温室作业女性人群农药暴露对妊娠结局的影响

目的了解温室作业女性人群长期农药暴露对妊娠结局的影响。方法随机抽取2010年3月—2014年12月在潍坊市妇幼保健院等3家单位妇产科生育住院的产妇为研究对象,其中在孕前及孕期累计且连续从事温室作业至少2年以上者449人为暴露组,不从事温室作业且不接触农药的同医院产妇152人为对照组。通过问卷调查和查阅资料等方式获得女性农药暴露情况、既往生育史、妊娠期疾患、妊娠结局等;并根据农药暴露强度将暴露组分为低、中、高暴露组,统计各组不良妊娠结局发生情况。结果调查人群的不良妊娠结局共166例,发生率为18.53%(166/896);其中年龄35岁者不良妊娠结局发生率为31.25%(45/144);有异常孕产史者不良妊娠结局发生率为47.83%(11/23),温室作业产妇的不良妊娠结局发生率为21.21%(140/660)。不同农药暴露量的产妇早产、自然流产、死胎及死产、出生缺陷发生率差异有统计学意义(P0.05),均随暴露量的增加而升高。结论温室作业女性人群长期农药暴露可能导致早产、流产、死胎及死产、出生缺陷等不良妊娠结局。     

Effects of pesticide exposure on time to pregnancy: results of a multicenter study in France and Denmark. ASCLEPIOS Study Group.

The aim of this study was to determine whether there was a relation between male exposure to pesticides and the amount of time needed to conceive (time to pregnancy) for farmers and agricultural workers in France and Denmark. The authors used retrospective studies to compare the time to pregnancy of couples in which the man was exposed to pesticides during the year before the birth of their youngest child with that of couples in which the man was not exposed. In 1995 and 1996, the authors studied 362 French rural workers (142 exposed to pesticides and 220 not exposed), 449 Danish farmers (326 conventional farmers exposed to pesticides and 123 nonexposed organic farmers), and 121 Danish greenhouse workers exposed to pesticides. The fecundability ratio for exposure to pesticides (Cox model, before and after adjustment for confounding factors) did not differ from 1 in any of the three populations. In France, the adjusted fecundability ratio was 1.17 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.89-1.55) for exposed and nonexposed agricultural workers. In Denmark, it was 1.09 (95% CI 0.82-1.43) for exposed and nonexposed farmers and 0.83 (95% CI 0.69-1.18) for greenhouse workers and nonexposed farmers. Thus, this study found no relation between fertility (time to pregnancy) and male exposure to pesticides.     

农药与阿尔茨海默症关联性研究的Meta分析

目的利用国内外发表的关于农药暴露与阿尔茨海默症(AD)有关的文献,探讨农药暴露是否为AD的危险因素。方法采用Cochrane系统评价方法,根据PICOs原则提出关键词,在CBM、万方、维普、CNKI、PubMed、EMBASE、CENTRAL数据库中检索国内外公开发表的相关文献。利用Endnote X7文献管理软件管理文献,运用Cochrane协作网推荐的NOS偏倚风险评价工具进行文献质量评价,设计表格提取相关信息。分析主要结局指标为阿尔茨海默病例及其农药暴露或血清中农药的含量,采用RevMan 5.3软件进行Meta分析。病例对照研究的效应值为暴露的比值比(OR)以及95%可信区间(95%CI),队列研究的效应值为相对危险度(RR值)及95%CI,根据异质性检验结果选择相应的合并模型。结果最终纳入4篇文章,病例对照研究和队列研究各2篇。纳入的2篇病例对照研究的异质性为无,I2为27%(P=0.24),合并结果为OR=2.41,95%CI(1.47~3.94,P=0.008)。纳入的2篇队列研究的异质性为中度,I2为58%(P=0.12),合并结果为RR为1.75,95%CI(1.22~2.50,P=0.002)。结论目前证据支持农药暴露是阿尔茨海默症的危险因素。     

Influence of paternal exposure to oil and oil products on time to pregnancy and spontaneous abortions

