头皮软组织良恶性肿块的CT诊断价值

目的 探讨头皮软组织良恶性肿块的CT诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析76例经手术病理证实的头皮软组织肿块病例的临床资料和CT表现,包括临床症状、发病年龄、病程、性别特点、发病部位、病变密度、边缘情况、内部情况及邻近骨质改变情况.结果 76例中,良性病变59例(77.6％),恶性病变17例(22.4％).病变类型最多的前四位依次是脂肪瘤(24/76)、表皮样囊肿(7/76)、血管瘤(7/76)和嗜酸性肉芽肿(7/76).结论 CT能显示肿块的部位、形态及邻近骨质改变,结合其临床特征,能很好地诊断肿块的良恶性.     

卵巢良性病变的CT表现

目的 提高对卵巢良性病变ＣＴ表现的认识。材料与方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实的６６例共８０个卵巢良性肿块的ＣＴ及Ｂ超资料,讨论其ＣＴ表现特点及ＣＴ在诊断中的作用。结果 本组２５个功能性囊肿ＣＴ发现２３个;１８个卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿,长径多与同侧的盆壁近科平行（１２／１８）,甚至大于横径达１．５倍（９／１８）;１５个囊腺瘤均呈边缘光滑的囊性肿块,其中浆液性囊腺瘤（ｎ＝９）密度均匀,多为单房（６／９）     

Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation of Unusual Lingual Masses: Part II: Benign and Malignant Tumors

Because the tongue is superficially located and the initial manifestation of most diseases occurring there is mucosal change, lingual lesionscan be easily accessed and diagnosed without imaging analysis. Some lingual neoplasms, however, may manifest as a submucosal bulge and be located in a deep portion of the tongue, such as its base; their true characteristics and extent may be recognized only on cross-sectional images such as those obtained by CT or MRI.Some uncommon tongue neoplasms may have characteristic radiologic features, thus permitting quite specific radiologic diagnosis. Lipomas typically manifest at both CT and MR imaging as homogeneous nonenhancing lesions. Relative to subcutaneous fat they are isoattenuating on CT images, and all MR sequences show them as isointense. Due to the paramagnetic properties of melanin, metastases from melanotic melanoma usually demonstrate high signal intensity on T1-weighted MR images and low signal intensity on T2-weighted images.Although the radiologic findings for other submucosal neoplasms are nonspecific, CT and MR imaging can play an important role in the diagnostic work-up of these unusual tumors. Delineation of the extent of the tumor, and recognition and understanding of the spectrum of imaging and the pathologic features of these lesions, often help narrow the differential diagnosis.     

超声检查在良恶性乳腺肿块评估中的作用

作者对１００例乳腺肿块的超声检查资料进行了回顾性分析，其中乳腺癌４２例，乳腺良性肿瘤和其他良性病变５８例，均经手术和病理证实。乳腺癌的超声诊断符合率为８３．３％，乳腺良性肿块的诊断符合率为６９．０％。结果表明，根据病灶的边界、形态、回声分布、后方有否衰减及周围组织有否浸润等声像图表现，对肿块的良恶性别断有一定的参考价值。但当病灶较小，特别是合并有较明显的乳腺病时，超胃检查对良恶性的判断常有其限度。     

Machine Learning-Based Prediction of COVID-19 Severity and Progression to Critical Illness Using CT Imaging and Clinical Data

