Indoor 222Rn measurements in Sweden with the solid-state nuclear track detector technique

Measurements of the indoor radon and radon daughter concentrations were performed in several thousand Swedish houses during the years 1979-1984 with the solid state nuclear track detector technique (SSNTD technique). The investigation focused on structures containing building materials of light-weight concrete with enhanced amounts of U. The detectors used nuclear track films exposed for 1 mo. The film basically measures total airborne alpha activity but may be calibrated in units of EER in an environment with known 222Rn and daughter concentrations. (EER is here the equilibrium equivalent concentration of Rn with the equilibrium factor F = 0.5.) The investigation was performed in various municipalities in collaboration with the local public health and environmental authorities. The investigation included 6700 individual measurements in detached (single-family) houses as well as in apartment houses. A small percentage of the dwellings exhibited Rn daughter concentrations (EER) exceeding 400 Bq m-3. It was found in detached houses that the concentrations were higher in the basement floor than in the entrance floor of a house. The Rn daughter values in the bedrooms were similar to values in any other room (mainly on the same floor) of the structure. The Rn daughter levels in apartment houses were lower than in single-family houses. The seasonal variations of the Rn daughter levels are presented and show that the levels in summertime are approximately equal to the levels in the winter.     

室内氡的水平与控制措施

目的 验证北京市室内氡水平的分布,提出控制室内氡浓度若干途径。方法 以清华大学工程物理系室内环境质量评价中心测量的室内氡浓度数据与中国疾病预防与控制中心辐射防护核安全医学所、北京东城区卫生防疫站环卫科等单位在北京的测量数据相互印证,分析了北京市室内氡浓度的大致范围。结果 上述三家单位的氡浓度测量数据一致性比较好。结论 我国制定的"室内氡浓度行动水平"与发达国家制定的标准基本相同。在国家综合实力许可的情况下,应降低干预室内氡的行动水平,把氡致肺癌危险度降到最优化水平。加强通风、降低氡的析出率和建材控制等是室内氡的水平的有效控制措施。     

名古屋市室内空气222Rn、220Rn的测量及EECTn估算

目的 研究室内空气中^222Rn、^220Rn浓度以及室内平衡当量^220Rn浓度EECTn。方法 利用名古屋大学研制的新型被动累积式^222Rn、^220Rn测量杯在日本名古屋市进行了小规模的室内^222Rn、^220Rn的浓度调查，利用Deposition Rate Monitor估算了住宅室内EECTn。结果 在随机抽查的20个住宅室内^222Rn平均浓度为16．94Bqm^-3；其中5个住宅室内^220Rn平均浓度为58．09Bqm^-3，EEGTn平均值为2．75Bqm^-3。结论 本研究结果与日本全国性调查结果^222Rn浓度平均值15．5Bqm^-3相当。^220Rn的浓度在某些泥土墙壁的住房内可能达到比较高的浓度，进行进一步的研究是很有必要的。     

Gamma distribution and house 222Rn measurements.

The statistical distribution of 222Rn measurements from basements and first floors of homes in northeastern Pennsylvania was investigated. The gamma distribution was statistically significantly superior to the normal distribution (p less than 0.005) in describing the frequency distribution of the logarithm of observed 222Rn levels. The fit to the data was closer both in the central portion and in the upper tail. The gamma distribution has certain characteristics that make it generally useful in the study of environmental toxic agents where several different exposures over a lifetime occur and must be combined, as for risk assessment or for statistical power calculations for epidemiologic studies.     

Phthalate Ester Pollution in Urban Soil of Beijing, People's Republic of China

No abstract available.     

天津市部分新建楼房室内氡(222Rn)浓度水平调查

目的了解不同楼层对氡浓度的影响。方法在2002年以来对天津市部分新建楼房室内进行了验收性监测,一楼室内监测数据为130个,二楼及以上楼层室内监测数据128个。结果一楼室内平均氡浓度60.5Bq/m3,二楼及以上楼层室内平均氡浓度19.9Bq/m3,前者为后者3倍。结论楼层对氡浓度影响比较大,在今后的室内氡验收监测时,重点对一楼进行监测。     

Radon-222, 222Rn progeny, and 220Rn progeny levels in 70 houses

A year-long, multipollutant, indoor air quality study involving 70 occupied houses in four states was completed in 1987. All of the houses included in the study had a partial or complete basement with a concrete slab floor and block walls. On an approximately quarterly schedule, integrating monitors for short-lived Rn progeny, nitrogen dioxide, formaldehyde, and water vapor were exposed for 1 wk in each house on both the basement and main floors. At the beginning of the study, a pair of alpha-track detectors were placed on top of the refrigerator in the kitchen (or some other sampling location on the main floor) and at a location in the basement. One detector at each location was left in place for a year while the other detector was retrieved and replaced once every 3-mo period. In addition, short-term measurements of Rn and 222Rn progeny were made at all sampling locations once per quarter. In this study, comparisons were made between: (1) seasonal and annual averages, (2) summer and winter averages, (3) living-area and basement results, (4) 222Rn and 220Rn progeny, and (5) short- and long-term measurements. The Rn and Rn progeny concentrations in houses near Huntsville, AL were found to be well above recommended action levels (150 Bq m-3). For houses near Birmingham, AL, summer Rn concentrations were found to exceed winter concentrations, whereas for the other houses in the study, winter concentrations exceeded summer concentrations. Potential alpha energy concentrations (PAEC) from 220Rn progeny were found to be generally less than PAEC from 222Rn.     

Indoor 222Rn levels in New York State, North Carolina, and South Carolina

Results are presented from approximately 9000 Rn measurements made in New York state, North Carolina, and South Carolina. The estimated statewide geometric mean concentrations were 28.1 Bq m-3 and 55.8 Bq m-3 for basements in New York state, 27.5 Bq m-3 for living rooms and 108.9 Bq m-3 for basements in North Carolina, and 25.0 Bq m-3 for living rooms in South Carolina.     

Tobacco smoking among 847 residents of East Beijing, People's Republic of China

A survey of 847 residents aged 15 and older of East Beijing, People's Republic of China was conducted to determine smoking prevalence, patterns of smoking behavior and related attitudes (response rate = 99.6%). The overall age-adjusted smoking prevalence was 32.2% (56.6% among men and 11.4% among women). Smoking prevalence was highest in the age groups under 45 among males and in the age groups over 45 among females. The most commonly smoked cigarettes were domestically manufactured, unfiltered brands high in tar and nicotine content. Most respondents were aware of the deleterious effects of smoking, and the majority felt that current antismoking measures were effective in discouraging smoking. Health policy implications are discussed in the context of various social practices in China that encourage cigarette smoking.     

Variations in Indoor PM10 Concentrations in Sixteen Homes in Guiyang City, People's Republic of China

No abstract available.