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目的 评价盆腔脏器联合切除术（PE）对局部进展期直肠癌的疗效。方法 对12年中79例局部进展期直肠癌PE术后结果进行回顾性总结。结果 全盆腔脏器切除术（TPE）46例，其中保肛TPE5例，TPE联合骶骨切除1例，TPE联合半骨盆切除1例，后盆腔脏器切除术（PPE）33例。根治性切除65例（82．8％），合并症发生率48．6％，手术死亡2例（2．5％），根治术后再复发36例（58．1％），术后1、3、5年生存率75．8％、39．3％、35．8％。根治性切除与大体根治切除术后3年、5年生存率分别为44．2％、40．8％与11．1％、0。结论 PE是目前治疗局部进展期直肠癌有效的方法，积极的根治性切除病灶，可以有效提高其治愈率，改善生活质量。     

腹腔镜腹会阴联合切除术治疗低位直肠癌疗效评价

目的前瞻性评估腹腔镜直肠癌腹会阴联合切除术的临床优劣性。方法将2003年7月至2006年4月收治的低位直肠癌患者随机分为两组，37例行腹腔镜腹会阴联合切除术（腹腔镜组），另37例常规开腹行腹会阴联合切除术（开腹组）；比较两组的手术时间、清除淋巴结数目和腹部出血量、术后排气时间、起床活动时间、住院时间、并发症发生率和复发转移率及卫生经济学情况。结果腹腔镜全组患者均顺利完成手术，无中转开腹者；手术时间两组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05），但前10例手术时间比开腹组长（P〈0．01）；腹部出血量少于开腹组（P〈0．01）．但前10例较开腹组多（P〈0．01）；术后肛门排气时间两组差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；起床活动时间腹腔镜组早于开腹组（P〈0．01）；住院时间长短两组无差异，但腹腔镜会阴闭合较开腹组早：腹腔镜组腹部创口相关并发症明显少于开腹组（P〈O．05）；两组的清除淋巴结枚数、局部复发及远处早期复发率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；手术费用腹腔镜组明显高于开腹组，但医疗总费用两组差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论腹腔镜直肠癌腹会阴联合切除术不仅创口小、术中出血少、与腹部创口相关并发症少、术后恢复快，且其手术时间、医疗总费用和肿瘤根治性与开腹手术无差异。     

Circumferential resection margin involvement after laparoscopic abdominoperineal excision for rectal cancer

Aim This study aimed to evaluate circumferential resection margin (CRM) involvement in patients with rectal adenocarcinoma after laparoscopic abdominoperineal excision (APR). Method Prospectively collected data were analyzed on consecutive patients who underwent laparoscopic APR for histologically proven rectal cancer following neoadjuvant chemotherapy, from 1998 to 2006. Patients with no sphincter involvement were not included and underwent intersphincteric resection with coloanal anastomosis. CRM involvement was defined as ≤ 2 mm using a standardized pathology protocol. Data were presented as mean ± SD or as median (range). Results Seventy‐four patients (60 ± 14 years of age; body mass index = 29.7 ± 7.9 kg/m²) underwent laparoscopic APR. The distance of the tumour from the anal verge was 3.1 ± 0.93 cm. All patients had sphincter involvement. The operative time was 180 ± 73 min, and estimated blood loss was 269 ± 149 ml. There were no conversions and no postoperative mortality. The adverse event rate was 11%. There were two reoperations and three readmissions. Seventy‐one patients had a T3 tumour and three patients had a T4 tumour. The median tumour size was 3.1 (range, 0–10) × 3 (range, 0–8.5) × 2 (range, 0–3.6) cm, and 26 (range, 3–41) lymph nodes were harvested. The median CRM was 7 (range, 1–11) mm. This was localized at the waist of the specimen in 12 (16.2%) of patients. Adjuvant therapy was given to 92% and 97% of patients with an involved and an uninvolved CRM, respectively. At 50 ± 27 months of follow up of 73 patients, 12 had CRM involvement and had a significantly decreased cancer‐specific survival (log rank test, P = 0.002). Conclusion Laparoscopic APR resulted in CRM involvement in 16.2% of patients with rectal cancer.     