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of exposure to oil and oil products among men on the time taken for their wives to conceive and on the incidence of spontaneous abortion among them. A cross-sectional study was performed by posting questionnaires to 1,269 men employed as offshore mechanics, offshore operators, offshore drilling personnel, car mechanics (the 'exposed' occupations) and carpenters ('unexposed'). The married men were asked to give a separate questionnaire to their wives for details about their pregnancies. The time elapsed between the beginning of coitus without contraception and the wife becoming pregnant (time to pregnancy) was analyzed with Cox regression analysis by calculating fecundability ratios for the pregnancies for the men exposed to oil and oil products as compared with the men who were not exposed. Spontaneous abortions were analyzed with logistic regression by calculating odds ratios for the pregnancies in which the men were exposed vs. not exposed. A total of 741 (58%) men returned the questionnaires. A total of 301 pregnancies were analyzed for time taken to conceive and 580 for spontaneous abortion. The results were adjusted for variables that could significantly influence conception time (previous infections of the reproductive system and coffee drinking) or the incidence of spontaneous abortion (mother's age, parity and smoking). The outcomes between the exposed and unexposed pregnancies showed no significant differences. Car mechanics had a lower fecundability ratio before 1992 than after 1992. Paternal exposure to hydrocarbons in the occupations studied did not seem to have had a major influence on time to conception or the incidence of spontaneous abortion among the wives of the men exposed to oil products.     

Effects of exposure time, material type, and granular pesticide on glove contamination

Chemical-resistant gloves are recommended for pesticide applicators to reduce their exposure to agricultural chemicals. In this research, three chemical-resistant glove materials—nitrile, neoprene, and barrier laminate—were studied in relation to contamination with granular terbufos and tefluthrin. Surfaces of specimens backed with alpha cellulose were contaminated with 300 mg of either granular terbufos or tefluthrin for 1-, 2-, 4-, 8-, 16-, and 24-h time periods in petri dishes in the laboratory. Residues were extracted using ethyl acetate for terbufos and iso-octane for tefluthrin in test tubes for 24 h. Analysis of extracts by gas chromatograph and statistical analysis of the data showed that contamination levels varied with the time of exposure, material type, and pesticide used. Pesticide was not detected in the alpha cellulose even after 24 h contamination time. A linear relationship was found between contamination level and exposure time for terbufos in the three materials, with longer exposure times causing higher contamination levels. Contamination of nitrile was significantly less than neoprene or barrier laminate. Exposed glove materials contained higher levels of contamination of terbufos than tefluthrin. Received: 20 December 2000/Accepted: 4 June 2001     

The effect of lead on male fertility: a time to pregnancy (TTP) study

BACKGROUND: Growing attention has been paid in recent decades to the effects on male reproduction of occupational exposures to toxic agents. There is strong evidence that high level exposure to lead, i. e. blood lead level (PbB) > 70 microg/dl, is associated with male infertility and some reports suggest an effect even at lower PbB (i. e. < 50 microg/dl). The aim of this study is to shed more light on the postulated association between occupational exposure to relatively low levels of inorganic lead and reduced fertility in men estimated by the length of time taken to conceive: time to pregnancy (TTP). METHODS: A survival analysis of TTP of the last pregnancy was performed adopting the Kaplan Meier methodology. The target population included 782 lead-exposed workers and 165 controls. 251 lead workers and 119 controls were finally eligible and interviewed. Lead-exposed subjects were distributed into four exposure levels according to their blood lead concentration (i.e. < 20; 20-29; 30-39, and >/= 40 microg/dl). The Cox model was adopted to estimate the Relative Risk of unsuccessful waiting time to pregnancy associated to the exposure to lead. RESULTS: A statistically significant difference in fecundability (shorter TTP) in favor of exposed subjects was detected. Nevertheless, longer TTP was associated within the exposed group to higher levels of PbB, even though the gradient is not statistically significant. The exposed workers revealed an average number of children larger than those not exposed, and a clear gradient of the same variable was evident from the lowest to the highest PbB level. Focusing on subjects with one child only, the Cox model confirmed no significant difference in fecundability between exposed and not exposed, whereas a statistically significant longer TTP was associated to the exposure level >/= 40 microg/dl. CONCLUSIONS: It is not easy to assert or to deny the effect of inorganic lead on male fecundity, quantitatively estimated by TTP, with the data available for this study. In fact, while the general data seem to exclude effects of Pb on male fecundability a more detailed analysis suggests an unfavorable effect at relatively high levels of exposure but some confounding attributable to personal and social conditions of the workers cannot be ruled out. Further investigations with a better control of confounding are needed.     