ObjectiveTo develop a machine learning (ML) pipeline based on radiomics to predict Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity and the future deterioration to critical illness using CT and clinical variables.Materials and MethodsClinical data were collected from 981 patients from a multi-institutional international cohort with real-time polymerase chain reaction-confirmed COVID-19. Radiomics features were extracted from chest CT of the patients. The data of the cohort were randomly divided into training, validation, and test sets using a 7:1:2 ratio. A ML pipeline consisting of a model to predict severity and time-to-event model to predict progression to critical illness were trained on radiomics features and clinical variables. The receiver operating characteristic area under the curve (ROC-AUC), concordance index (C-index), and time-dependent ROC-AUC were calculated to determine model performance, which was compared with consensus CT severity scores obtained by visual interpretation by radiologists.ResultsAmong 981 patients with confirmed COVID-19, 274 patients developed critical illness. Radiomics features and clinical variables resulted in the best performance for the prediction of disease severity with a highest test ROC-AUC of 0.76 compared with 0.70 (0.76 vs. 0.70, p = 0.023) for visual CT severity score and clinical variables. The progression prediction model achieved a test C-index of 0.868 when it was based on the combination of CT radiomics and clinical variables compared with 0.767 when based on CT radiomics features alone (p < 0.001), 0.847 when based on clinical variables alone (p = 0.110), and 0.860 when based on the combination of visual CT severity scores and clinical variables (p = 0.549). Furthermore, the model based on the combination of CT radiomics and clinical variables achieved time-dependent ROC-AUCs of 0.897, 0.933, and 0.927 for the prediction of progression risks at 3, 5 and 7 days, respectively.ConclusionCT radiomics features combined with clinical variables were predictive of COVID-19 severity and progression to critical illness with fairly high accuracy.     

彩色多普勒超声血流参数测定在乳腺良、恶性肿块鉴别诊断中的价值

目的:评价彩色多普勒超声血流参数(RI、PI、Vmax)在乳腺良、恶性肿块鉴别诊断中的价值.材料和方法:运用高频彩色多普勒超声诊断仪对408个乳腺肿块进行血流检测,对其中超声检出血流的340个乳腺肿块进行多普勒血流参数测定,比较多普勒血流参数在乳腺良、恶性肿块中的差异并对其诊断敏感性、特异性加以分析.结果:乳腺恶性肿块的RI、PI、Vmax值明显高于良性肿块(P<0.001),以RI≥0.72或PI≥1.3或Vmax≥13cm/s诊断乳腺癌,其敏感性和特异性最高,分别为85.5%和82.9%、80%和83.6%、70.1%和82.7%,其中以RI≥0.72的恶性似然比最高为5.0.彩色多普勒超声与灰阶超声征象相结合可使乳腺恶性肿块的超声诊断敏感性和特异性分别达97.6%和93.9%.结论:彩色多普勒超声血流参数测定对乳腺良、恶肿块的鉴别诊断具有重要的参考价值,与肿块的灰阶声像图征象相结合可明显提高乳腺肿块的超声诊断准确率.     

经阴道增强超声造影鉴别诊断附件区良、恶 性包块的临床价值

目的:探讨超声造影对附件良、恶性包块鉴别诊断的价值.材料和方法:观察分析69例附件区良、恶性包块的超声造影表现及灌注特点.结果:恶性肿瘤26例均有增强显示,其灌注模式主要为快速整体、非均质或树枝状高增强(24/26).良性肿块39例,其中囊性病灶24例,囊壁增强模式均为环状、半环状增强(5例囊腔内分隔或乳头突起呈轻度增强);实性包块15例,均有增强显示,10例卵巢肿瘤中8例表现为内部点状低增强,5例宫旁浆膜下肌瘤呈先环状增强,后逐渐向内部充填,或呈周边轻度点状增强.良、恶性两组间增强模式存在显著性差异(P<0.0001).4例卵巢交界性肿瘤呈渐进性或较快速非均质增强.结论:超声造影对鉴别诊断附件区良、恶性包块有较高的价值.     