Abdominosacral resection for locally recurring rectal cancer

AIM To investigate feasibility and outcome of abdominalsacral resection for treatment of locally recurrent rectal adenocarcinoma.METHODS A population of patients who underwent an abdominalsacral resection for posterior recurrent adenocarcinoma of the rectum at the National Cancer Institute of Milano, between 2005 and 2013, is considered. Retrospectively collected data includes patient characteristics, treatment and pathology details regarding the primary and the recurrent rectal tumor surgical resection. A clinical and instrumental follow-up was performed. Surgical and oncological outcome were investigated. Furthermore an analytical review of literature was conducted in order to compare our case series with other reported experiences.RESULTS At the time of abdomino-sacral resection, the mean age of patients was 55(range, 38-64). The median operating time was 380 min(range, 270-480). Sacral resection was performed at S2/S3 level in 3 patients, S3/S4 in 3 patients and S4/S5 in 4 patients. The median operating time was 380 ± 58 min. Mean intraoperative blood loss was 1750 m L(range, 200-680). The median hospital stay was 22 d. Overall morbidity was 80%, mainly type Ⅱ complication according to the ClavienDindo classification. Microscopically negative margins(R0) is obtained in all patients. Overall 5-year survival after first surgical procedure is 60%, with a mediansurvival from the first surgery of 88 ± 56 mo. The most common site of re-recurrence was intrapelvic.CONCLUSION Sacral resection represents a feasible approach to posterior rectal cancer recurrence without evidence of distant spreading. An accurate staging is essential for planning the best therapy.     

腹腔镜下腹-会阴联合直肠癌切除术(附9例长期随访报告)

目的 探讨腹腔镜下腹--会阴联合直肠癌切除术的围手术期过程、肿瘤状态与预后。方法 对腹腔镜下腹--会阴联合直肠癌切除术后5年以上(1993年12月—1996年2月)的9例患进行回顾性随访。结果随访时间中位数80m(40m-90m)。患年龄中位数50岁(30岁—67岁)。腹腔镜下完成腹部操作8例，小切口辅助下完成腹部操作l例，均进行了标准的根治性切除。手术时间中位数6h(4．5h—7．5h)。术中、后发生并发症4例，其中皮下气肿、尿潞留l例，髂静脉损伤l例，下肢深静脉血栓形成、造瘘口部分粘膜坏死l例，会阴部伤口感染l例。术后标本检测淋巴结数目的中位数为13个(4个—25个)。6例存活，3例死亡，5年生存率为77．8％。结论腹腔镜下腹--会阴联合直肠癌切除术安全可行，能够满足开腹手术所要求的肿瘤切除原则。     

低前切除术与腹会阴联合切除术治疗中低位直肠癌疗效分析

目的探讨低前切除术(LAR)与腹会阴联合切除术(APR)治疗中低位直肠癌的远期疗效,保肛手术治疗中低位直肠癌的原则。方法回顾性分析1994年7月～2000年12月收治293例中低位直肠癌的手术方式和随访资料。结果中低位直肠癌的手术方式中,LAR组与APR组患者在性别、年龄、肿瘤大小、Dukes分期、组织学类型、分化程度、手术时间、术后并发症、局部复发率、生存率上比较均无显著性差异。LAR组肿瘤下缘到齿状线平均距离为（5.29±2.61）cm,APR组为（2.67±1.81）cm（P＜0.01）。结论在根治性切除的前提下,LAR组生存率并不比APR组低。低前切除术治疗中低位直肠癌疗效满意。     

Examination of outcome following abdominoperineal resection for adenocarcinoma in Oxford

Aim Abdominoperineal resection (APR) has been shown to have poor outcomes compared with anterior resection (AR) in the treatment of rectal cancer. We compared APR outcomes with those for low AR. Method Lower third rectal cancers treated at the John Radcliffe Hospital with APR and low AR were examined using a prospectively collected database augmented with review of patient records. For all cases (APR and low AR), a range of patient, cancer and outcome data were collected. A selected group was created on the basis of exclusions. Outcomes for the global and selected APR and low AR groups were compared using the Kaplan–Meier method. CRM+ve and CRM?ve APR cases were compared. Results Between 1994 and 2003, 70 APR and 93 low AR were performed. After exclusions, 42 APR and 81 low AR remained. Median follow‐up was 4.8 years. Five year survival for the APR group was significantly worse than for the low AR group. The APR group showed significantly fewer T0 cancers and significantly more T3 cancers. CRM R1 involvement was significantly higher for the APR group. The CRM+ve APR group contained significantly more later stage cancers, more defective resection specimens, more abscesses and fistulas and was associated with more local recurrence. Conclusions These data showed that APR led to worse results than low AR in terms of overall survival and circumferential margin involvement, but that the cancers treated with APR tended to be more locally advanced.     