Cumulative exposure to pesticide residues in food

The results of food monitoring studies indicate that humans are constantly exposed to residues ofplant protection products (pesticides) in marketed food products. Hence, assessment of the risk to consumers associated with the consumption of products containing residues of the active substances of pesticides is a key stage in both the registration of pesticides and official control of foodstuffs. However there are frequent cases of exposure not only to individual active substances but also to mixtures of pesticide residues. These levels are usually low, below of effective action, and interaction such as synergism orpotentiation is not expected to occur At the same time, literature data indicate that for mixtures sharing a common MOA (Mode of Action/Mechanism of Action), the probability of additive effects is high, even after adjusting for the low levels of the mixed pesticide residues present. Accordingly, health risk assessment for consumers exposed to such mixtures (cumulative/aggregate risk) has become an issue of topical importance. EU-level initiatives regarding the development of appropriate methodology for the estimation of cumulative/aggregate risk have brought about considerable progress in this area. The article discusses various aspects of estimation of cumulative risk for consumers associated with exposure to mixtures of pesticide residues in food.     

农民农药暴露与不良妊娠结局关系的Meta分析

目的 对农民在农业种植过程中农药暴露与不良妊娠结局的关系进行分析.方法 收集1990至2012年2月国内外发表的有关农药暴露与妊娠结局关系的文献,应用revman 4.2软件对符合纳入标准的文献进行Meta分析.结果 共有12篇文献纳入研究,与对照组相比,农药暴露农民自然流产的合并OR为1.52(95％CI∶1.04,2.21,P=0.03);早产的合并OR为1.33 (95％CI∶1.09,1.61,P=0.005);死胎的合并OR为1.22(95％CI∶1.16,1.29,P＜0.01),农药暴露可使自然流产、早产、死胎的危险性增加.死产的合并OR为1.90(95％CI∶0.58,6.28,P=0.29);畸形的合并OR为2.02(95％CI∶0.84,4.69,P=0.12);低出生体重的合并OR为1.62(95％CI∶0.60,4.39,P=0.34);新生儿死亡的合并OR为2.18 (95％CI∶0.54,8.88,P=0.28);生育延迟的合并OR为1.43(95％CI∶0.93,2.18,P=0.1),故尚不能认为农药暴露与死产、畸形、低出生体重、新生儿死亡、生育延迟有相关性.结论 农药暴露可以导致农民的不良妊娠结局,使自然流产、早产、死胎的危险性增加.     

Assessment of time to pregnancy and spontaneous abortion status following occupational exposure to organic solvents mixture

Purpose  

Due to increasing usage of chemicals in various industries, occupational exposure of women with these materials is unavoidable. Nowadays, some studies indicate adverse effects of exposure to these chemicals, especially organic solvents on the reproductive system of females. This study aimed to assess the relationship between spontaneous abortion and occupational exposure to organic solvents mixture in pharmaceutical industry.     

The need for appropriate use information to refine pesticide user exposure assessments

Risk assessment compares hazard information with an exposure assessment (Report of the OECD workshop, 1995). To characterise the risk data on the level, duration and frequency of exposure are required. This paper illustrates how, in the absence of specific usage data, structural and other data may be used to provide some estimates of daily work rates. The usefulness of detailed pesticide usage data to refine the exposure assessment is also shown. Scientifically sound usage data are required, and to ensure a harmonised approach requires guidelines. The current OECD guidelines for the collection of usage statistics (Thomas for the Eurostat Pesticides Statistics Taskforce, 1999) are designed to collect usage data for environmental reasons, but are a good basis. The adaptation of the OECD guidelines to collect information for user exposure assessments is discussed.     

