾和健康分类》的关系

背景2 0 0 1年 10月 2 1- 2 7日 ,在美国马里兰州贝塞斯达召开了世界卫生组织国际分类家族 (ｔｈｅＦａｍｉｌｙｏｆＩｎ ｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌＣｌａｓｓｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓ,ＷＨＯ ＦＩＣ)合作中心领导人会议 ,会议要求秘书处为 2 0 0 2年的中心领导人会议提交一份文件 ,说明世界卫生组织残疾评定项目 (ＤｉｓａｂｉｌｉｔｙＡｓｓｅｓｓｍｅｎｔＳｃｈｅｄｕｌｅ ,ＷＨＯＤＡＳⅡ )及其与国际功能、残疾和健康分类 (ＩＣＦ)关系。本文即是应此要求而作。导言过去 30多年来 ,我们看到一种对健康与功能的思想转变。现在已知 ,诊断及有…     

《国际功能、残疾和健康分类》的发展和应用进展

世界卫生组织（WHO）于2001年正式发布了《国际功能、残疾和健康分类》（International Classification of Functioning,Disability and Health,简称ICF）。该分类是WHO分类家族中的重要成员,是WHO提出的国际通用的在个体和人群水平上描述和测量健康的理论性框架结构。WHO在世界卫生组织第五十八届世界卫生大会有关残疾与康复的决议（WHO58．23）《残疾,包括预防、管理和康复》中,将ICF列为残疾与康复的重要标准性文件,ICF的研究、开发与应用将对新世纪的残疾和康复工作产生极其重要的影响。     

更新观念:关于"国际功能、残疾和健康分类(ICF)"

康复医学是涉及功能障碍———残疾的医学 ,因此 ,首先要明确“功能”和“残疾”的概念。早在 1980年 ,世界卫生组织 (ＷＨＯ)发布了“国际残损 残疾 残障分类”(ＩｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌＣｌａｓｓｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆＩｍｐａｉｒｍｅｎｔｓ ,ＤｉｓａｂｉｌｉｔｉｅｓａｎｄＨａｎｄｉｃａｐｓ,ＩＣＩＤＨ) ,将疾病的结果或残疾状态表述为下图 (图 1) ,并对 3个不同水平的问题进行了定义和详细的分类 :图 1　国际残损 残疾 残障分类 (ＩＣＩＤＨ)示意图在过去 2 0年 ,康复医学界广泛引用了这些概念 ,大大地推动了现代康复医学的…     

《国际功能、残疾和健康分类》在残疾人体育中的应用

体育运动在残疾人的生活中扮演着重要角色 ,它不仅提供有助于健康的有价值和自我取向的生活方法 ,而且还使残疾人有更多机会参加休闲活动、社交活动并追求取得较好的运动成绩。残疾人体育运动要求建立综合性的残疾人信息系统 ,对残疾人的残疾状态进行评定 ,并按照一定的规则对残疾运动员的残疾等级进行评定 ,以确保比赛的公平性。《国际功能、残疾与健康分类》 (InternationalClassificationofFunctioning ,DisabilityandHealth ,ICF)作为一种国际性的残疾与健康描述、编码与统计工具[1] ,可在残疾人体育运动中发挥重要的作用[2 ] 。1IC…     

国际功能、残疾和健康分类架构在智力残疾标准制订中的应用探讨

智力残疾(intellectualdisability) ,又称智力落后(mentalretardation) ,其标准及分类是随着人们对智力残疾本质的认识而不断完善起来的。智力残疾的概念经历了一个长期演化的过程,因此,关于智力残疾的标准及分类也不断被修正。自195 9年美国智力落后学会(AmericanAssociationonMentalRetardation ,AAMR)把适应性行为引入智残的诊断以来,理论界对智力和适应性行为作为智残标准已无大异议,但在适应性行为的结构问题上却一直存在着争论[1] ,因此,智力残疾的标准及分类仍然是一个悬而未决的问题。2 0 0 1年5月,第5 4届世界卫生大会通过了《…     

《国际功能、残疾和健康分类》研究总论

世界卫生组织 (ＷＨＯ)根据当代世界各国卫生事业发展的状况 ,从 1996开始制定了新的残疾与健康分类体系———《国际功能、残疾和健康分类》(ＩｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌＣｌａｓｓｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆＦｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｉｎｇ ,ＤｉｓａｂｉｌｉｔｙａｎｄＨｅａｌｔｈ ,简称ＩＣＦ)。在 2 0 0 1年 5月第 5 4届世界卫生大会上 ,各成员国通过了将《国际损伤、残疾和障碍分类》(第 2版 )改名为《国际功能、残疾和健康分类》的决议 ,并鼓励各成员国考虑其具体情况 ,在研究、监测和报告中应用ＩＣＦ。ＩＣＦ已经正式由ＷＨＯ颁布 ,在世界各…     