腹腔镜下直肠癌根治术的争议与难点

随着腹腔镜直肠癌根治手术的改进,其应用也越来越广泛,其手术的安全性、可行性及远期疗效也逐渐得到认可,最新指南逐渐推荐腹腔镜技术代替开腹技术。然而在实施过程中,由于学习曲线长、技术难度大,仍存在诸多操作性问题,加之越来越清晰的"膜解剖理念"的出现,有必要对腹腔镜直肠癌根治术的争议与难点进行探讨,以供临床参考。     

经腹-会阴联合直肠癌根治术后经腹膜外造口对患者旁疝与排便功能的影响

目的探讨经腹-会阴联合直肠癌根治术后经腹膜外造口对患者旁疝与排便功能的影响。 方法选择2016年1月至2017年6月,广元市中心医院行经腹-会阴联合直肠癌根治术78例患者的临床资料。其中经腹膜外造口者40例为观察组,经腹膜内造口者38例为对照组,2组患者均于围手术期接受全程护理。比较2组手术指标、术后并发症发生情况及排便功能。 结果观察组术中出血量、住院时间分别为（104.24±39.08）ml和（15.62±3.10）d,与对照组（120.46±47.35）ml和（17.20±2.95）d,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;观察组手术时间、造口时间、术后切口愈合时间分别为（233.12±40.50）min、（21.87±9.23）min和（7.31±0.28）d,与对照组（231.38±39.04）min、（20.95±9.14）min和（7.05±0.34）d,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。观察组排便功能优良率显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（67.50% vs 34.21%,P<0.05）。观察组造口旁疝的发生率显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（2.50% vs 18.42%,P<0.05）;但2组间造口出血、造口水肿、造口回缩或脱垂等发生率比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。 结论经腹-会阴联合直肠癌根治术后经腹膜外造口可显著降低术后造口旁疝的发生率,促进其排便功能的恢复,整体疗效优于经腹膜内造口。     

低位直肠癌经肛提肌外腹会阴联合切除术与传统术式的疗效比较

目的比较腹会阴直肠癌根治术与传统腹会阴直肠癌根治术(APR)治疗低位直肠癌的并发症及短期手术效果。方法回顾性分析2012年1月至2015年9月54例行低位进展期直肠癌手术病人的临床资料,20例病人接受传统APR手术(APR组),34例接受肛提肌外腹会阴直肠癌根治术(ELAPE组)。结果与传统APR组比较,ELAPE组术中出血量较少,术中标本穿孔率及环周切缘阳性率低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);与传统APR比较,ELAPE组术后会阴切口并发症发生率、尿潴留发生率更高,手术时间较长,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。经过短期随访,ELAPE组1例出现复发,无死亡病例;传统APR组盆底复发1例,死亡1例。两组局部复发率及死亡率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 ELAPE手术虽然在一定程度上增加了会阴区相关并发症的发生率,但其明显降低了术中直肠穿孔率和术后标本环周切缘(CRM)阳性率,减少术中出血量,提高了手术根治效果,具有非常重要的临床价值。     

腹腔镜直肠癌根治术对肛肠动力学及抗炎状态的影响

目的:探讨腹腔镜直肠癌根治术对患者肛肠动力学及抗炎状态的影响。方法:收集2012年1月至2013年6月行腹腔镜直肠癌根治术的60例患者(腹腔镜组),纳入同期经检查确认为非直肠癌的60例患者为对照组。对比术前两组患者肛肠动力学指标:肛管静息压(anal resting pressure,ARP)、肛管最大收缩压(anal maximum systolic pressure,MSP)、高压区长度(high-pressure zone length,HPZ)、直肠静息压(rectal resting pressure,RRP)、肛管蠕动波频率(anal peristaltic wave frequency,APWF)、直肠最大耐受容量(maximal tolerable rectal volume,MTV)、直肠肛管抑制反射阈值(anorectal inhibitory reflex threshold,AIRT)。并比较腹腔镜组患者术前及术后第1天、第7天、第15天血清炎症指标水平。结果:两组患者间各项肛肠动力学指标差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后第15天,腹腔镜组ARP、MSP、HPZ、MTV显著下降(P<0.05),而RRP、AIRT则显著上升(P<0.05),APWF无明显改变。从术后第1个月开始,各项指标逐渐恢复,术后第3、6个月各项指标与术前相比差异均无统计学意义。术后第1天腹腔镜组血清炎症因子白介素-6、白介素-8、肿瘤坏死因子-α、C反应蛋白、血清淀粉样蛋白A水平显著高于术前(P<0.05);术后第7天开始各项指标逐渐恢复,术后第15天各项指标与术前相比差异无统计学意义。结论:腹腔镜直肠癌根治术对患者肛肠动力学具有短期、暂时的影响,术后3个月肛肠动力学可恢复正常;术后患者体内发生剧烈的抗炎反应,术后第15天恢复正常。     