Combined Use of Texture Features and Morphological Classification Based on Dynamic Contrast-enhanced MR Imaging: Differentiating Benign and Malignant Breast Masses with High Negative Predictive Value

Purpose: We evaluated the diagnostic performance of the texture features of dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI for breast cancer diagnosis in which the discriminator was optimized, so that the specificity was maximized via the restriction of the negative predictive value (NPV) to greater than 98%.Methods: Histologically proven benign and malignant mass lesions of DCE MRI were enrolled retrospectively. Training and testing sets consist of 166 masses (49 benign, 117 malignant) and 50 masses (15 benign, 35 malignant), respectively. Lesions were classified via MRI review by a radiologist into 4 shape types: smooth (S-type, 34 masses in training set and 8 masses in testing set), irregular without rim-enhancement (I-type, 60 in training and 14 in testing), irregular with rim-enhancement (R-type, 56 in training and 22 in testing), and spicula (16 in training and 6 in testing). Spicula were immediately classified as malignant. For the remaining masses, 298 texture features were calculated using a parametric map of DCE MRI in 3D mass regions. Masses were classified into malignant or benign using two thresholds on a feature pair. On the training set, several feature pairs and their thresholds were selected and optimized for each mass shape type to maximize specificity with the restriction of NPV > 98%. NPV and specificity were computed using the testing set by comparison with histopathologic results and averaged on the selected feature pairs.Results: In the training set, 27, 12, and 15 texture feature pairs are selected for S-type, I-type, and R-type masses, respectively, and thresholds are determined. In the testing set, average NPV and specificity using the selected texture features were 99.0% and 45.2%, respectively, compared to the NPV (85.7%) and specificity (40.0%) in visually assessed MRI category-based diagnosis.Conclusion: We, therefore, suggest that the NPV of our texture-based features method described performs similarly to or greater than the NPV of the MRI category-based diagnosis.     

软组织良恶性肿瘤的CT鉴别诊断

目的 探讨CT鉴别软组织良恶性肿瘤的价值.资料与方法 搜集经手术或穿刺活检病理证实的40例软组织肿瘤患者的CT资料,对肿瘤大小、形态、边界、密度及其与周围组织的关系进行回顾性CT影像分析,并探讨这些征象在鉴别诊断中的价值.结果 18例良性肿瘤和18例恶性肿瘤通过CT征象可以做出正确的良恶性鉴别诊断.结论 CT能明确软组织肿瘤的特征、范围以及肿瘤与周围组织的关系,在软组织良恶性肿瘤的鉴别诊断中有重要的价值.     

腮腺良恶性肿瘤的CT鉴别诊断

目的:探讨CT对腮腺良恶性肿瘤的鉴别诊断价值.方法:回顾性分析20例经手术病理证实的腮腺肿瘤的CT表现,其中良性肿瘤16例,恶性肿瘤4例.结果:本组中CT术前诊断符合率为90%.良性肿瘤的主要CT表现为边界清楚15例(94%),平均大小为8 cm3;位于浅叶10例(63%),深叶1例(6%),5例同时累及深、浅叶;钙化1例(6%),囊变3例(19%),头颈部淋巴结增大2例(13%).恶性肿瘤中边界清楚1例(1/4),平均大小为13 cm3;1例(1/4)位于浅叶,2例(2/4)位于深叶,1例同时累及深、浅叶;头颈部淋巴结增大3例(3/4).结论:腮腺肿瘤的CT表现有一定特征性,CT对良恶性腮腺肿瘤的鉴别诊断有一定价值.     

良、恶性胸腔积液的CT鉴别诊断

目的评价良、恶性胸腔积液的CT特征性表现.资料与方法回顾性分析38例恶性胸腔积液和56例良性胸腔积液的CT征象.结果良性积液中,双侧占41.1%,胸膜增厚占19.6%,呈弥漫均匀增厚,纵隔胸膜受累占10.7%,胸膜外脂肪层明确显示占71.4%,厚度＞3 mm占41.1%,平均厚度5.7 mm;恶性积液中,双侧占15.8%,胸膜增厚占57.9%,主要呈不规则弥漫或局限性增厚,累及纵隔胸膜占36.8%,胸膜外脂肪层显示占60.5%,＞3 mm占26.3%,平均2.9 mm.结论单侧、大量积液且张力高,胸膜不规则增厚,纵隔胸膜受累对恶性诊断有特异性;而胸膜无或轻度弥漫规则增厚,胸膜外脂肪层增厚多提示良性.     

