鼻骨截骨整形的分型和适应证

目的 探讨鼻骨截骨整形的分型和临床适应证.方法 本文将鼻骨截骨整形方法分为:侧鼻截骨,鼻骨正中截骨,和鼻局部截骨三型.本组72例鼻骨畸形患者中,43例行侧鼻截骨矫正歪鼻畸形,29例行鼻骨正中截骨或鼻骨凸出局部截骨治疗驼峰鼻畸形和鼻骨局部凸出畸形.结果 本组72例截骨整形的患者中,65例术后鼻骨复位或显著改善,占鼻骨截骨病例的90%(65/72);7例截骨后出现鼻骨骨质增生,占10%(7/72).结论 本文鼻骨截骨分型简单,对鼻畸形整复有指导作用;侧鼻截骨适用于歪鼻畸形的整复,鼻骨正中截骨和鼻局部截骨适用于驼峰鼻畸形和局部骨赘凸出畸形的治疗.     

超声骨刀在下颌角肥大矫正术中的应用

目的 探讨超声骨刀在下颌角肥大矫正术各部位骨质截除的临床应用方法、效果和价值.方法 下颌角肥大美容就医者30例,其中男5例,女25例,均采用鼻插管全身麻醉,口内切口,骨膜下分离充分显露下颌骨,注意妥善保护颏神经,根据不同类型下颌角肥大的术前设计,用超声骨刀分别或同时进行下颌角截骨、下颌缘截骨、下颌骨外板劈除等操作.结果 超声骨刀可以完全截断下颌角骨质,顺利完成下颌角整形截骨的各项操作,比传统的刀锯更加精确,截骨曲线流畅.所有受术者均未出现血管、神经意外损伤及骨折现象,术后随访1年,截骨线条美观,外形稳定,形态效果满意.结论 采用超声骨刀进行下颌角肥大矫正术,可较好地提高手术精确度和安全性,但较传统刀具,超声骨刀截骨时间略长,必须熟悉与刀具不同的操作方式和手感.     

Comparison of posterior and anterior pelvic osteotomy for bladder exstrophy complex

To compare the correction and maintenance of the pelvic ring after pelvic osteotomy in bladder exstrophy complex, we analyzed all cases performed at our institution. Posterior osteotomy was performed in six patients; anterior or combined osteotomy was performed in four patients. Patients who underwent posterior osteotomy had a mean pubic approximation of 37.3%. The mean was 62.8% in patients undergoing anterior or combined osteotomy. This difference was statistically significant (P<0.05 ). The mean recurrence of separation in pubic diastasis was 90.5% for posterior osteotomy and 41.6% for anterior or combined osteotomy. These results indicate that an anterior or combined pelvic osteotomy corrects and maintains the pelvic ring with a bladder exstrophy complex more effectively than a posterior pelvic osteotomy.     

Three-dimensional computer analysis of the modified Ludloff osteotomy

BACKGROUND: The Ludloff first metatarsal osteotomy is used to correct the increased 1-2 intermetatarsal angle associated with hallux valgus deformity. We studied the spatial geometry of this osteotomy to determine the ideal parameters of the osteotomy saw cut and its rotation to give an optimal correction. METHODS: Three-dimensional computer modeling software was used to perform a virtual Ludloff osteotomy of the first metatarsal. Different geometric parameters of the osteotomy were studied. The osteotomy was rotated in virtual space and the geometric changes occurring in the virtual bone were then measured by the software. RESULTS: The optimal Ludloff osteotomy started at the dorsum of the first metatarsal base at the first tarsometatarsal joint and extended distally and plantarly to a point just proximal to the sesamoid articulation. A tilt of 10 degrees in the coronal plane of the osteotomy was necessary to limit first metatarsal head elevation. The best axis of rotation was within 5 mm of the proximal end of the osteotomy. CONCLUSIONS: The optimal geometric parameters of a modified Ludloff osteotomy limited first metatarsal shortening, elevation, and sagittal plane rotational malalignment that may occur with the use of this osteotomy.     

Akin截骨联合第1跖骨截骨治疗拇外翻的疗效

目的 探讨Akin截骨联合第1跖骨截骨治疗拇外翻的疗效.方法 采用Akin截骨联合第1跖骨截骨治疗27例拇外翻患者(27足):Akin截骨联合Chevron截骨19例,Akin截骨联合Scarf截骨6例,Akin截骨联合Juvara截骨2例.比较术前及末次随访时的第1、2跖骨间夹角(IMA)与拇外翻角(HVA)的变化....     