如何将国际功能、残疾和健康分类应用于临床康复管理

康复致力于使经历或可能经历残疾的人获得并维持最佳功能状态.因此,功能评定是以患者和目标导向的康复过程的起点.ICF作为世界范围内普遍接受的模式,首次为康复工作人员提供了一个功能描述和分类的通用语言.为了将ICF充分应用于康复管理,需要为临床实践开发相应的ICF工具.这些整合了ICF分类和模式的工具,必须被整合在康复周期的解决问题的方法中.已经开发了应用于康复周期不同阶段的ICF工具.现有的与ICF限定值联合使用的ICF核心分类集,也是基于该发展过程.在临床实践中,ICF工具描述了患者功能状态,说明了患者的功能体验,将康复目标和合适的干预措施目标相联系,需要全面的资源来改善人类功能的特定方面,并且最终通过康复干预改善患者功能状态.在应用多学科康复时,ICF工具支持对功能的通用理解,并在小组成员间进行交流.电子文档系统的发展,ICF类目标准工具的分配以及ICF限定值的操作化,在不远的将来进一步改善基于ICF的康复管理.     

汉语失语症国际功能、残疾和健康分类核心类目初探

目的:初步确定汉语失语症国际功能、残疾和健康分类(ICF)核心类目.方法:参考国外相关文献,选取66个失语症相关ICF类目,根据每个类目设计相关问题并将所有问题制成问卷.由研究人员根据该问卷对50例脑卒中后失语症患者进行定性访谈,将超过30％失语症患者认为对自己有影响的类目制成核心类目Ⅰ.向35名康复科卫生工作人员发送...     

基于ICF-CY的脑瘫粗大运动功能测试量表内容效度分析①

目的分析脑瘫粗大运动功能测试量表(GMFM)的内容效度。方法由3名从事GMFM临床评估2年以上的康复医生和治疗师确定GMFM每一项所包含的概念,召开小组讨论会最终确定GMFM每项所包含的概念。由两名熟悉《国际功能、残疾和健康分类》青少年版(ICF-CY)术语和详细分类的康复医生根据联系规则,通过讨论将GMFM概念与ICF-CY类目编码进行匹配,在意见不一致时,由第三方做出非正式决定。分析GMFM项目与类目编码关联的分布状况。结果 88个GMFM项目与12个二级类目、27个三级类目匹配,均以利于一级类目b7神经肌肉骨骼和运动有关的功能和d4活动;其中86个项目与d4下级类目关联,47个同时与b7下级类目关联,2个项目只与b7下级类目关联;16个项目与ICF-CY新增的1个二级类目和3个三级类目发生16次关联。结论 GMFM评估内容主要集中于ICF-CY框架中的活动类,尤其是活动中"改变和保持身体姿势"以及"步行和移动";与身体功能有关联的GMFM项目主要涉及"手臂的支撑功能"。     

《国际功能、残疾和健康分类》管理信息平台的开发①

应用当代医学知识管理架构,通过知识管理和文献研究,采用分类标识语言(ClaML)技术,开发世界卫生组织核心国际医学分类标准《国际功能、残疾和健康分类》(ICF)管理信息平台。管理信息平台对ICF的结构、编码系统、全部分类内容和内在语义实现了标准化的电子表征和管理,并在此基础上实现了ICF分类编辑、分类修改、分类查询、分类视图、分类合理性检查等功能,以及分类导入、分类输出、分类发布等应用。研究成果可以用于ICF维护、多语种对照更新以及ICF应用平台建设等领域。     

The Environment in the International Classification of Functioning,Disability and Health

Background The World Health Organization has adopted two classifications relating to disability, one was published in 1980 and the more recent one in 2001. Although the international classification of functioning, disability and health (ICF) was drafted as a revision of the international classification of impairments, disabilities and handicaps (ICIDH), the ICF is based on major changes when compared with the ICIDH. One of them has to do with the environment. Method Quotations from the classification manuals and related articles are presented in order to make clear the scope of the environment in the ICF. Results The ICF has a universal application. The gap between capacity and performance reflects the barriers created by the environment. Conclusions In the ICF, universalism and barriers have specific meanings, reflecting specific policy choices.     