边缘-中心向心强化率在肌骨系统良恶性肿块中的鉴别诊断价值

目的　探讨MRI动态增强参数边缘 中心向心强化率 (Rrim center)在肌骨系统良恶性肿块中的鉴别诊断价值。资料与方法　对 2 8例肌骨系统肿块 (良性 14例 ,恶性 14例 )采用GRASS序列作MRI动态增强扫描。计算Rrim center,分析其在良恶性肿块之间有无差异。通过描绘接受者操作特征 (ROC)曲线得出最佳评价指标。结果　恶性组Rrim center0 .6 2± 0 .2 2 (范围 0 .18～ 0 .92 ) ;良性组 0 .19± 0 .2 7(范围 - 0 .16～ 0 .84) ,两组间有极显著差异 (P <0 .0 0 1) ,以 0 .30为界 ,对肿块潜在恶性评估的敏感性、特异性、准确性分别为 81.3%、91.7%、85 .7%。结论　MRI动态增强参数Rrim center有助于肌骨系统良恶性肿块的鉴别诊断。     

占位性肾病的双期螺旋CT扫描技术体会

螺旋ＣＴ双期肾脏扫描技术是在肾脏的动脉期和髓质期分别进行扫描 ,由于小肾癌多为供血丰富、在增强早期 (即动脉期 )有强化表现、而髓质期又为低密度。这种强化表现具有一定的特征性 ,对疾病的诊断和鉴别诊断以及定性是非常重要的。1　材料与方法自我院开展肾脏螺旋ＣＴ扫描检查技术以来 ,在肾脏平扫发现病灶后 ,增加双期螺旋ＣＴ扫描。在 16例病例中 ,男 11例 ,女 5例。年龄 14～ 70岁 ,平均 3 8.8岁。发现小肾癌 9例 ,肾囊肿 6例 ,肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤 1例。使用ｐｉｃｋｅｒ公司生产ＰＱ2 0 0 0ＳＶ螺旋ＣＴ机 ,扫描ｋＶ 13 0、ｍＡｓ 11…     

CT鉴别腹膜后良、恶性神经鞘瘤的诊断价值及其病理基础

目的 分析腹膜后良性和恶性神经鞘瘤的影像学表现及其与病理的关系,探讨CT对其的诊断和鉴别诊断价值.资料与方法 经手术病理证实的腹膜后良性和恶性神经鞘瘤26例,术前分别经螺旋CT或多层螺旋CT平扫和增强扫描,注射流率采用3 ml/s.仔细复习CT扫描结果并和手术病理作回顾性对照分析.结果 26例中,良性19例,恶性7例.良性肿瘤直径3.0～15.5 cm,平均7.2 cm;恶性肿瘤直径4.5～17.0 cm,平均7.4 cm.19例良性肿瘤边缘光整,境界清楚,邻近脂肪间隙内无异常影.7例恶性神经鞘瘤中,晕样改变5例,毛刺3例,1例既出现毛刺又出现晕样改变;良性神经鞘瘤囊性4例,囊实性9例,实性6例.恶性神经鞘瘤囊性1例,囊实性5例,实质性1例.12例良性神经鞘瘤具有两种不同密度的实质成分(细胞密集区和稀疏区);5例恶性神经鞘瘤依稀可以辨认两种不同密度的实质成分.细胞稀疏区和密集区强化程度不同.靶征可分别见于良性和恶性神经鞘瘤.结论 腹膜后良性和恶性神经鞘瘤具有不同密度的实质成分,CT表现取决于细胞稀疏区与密集区的比例和排列方式.良性和恶性神经鞘瘤既有相似之处又存在许多不同之处,但恶性神经鞘瘤大多为分化很差的梭形细胞肉瘤,境界很不清楚(毛刺和晕征),形态不规则,坏死常见,多数良性和恶性神经鞘瘤可以鉴别.     