Semen quality in relation to biomarkers of pesticide exposure

We previously reported reduced sperm concentration and motility in fertile men in a U.S. agrarian area (Columbia, MO) relative to men from U.S. urban centers (Minneapolis, MN; Los Angeles, CA; New York, NY). In the present study we address the hypothesis that pesticides currently used in agriculture in the Midwest contributed to these differences in semen quality. We selected men in whom all semen parameters (concentration, percentage sperm with normal morphology, and percentage motile sperm) were low (cases) and men in whom all semen parameters were within normal limits (controls) within Missouri and Minnesota (sample sizes of 50 and 36, respectively) and measured metabolites of eight current-use pesticides in urine samples provided at the time of semen collection. All pesticide analyses were conducted blind with respect to center and case-control status. Pesticide metabolite levels were elevated in Missouri cases, compared with controls, for the herbicides alachlor and atrazine and for the insecticide diazinon [2-isopropoxy-4-methyl-pyrimidinol (IMPY)]; for Wilcoxon rank test, p = 0.0007, 0.012, and 0.0004 for alachlor, atrazine, and IMPY, respectively. Men from Missouri with high levels of alachlor or IMPY were significantly more likely to be cases than were men with low levels [odds ratios (ORs) = 30.0 and 16.7 for alachlor and IMPY, respectively], as were men with atrazine levels higher than the limit of detection (OR = 11.3). The herbicides 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and metolachlor were also associated with poor semen quality in some analyses, whereas acetochlor levels were lower in cases than in controls (p = 0.04). No significant associations were seen for any pesticides within Minnesota, where levels of agricultural pesticides were low, or for the insect repellent DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide) or the malathion metabolite malathion dicarboxylic acid. These associations between current-use pesticides and reduced semen quality suggest that agricultural chemicals may have contributed to the reduction in semen quality in fertile men from mid-Missouri we reported previously.     

Community-based intervention to reduce pesticide exposure to farmworkers and potential take-home exposure to their families

The US EPA Worker Protection Standard requires pesticide safety training for farmworkers. Combined with re-entry intervals, these regulations are designed to reduce pesticide exposure. Little research has been conducted on whether additional steps may reduce farmworker exposure and the potential for take-home exposure to their families. We conducted an intervention with 44 strawberry harvesters (15 control and 29 intervention group members) to determine whether education, encouragement of handwashing, and the use of gloves and removable coveralls reduced exposure. Post-intervention, we collected foliage and urine samples, as well as hand rinse, lower-leg skin patch, and clothing patch samples. Post-intervention loading of malathion on hands was lower among workers who wore gloves compared to those who did not (median=8.2 vs. 777.2 microg per pair, respectively (P<0.001)); similarly, median MDA levels in urine were lower among workers who wore gloves (45.3 vs. 131.2 microg/g creatinine, P<0.05). Malathion was detected on clothing (median=0.13 microg/cm(2)), but not on skin. Workers who ate strawberries had higher malathion dicarboxylic acid levels in urine (median=114.5 vs. 39.4 microg/g creatinine, P<0.01). These findings suggest that wearing gloves reduces pesticide exposure to workers contacting strawberry foliage containing dislodgeable residues. Additionally, wearing gloves and removing work clothes before returning home could reduce transport of pesticides to worker homes. Behavioral interventions are needed to reduce consumption of strawberries in the field.     

孕期低水平铅暴露对婴儿生长发育的影响

目的:探讨孕期低水平铅暴露对婴儿生长发育以及社会情感技能发展的影响,早期发现不利因素,开展健康教育,从社会、环境医学角度为培养全面发展的新一代探索更广的途径。方法:对110例母婴进行问卷调查,社会情感技能ASQ:SE婴幼儿社会情感问卷,新生儿神经行为评分,体检。采用原子吸收石墨炉法测定脐血铅水平。前瞻性观察足月新生儿脐血铅与体格发育、神经发育、父母职业、生活方式等指标的等级相关性,开展防铅健康教育。结果:110例新生儿脐血铅中位数(M):18·8μg/L,均数(x):23·84μg/L,标准差(s):20·43;血铅与出生体重、身长、头围相关系数分别为0·142、0·005、0·019,无显著相关性;与情商相关系数为0·827(P<0·01);与父母职业、交通情况相关系数分别为0·106(P<0·05)、0·228(P<0·05)、0·220(P<0·05)、0·228(P<0·05);与母亲被动吸烟、家庭装修相关系数分别为0·224(P<0·05)、0·203(P<0·05)。结论:提示孕期低水平铅暴露新生儿脐血铅水平与父母交通情况、母亲职业、母亲被动吸烟、家庭装修、婴儿日后情商有显著相关性。环境干预、健康教育是防治儿童铅中毒的有效途径。     