两种Borden截骨术的生物力学模拟对比实验

目的　通过生物力学加载实验 ,比较改良Borden截骨术和Borden截骨术的纵向稳定性 ,截骨端面载荷的分布规律。方法　用四具成年男尸的左右股骨 ,左股骨按Borden术式制成截骨模型 ,右股骨按改良Borden术式要求制成截骨模型 ,在相同部位贴电阻片。在SWL -Ⅰ型生物力学万能试验机上施加纵向载荷 ,进行同步测量两种术式的纵向稳定性 ,截骨端面的载荷分布规律。结果　在相同载荷作用下 ,改良Borden截骨术的纵向位移小于Borden截骨术。改良Borden截骨术的截骨端面的应力分布均匀性优于Borden截骨术。结论　改良Borden截骨术比Borden截骨术有较好的稳定性 ,截骨端面的应力分布较均匀 ,为术后骨折愈合创造良好的力学环境 ,是一种较好的治疗严重髋内翻的术式     

Mechanical effects of the extended trochanteric osteotomy

BACKGROUND: The extended trochanteric osteotomy was introduced as a safe and effective exposure technique for revision hip surgery; however, intraoperative iatrogenic femoral fractures have been reported. This study examined the effects of the extended trochanteric osteotomy on the torsional strength of the femur with use of cadaver bones. We hypothesized that repair of the osteotomy fragment would restore the torsional strength to that of an intact femur and that an osteotomized femur containing a well-fixed stem would have the same torsional strength as an intact femur with a stem. METHODS: Fifty-eight cadaveric human femora were divided into five groups, according to the repair technique, to examine the effects of the extended trochanteric osteotomy: intact, osteotomy, repaired osteotomy, implant, and implant-repaired osteotomy. Osteotomy fragments were reattached with use of three double-looped 18-gauge wires. A femoral stem was cemented into the last two groups. Specimens were tested mechanically in rotation until failure. Rotational properties were compared with one-way analysis of variance followed by post hoc pairwise comparisons. Linear regression analysis was performed for bone mineral density and torsional strength. RESULTS: Torque to failure was reduced by 73% for the specimens in the osteotomy group compared with the intact group (p < 0.0001). Repair of the osteotomy did not improve torque to failure (p > 0.99). Femora in the implant-repaired osteotomy group displayed significantly improved torque-to-failure values compared with the specimens in the osteotomy and repaired osteotomy groups (p < 0.0001). However, the strength of the femora in the implant-repaired osteotomy group remained significantly less than that of the specimens in the implant group (p < 0.007). A significant linear relationship was observed between bone mineral density and torque to failure for femora in the intact (p < 0.006), osteotomy (p < 0.002), and repaired osteotomy (p < 0.001) groups. CONCLUSIONS: The extended trochanteric osteotomy reduces torsional strength by 73% even when the osteotomy fragment is repaired. Bone mineral density directly affects absolute femoral strength in this model.     

An experimental analysis of three-dimensional hip joint force after pelvic osteotomies

A three-dimensional analysis of the resultant forces on the hip was carried out using a fresh cadaver of a 40 year old male. A cross sectional area of each of twenty-four muscles around the hip was measured. Markers were fixed at the proximal and the distal insertions of the muscles and the direction of muscular forces was calculated. From these data, three-dimensional resultant forces on the hip and muscular forces around the hip were calculated through the computer in the normal and the postoperative states of Salter pelvic osteotomy, Chiari pelvic osteotomy and rotational acetabular osteotomy. The results showed the resultant forces to be 3.38 times the body weight in the normal specimen, and 3.79 times for the Salter pelvic osteotomy, 2.74 times for the Chiari pelvic osteotomy, and 4.07 times for the rotational acetabular osteotomy. However, as the loaded area on the femoral head also had increased to 1.12 times for the Salter pelvic osteotomy, and 1.20 times for the rotational acetabular osteotomy, the resultant force in each square centimeter was 0.94 times for the Salter pelvic osteotomy, and 0.71 times for the rotational acetabular osteotomy.     

U形截骨术和下颌骨超长弧形截骨术矫正下颌角肥大伴长颏畸形的疗效对比分析

目的:探讨不同术式矫正下颌角肥大伴长颏畸形的应用效果。方法:选取笔者科室2017年1月-2019年1月收治的26例下颌骨肥大伴长颏畸形患者,分别采用U形截骨术和下颌骨超长弧形截骨术两种术式进行矫正,比较两组患者的疗效、术后并发症及满意度情况。结果:U形截骨术组总有效率为90.00%,下颌骨超长弧形截骨术组总有效率为100.00%,下颌骨超长弧形截骨术组总有效率高于U形截骨术组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。采用U形截骨术后,其中5例患者出现下唇麻木或肿胀,1例有轻微皮肤软组织下垂;采用下颌骨超长弧形截骨术后,其中8例患者口唇有不同程度的麻木或肿胀,1例出现下颌部局部轻度血肿。所有患者均未出现严重并发症,两组患者术后并发症发生情况比较,无统计学差异(P>0.05)。术后6个月对所有患者进行随访,U形截骨术组患者满意度为80.00%,下颌骨超长弧形截骨术组患者满意度为100.00%,下颌骨超长弧形截骨术组满意度高于U形截骨术组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:相较于传统下颌角截骨术,U形截骨术以及下颌骨超长弧形截骨术均可进一步改善矫正效果,满足患者术前要求。其中,下颌骨超长弧形截骨术具有更佳的矫正效果,并能提高患者对矫正术后的满意度及预后质量。     