乳腺肿块的CT和钼靶摄影分析

目的　探讨CT和钼靶摄影诊断乳房肿块的价值。方法　对经病理证实的 61例乳房肿块的CT和钼靶征象进行对照研究 ,分析其诊断准确性。结果　CT对乳腺癌、乳房积乳囊肿、脂肪瘤、纤维腺瘤、男性乳腺发育症 (肿块型 )、女性乳腺增生症的诊断符合率分别为 80 % (8/10 )、10 0 % (2 /2 )、10 0 % (1/1)、10 0 % (2 7/2 7)、10 0 % (7/7)、10 0 % (14 /14 ) ;钼靶摄影的诊断符合率分别为 70 %(7/10 )、5 0 % (1/2 )、0 % (0 /1)、81% (2 2 /2 7)、43 % (3 /7)、71% (10 /14 )。本组 10例乳腺癌中钼靶摄影有 4例占 40 % (4 /10 )显示成簇样微小钙化 ,而CT无 1例显示。钼靶摄影显示成簇样微小钙化优于CT。CT和钼靶摄影对乳房肿块的诊断准确率分别为 97%和71%。结论　CT对肿块的定性诊断准确率高于钼靶检查 ,两者综合应用可提高对早期乳腺癌的诊断水平。     

儿童肾脏恶性肿瘤的CT诊断和鉴别诊断

目的 探讨儿童肾脏恶性肿瘤的CT表现及特点。材料与方法 回顾性分析53例经临床病理证实的小儿肾脏恶性肿瘤,其中Wilms瘤45例,肾透明细胞肉瘤3例,肾细胞癌3例,肾恶性横纹肌样瘤、肾胚胎性横纹肌肉瘤各1例。结果 45例Wilms瘤中76%呈实质性肿块,4%为囊性,20%为囊实性;增强后肿瘤实质部分、囊壁及间隔有强化;9%见斑点或斑片状钙化。肾脏恶性非Wilms瘤在CT上边界清晰或模糊的类球形、密度欠均匀的实质性肿块,增强后轻～中等度强化,8例中5例（63%）见斑点或斑片状钙化。肾恶性横纹肌样瘤见实质内点状及条索状强化血管影。肾胚胎性横纹肌肉瘤表现为肾实质及肾盂内分叶状实质性肿块,侵犯肾门及输尿管上段,肾周见新月形低密度的包膜下积液。结论 CT对儿童肾脏恶性肿瘤的术前诊断及提出随访方案上有一定帮助。     

Differentiation between Benign and Malignant Solid Thyroid Nodules Using an US Classification System

Objective

To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of a new ultrasound (US) classification system for differentiating between benign and malignant solid thyroid nodules.

Materials and Methods

In this study, we enrolled 191 consecutive patients who received real-time US and subsequent US diagnoses for solid thyroid nodules, and underwent US-guided fine-needle aspiration. Each thyroid nodule was prospectively classified into 1 of 5 diagnostic categories by real-time US: "malignant," "suspicious for malignancy," "borderline," "probably benign," and "benign". We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of thyroid US and the cut-off US criteria by comparing the US diagnoses of thyroid nodules with cytopathologic results.

Results

Of the 191 solid nodules, 103 were subjected to thyroid surgery. US categories for these 191 nodules were malignant (n = 52), suspicious for malignancy (n = 16), borderline (n = 23), probably benign (n = 18), and benign (n = 82). A receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that the US diagnosis for solid thyroid nodules using the 5-category US classification system was very good. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy of US diagnosis were 86%, 95%, 91%, 92%, and 92%, respectively, when benign, probably benign, and borderline categories were collectively classified as benign (negative).

Conclusion

The diagnostic accuracy of thyroid US for solid thyroid nodules is high when the above-mentioned US classification system is applied.