低位直肠癌行腹腔镜腹会阴联合切除术临床分析

目的探讨腹腔镜直肠癌腹会阴联合切除术手术方法、技巧及临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析2003年7月至2010年6月30例行腹腔镜直肠癌腹会阴联合切除术（Miles术）患者（腹腔镜组）的围手术期情况,并按年龄、性别、肿块下缘距肛门距离、Dukes分期等匹配条件从同期开腹直肠癌手术（Miles术）中抽取30例（开腹组）作为参照,并对两组肿瘤手术情况、术后恢复情况、并发症发生率、随访结果等进行分析比较。结果腹腔镜组手术时间略多于开腹组,两组术中平均出血量、肠道功能恢复时间比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.005）。两组肠段切除长度、清扫淋巴结数目、术后并发症发生率、局部复发率比较,差异无统计学意义。腹腔镜组除1例中转开腹手术外,其余29例均在腹腔镜下完成手术,手术时间平均（185±30）min,术中出血量平均（80.0±30.5）ml,术后肠蠕动恢复时间平均为（30±10）h。1例术后并发肠梗阻,1例并发造瘘口肠管缺血坏死,无死亡病例。结论低位直肠癌更加适合在腹腔镜下进行手术切除,视野暴露充分,安全可靠,出血量少,肠道功能恢复快,具备操作安全、精细,术后恢复快的优点。     

精准保留左结肠动脉并根部淋巴结清扫的腹腔镜直肠癌根治术的疗效分析

目的:探讨腹腔镜下直肠癌根治术中根据肠系膜下动脉(IMA)不同分型精准保留左结肠动脉(LCA)及根部淋巴结清扫的临床意义。方法:采用回顾性对比性的方法纳入2016年6月至2018年6月施行的72例腹腔镜下直肠癌根治术,其中38例根据IMA分型行精准保留LCA并廓清IMA根部淋巴结(保留LCA组),34例不保留LCA,行传统高位结扎术(高位结扎组);对比分析两组临床资料、围手术期疗效指标及术后恢复情况。结果:两组手术均顺利完成,无一例中转开腹,两组手术时间、术中出血量、预防性造口率及术后病理分期差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),两组淋巴结清扫总数、阳性淋巴结数量差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。保留LCA组术后1例发生吻合口出血,高位结扎组术后2例发生排尿功能障碍、2例吻合口漏,两组术后并发症总发生率分别为2.6%与11.8%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:腹腔镜直肠癌根治术中保留LCA并清扫根部淋巴结可达到肿瘤根治效果,并能降低术后总并发症发生率,是安全、有效的。     

机器人辅助直肠癌根治术（附179例报告）

目的: 探讨机器人辅助直肠癌根治术的安全性、可行性及肿瘤根治性。方法: 回顾性分析我科自2015年9月至2018年1月,采用达芬奇^?机器人手术系统开展直肠癌根治术179例,其中肿块下缘位于腹膜反折以上者100例,以下者79例。结果: 179例机器人辅助直肠癌根治术均获成功,共完成保肛手术158例。4例伴肝转移的Ⅳ期病人同时切除肝转移灶。平均手术时间（154±44） min,中位出血量50 mL,平均清扫淋巴结（15.4±5.4）枚。病人术后（4.0±2.1） d开始进食流质,术后平均住院（7.6±3.1） d。发生并发症5例（2.79%）,均为吻合口漏,未再次手术。学习曲线分析显示,17例后跨越学习曲线。结论: 机器人辅助直肠癌根治术安全可行,创伤小、恢复快,近期疗效好。     

腹骶联合直肠癌切除术的临床应用

目的探讨腹骶联合切除术治疗低位进展期直肠癌的可行性和安全性。方法前瞻性人组2010年6月至2012年1月间兰州军区兰州总医院收治的可行局部根治性切除但又难以保留肛门的97例低位进展期直肠癌患者,按人院顺序交替分为腹会阴组（49例,行腹会阴联合切除术）和腹骶组（48例,行腹骶联合切除术）。比较两组患者的术中及术后情况。结果两组患者手术顺利,无围手术期死亡。与腹会阴组相比,腹骶组手术时间（包括第2次调整体位的时间）明显延长[（188±45）min比（143±48）min,P=0．000],非计划性前列腺或阴道损伤发生率降低[0比14．3％（7／49）,P=0．032],会阴部切口感染率降低[2．1％（1／48）比18．4％（9／49）,P=0．040]。结论腹骶联合切除术应用于中低位直肠癌患者安全、可行。     

An analysis of radical prostatectomy in advanced stage and high-grade prostate cancer