电脑荧屏接触时间对视频显示终端综合征影响研究

目的调查西安市高校学生电脑荧屏接触时间,分析其对视频显示终端(VDT)综合征的影响。方法 采用横断面调查方法,以西安市5所高校1 491名大学生作为研究对象,进行现场问卷调查。采用因子分析、秩和检验等方法分析荧屏接触时间对VDT综合征的影响。结果 高校学生日均荧屏接触时间中位数(M)为2.6 h,男生(M为3 h)高于女生(M为2 h,P<0.05)。长时间使用电脑引起的VDT综合征症状主要表现在精神、视觉、肌肉骨骼、眼部、消化道和神经症状等6个方面。不同荧屏接触时间精神、视觉、眼部和消化道症状的因子得分分别比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01或P<0.001);肌肉骨骼症状和神经症状的因子得分比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 电脑荧屏接触时间与VDT综合征的发生有关。减少电脑使用时间,对于控制精神、视觉、眼部和消化道症状的发生具有重要意义。     

The effect of pesticide residue on caged mosquito bioassays

Wind tunnel experiments showed that secondary pickup of insecticide residue by mosquitoes in cage bioassays had a significant effect on mortality. Cage bioassays using adult Ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus (Wiedemann) investigated the effect of exposure time to a contaminated surface. Cages were dosed in a wind tunnel using the LC50 for naled (0.124 mg a.i./ml) and an LC25 (0.0772 mg a.i./ml) for naled. Half of the bioassay mosquitoes were moved directly into clean cages with the other half remaining in the sprayed, hence contaminated, cage. Treatment mortality was assessed at 8, 15, 30, 60, 120, 240, and 1,440 min postapplication. Cage contamination had a significant effect on mosquito mortality for both the LC25 and LC50 between 15 and 30 min postapplication.     

Skin lesions caused by exposure to a pesticide norbormid

Norbormid used as zoocide (rodenticide) can produce an irritating and allergenic effect when acting on the skin. A case of contact dermatitis is described on a woman who poured over pesticide solution in order to make poisonous pesticides for rodents. The solution got on the skin of her hands, right crus and left forearm. There the signs of acute skin inflammation appeared along with the clinical picture of chronic dermatosis caused by the solution irritating characteristics. The degree of pesticide sensitivity was determined by means of a drop test, 1%-norbormid alcohol solution being used. Preventive measures should involve workers' obligatory instructions on norbomid zoocide noxious impact on human skin and strict observance of industrial safety rules.     

不同孕期碘营养水平对甲状腺功能激素的影响

目的:探讨孕早、中、晚期妇女不同碘营养水平对甲状腺功能激素水平影响。方法:选取2018年5月-2019年2月本院产科门诊孕妇210例为研究对象,孕早、中、晚期分别为72例、70例、68例,检测所有孕妇的尿碘、血清促甲状腺激素(TSH)、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)和游离甲状腺素(FT4)并比较分析。结果:孕早期组碘缺乏率(38.9%)高于孕中期和孕晚期组(P<0.05);孕早、中期妇女甲状腺功能异常主要表现为低FT4血症和亚临床甲状腺功能减退症,极少数孕晚期孕妇存在甲亢;孕早期碘缺乏妇女甲状腺功能异常率(66.7%)高于孕中和孕晚期妇女(P<0.05);孕晚期碘过量妇女甲状腺功能异常率(30.0%)高于孕早期和孕中期组(P<0.05)。结论:妊娠中、晚孕妇碘营养基本处于适宜水平,但孕早期妇女普遍存在碘缺乏。应密切监测妊娠期妇女,特别是孕早期妇女的碘营养水平,对尿碘<150μg/L或>250μg/L的孕妇均应给与甲状腺功能筛查。     

Residential pesticide exposure and neuroblastoma

Neuroblastoma is the most common neoplasm in children under 1 year of age. We examined the relation between residential exposure to pesticides and neuroblastoma, using data from a case-control study of risk factors for neuroblastoma. Incident cases of neuroblastoma (N = 538) were identified through the Pediatric Oncology Group and the Children's Cancer Group. One age-matched control was identified for each case by random digit dialing. Telephone interviews with each parent collected information on residential exposure to pesticides. Pesticide use in both the home and garden were modestly associated with neuroblastoma [odds ratio (OR) = 1.6 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 1.0-2.3, and OR = 1.7 (95% CI = 0.9-2.1), respectively]. Compared with infants [OR = 1.0 (95% CI = 0.6-2.0)], stronger associations were found for garden pesticides in children diagnosed after 1 year of age [OR = 2.2 (95% CI = 1.3-3.6)], which suggests that pesticides may act through a mechanism more common for neuroblastomas in older children. There was no evidence of differential pesticide effects in subgroups of neuroblastoma defined by MYCN oncogene amplification or tumor stage.