The International Classification of Functioning Disability and Health: its development process and content validity

The World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) has provided a new foundation for our understanding of health, functioning, and disability. However, different challenges have to be addressed during its implementation process. The objective of this paper is to address two of these challenges, namely, the study of the content validity of the ICF and its relationship to other health-related concepts such as well-being, quality of life (QoL) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Ongoing validation studies confirm that the ICF is an exhaustive classification, i.e. it covers most of the health and health-related domains that make up the human experience of functioning and disability, and the most environmental factors that influence that experience of functioning and disability. The ICF also contributes to the understanding of health on a continuum ranging from a body-centred view ('the bodily experience of health'), to a more comprehensive perspective ('the entire health experience'), and finally, to an overarching view ('the human experience') which sees health as part of the human condition. The ICF allows the operationalization of health as part of the human experience on this continuum as health from a narrow perspective to the broad perspective of functioning. The ICF with its categories can also serve as starting point for the operationalization of objective well-being. Since HRQoL can be defined as an individual's perceptions of health and health-related domains of well-being, the ICF categories encompassed in the ICF concept of functioning can also serve as the basis for the operationalization of HRQoL.     

The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) and nursing

Background.  Nursing conceptualizes disability from largely medical and individual perspectives that do not consider its social dimensions. Disabled people are critical of this paradigm and its impact on their health care.
Aim.  The aims of this paper are to review the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), including its history and the theoretical models upon which it is based and to discuss its relevance as a conceptual framework for nursing.
Method.  The paper presents a critical overview of concepts of disability and their implications for nursing and argues that a broader view is necessary. It examines ICF and its relationship to changing paradigms of disability and presents some applications for nursing.
Conclusion.  The ICF, with its acknowledgement of the interaction between people and their environments in health and disability, is a useful conceptual framework for nursing education, practice and research. It has the potential to expand nurses' thinking and practice by increasing awareness of the social, political and cultural dimensions of disability.     

The implementation of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health in Germany: experiences and problems

The bio-psycho-social model of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) has already found wide acceptance in Germany. In particular, the introduction of contextual factors (environmental factors and personal factors) is welcomed. Several rehabilitation facilities have used the model and the chapters of the revision version (Beta-2) as guidelines for documenting their interviews with rehabilitation patients. Their experiences are encouraging. However, it has already been recognized that coding with the ICF will be difficult and time consuming. Thus, the practicability of the ICF should be improved. Training in the use of the ICF is absolutely essential. It is welcomed that the ICF provides a common vocabulary for both people with disability and for professionals in the fields of rehabilitation and disability. This is particularly important in Germany because we have a rather complicated social system. In contrast to the International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities and Handicaps (ICIDH), the ICF, in general, contains neutral terms only. Many of our physicians in rehabilitation complain about that. Obviously they also need to be able to express the signs and symptoms of restrictions of functioning in negative terms and in this respect they feel that the ICIDH was more helpful. While both the concept of activities and the concept of participation are clearly understood from the point of view of content some of us have severe problems with the operationalization of both concepts via qualifiers. From a theoretical perspective we regret that the concept of activity is not theory driven and that the concept of participation is not operationalized independently from the concept of activity. A proposal for solving these problems is given. In Germany, the ICIDH, or the ICF latterly, has been taken into account in the following areas. The new German Social Code Number IX (SGB IX) from 2001, Rehabilitation and participation of people with disabilities, is based on the ICF. All guidelines and general recommendations within the context of rehabilitation have been adjusted to the ICF. The ICF plays an important role in the training for the medical field of physical medicine and rehabilitation and is also included in the training curricula of the medical specializations of social medicine and rehabilitation. The German research programme "Rehabilitation sciences" includes some projects dealing with the ICF. The model of consequences of diseases (ICIDH) has been part of the rehabilitation quality insurance programme of the German Pension Insurance since 1994. Since 1 April 2004, the institutes of the German Health Insurance have applied the ICF to their rehabilitation application form.     

The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: a new tool for understanding disability and health

Reliable and timely information about the health of populations is part of the World Health Organization's mandate in the development of international public health policy. To capture data concerning functioning and disability, or non-fatal health outcomes, WHO has recently published the revised International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). In this article, the authors briefly outline the revision process and discuss the rationale for the ICF and the needs that it serves in rehabilitation. The ICF is shown to be an essential tool for identifying and measuring efficacy and effectiveness of rehabilitation services, both through functional profiling and intervention targeting. Existing applications of the ICF in rehabilitation are then surveyed. The ICF, in short, offers an international, scientific tool for understanding human functioning and disability for clinical, research, policy development and a range of other public health uses.     

The International Classification of Functioning,Disability and Health: a new tool for understanding disability and health

Reliable and timely information about the health of populations is part of the World Health Organization's mandate in the development of international public health policy. To capture data concerning functioning and disability, or non-fatal health outcomes, WHO has recently published the revised International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). In this article, the authors briefly outline the revision process and discuss the rationale for the ICF and the needs that it serves in rehabilitation. The ICF is shown to be an essential tool for identifying and measuring efficacy and effectiveness of rehabilitation services, both through functional profiling and intervention targeting. Existing applications of the ICF in rehabilitation are then surveyed. The ICF, in short, offers an international, scientific tool for understanding human functioning and disability for clinical, research, policy development and a range of other public health uses.