OBJECTIVES: To clarify the role of radical prostatectomy (RP) in the treatment of locally advanced and high-grade prostate cancer. METHODS: Literature search of Medline publications on surgery for locally advanced and high-grade prostate cancer. RESULTS: In patients with locally advanced disease, the cancer-specific survival rate after RP at 5- and 10-yr follow-up was 85-100% and 57-91.6%, respectively. The overall survival rate at 5 and 10 yr was>75% and 60%, respectively. In patients with high-grade prostate cancer (Gleason score> or =8), the biochemical recurrence-free survival after RP at 5 and 10 yr of follow-up was 51% and 39%, respectively. Nomograms and modern imaging techniques are useful in predicting pathologic stage, presence of positive lymph nodes, or seminal vesicle involvement. These allow physicians to recognise those patients with locally advanced disease who are most likely to benefit from surgical treatment. Downgraded and organ- or specimen-confined high-grade tumours can have a good prognosis after surgery. The prostate-specific antigen value and the percent positive biopsy cores can be helpful in identifying men with high-grade prostate cancer most likely to benefit from RP. CONCLUSIONS: It is likely that surgery has a role in the treatment of locally advanced and high-grade tumours. However, it is necessary and urgent to have randomised trials assessing survival and quality of life when RP is and is not included in the multimodality treatment.     

开腹与腹腔镜Miles直肠癌根治术对患者术后胰岛素抵抗影响的对比研究

目的:比较开腹与腹腔镜Miles直肠癌根治术围手术期胰岛素抵抗(insulin resistance,IR)的变化,观察腹腔镜对患者IR的影响。方法:随机将择期接受直肠癌Miles手术的52例患者分为腹腔镜组(24例)和开腹组(28例),对比两组术前、手术结束、术后24h、术后72h IR的变化。结果:腹腔镜组术后24h、72h的IR明显低于开腹组,两者差异有统计学意义。结论:腹腔镜Miles直肠癌根治术能明显减少术后患者IR的发生。     

Miles术后会阴部切口感染的危险因素分析及预防对策

目的探讨Miles术后会阴部切口感染的危险因素,并为术后会阴部切口感染提供有价值的预防措施。方法收集2013年1月至2015年12月在扬州大学附属泰兴医院就诊且行Miles手术的61例直肠癌病人临床资料,根据是否术前用洗必泰清洗会阴部、术中麻醉消毒后即刻封闭肛门这一干预措施分为观察组和对照组,分析比较两组术后会阴部切口感染发生率及其他相关临床指标是否有差异;根据术后是否发生切口感染把研究对象分为感染组及非感染组,分析术后会阴部切口感染的危险因素。结果两组总体会阴部切口感染率为19.7%(12/61),观察组的会阴部切口感染发生率与对照组相比(6.5%比33.3%)降低(P0.05),并且术后抗生素使用时间及住院时间均减少(P0.05)。单因素分析显示,Miles术后会阴部切口感染组与未感染组在干预措施、合并糖尿病、输血、浸润深度、肿瘤分期方面比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05);多因素分析显示未使用干预措施、合并糖尿病、输血、肿瘤分期(Ⅳ期)是Miles术后会阴部切口感染的危险因素;干预措施是预防术后会阴部切口感染的保护性措施。结论未使用干预措施、合并糖尿病、输血、肿瘤分期是Miles术后会阴部切口感染的危险因素,而术前洗必泰清洗会阴部、术中麻醉消毒后即刻封闭肛门能降低术后切口感染发生率,是术后会阴部切口感染的有效预防措施。     

腹腔镜与开腹直肠癌根治术的对照研究

目的:评价腹腔镜直肠癌根治术的临床应用价值及疗效。方法:回顾分析77例直肠癌患者的临床资料,其中35例行腹腔镜直肠癌根治术,42例行开腹直肠癌根治术。对比分析两组患者术中失血量、手术时间、术后恢复情况、术后并发症、直肠全系膜切除情况、淋巴结清除数量、保肛率、术后排尿功能等。结果:77例直肠癌根治术均获成功,腹腔镜组无一例中转开腹。术中出血量、术后下床活动时间、胃肠功能恢复时间、直肠系膜切除质量腹腔镜组显著优于开腹组;手术时间腹腔镜组长于开腹组;保肛率、淋巴结清除数量、术后并发症发生率及术后排尿功能两组差异无统计学意义。结论:腹腔镜直肠癌根治术微创、安全、有效,患者术后下床活动时间、胃肠功能恢复、住院时间及术中失血量、直肠系膜切除质量均优于开腹手术。