Components of the Wilson Osteotomy That Are Effective on Hallux Valgus Repair

Wilson osteotomy of the first metatarsal is a technically simple and reliable operation for the correction of the hallux valgus (HV) deformity. The major anatomic components of the osteotomy are the osteotomy angle and the distance of the osteotomy to the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint. Lateralization of the first metatarsal head is the rationale for correction of the deformity. The main disadvantage of the technique is the considerable shortening of the first metatarsal. The relation between the amount of HV correction, first metatarsal shortening, and the anatomic parameters of the osteotomy was evaluated. Radiographs of 46 feet of 32 patients were retrospectively evaluated after an average follow-up period of 31.4 months. From the preoperative, early postoperative, and last control radiographs, the amount of HV correction, first metatarsal shortening, the osteotomy angle, the distance of the osteotomy to the first MTP joint, and lateralization of the first metatarsal head were measured. The presented study indicated that the osteotomy angle and the lateral displacement of the metatarsal head have a significant correlation with the amount of HV correction. Distance of the osteotomy to the first MTP joint has no relevance with the repair of the deformity. A positive linear correlation was present between the osteotomy angle and the first metatarsal shortening. Because the amount of first metatarsal shortening has significant influence over the clinical result, the main aim in a Wilson osteotomy should be maximum lateral displacement of the metatarsal head with a minimum osteotomy angle.     

The Ludloff osteotomy: a review of current concepts

The Ludloff osteotomy is a technique option to address hallux valgus in patients with a moderately to significantly increased first-second intermetatarsal angle. The Ludloff osteotomy is an oblique osteotomy of the first metatarsal extending dorsal-proximal to plantar-distal when viewed in the sagittal plane. The dorsal-proximal portion of the metatarsal is cut with the saw while maintaining the plantar-distal surface intact. A screw is inserted across the proximal aspect of the osteotomy, then the osteotomy is extended across the plantar surface distally. The metatarsal is rotated around the axis of the screw to the desired correction. In order to perform the osteotomy correctly, the surgeon must not only effectively complete the nuances of the technique, but also understand the limitations and contraindications of the Ludloff osteotomy. This review of current concepts for the Ludloff osteotomy reviews recent literature as well as technique pearls and pitfalls in the application of this powerful osteotomy.     

Benefit of Adding Fibular Osteotomy to Open-Wedge,Valgus, Distal Tibial Osteotomy for Correcting Varus Ankle Arthritis: An In Vitro Study

Early-stage varus ankle arthritis can usually be treated with a medial, open-wedge, valgus, distal tibial osteotomy; however, the value of adding a fibular osteotomy has been debated. We sought to determine the increase in the maximum medial osteotomy gap and correction angle provided by fibular osteotomy. In 3 sequential experiments on 12 fresh cadaveric legs, we first performed a medial open-wedge, valgus, distal tibial osteotomy alone. Second, we added a transverse fibular osteotomy. Finally, we added a blocked fibular osteotomy. In each experiment, we measured the maximum corrected osteotomy gap and the maximum correction angle. Correction was defined as the absence of lateral cortex diastasis and talocrural joint incongruity. The mean ± standard deviation maximum osteotomy gaps and correction angles were 8.40 ± 1.6 mm and 10.70° ± 3.3° for the tibial osteotomy alone, 15.70 ± 4.6 mm and 20.20° ± 5.6° for the tibial plus transverse fibular osteotomy, and 16.67 ± 3.7 mm and 20.56° ± 4.6° for the tibial plus transverse plus blocked fibular osteotomies, respectively. The corresponding median maximum correction angles were 10° (range 8° to 18°), 19.5° (range 14° to 30°), and 20° (range 14° to 28°). The osteotomy gap and correction angle in the distal tibial and transverse fibular osteotomy were significantly greater than those in the distal tibial osteotomy alone (p < .001 for both) but not in the distal tibial and blocked fibular osteotomy (p = .62 for the gap and p = .88 for the correction angle). Our data support the clinical use of adjunct transverse fibular osteotomies. The blocked fibular osteotomy provided no additional benefit.     

Extended trochanteric osteotomy for 2-stage revision of infected total hip arthroplasty

We evaluate the rate of osteotomy healing, implant stability, and eradication of infection when an extended trochanteric osteotomy, with interval placement of an antibiotic-impregnated cement spacer and delayed osteotomy fixation, is used to treat the chronically infected total hip arthroplasty. Thirteen cases were followed for a minimum of 2 years. All patients had complete healing of the extended trochanteric osteotomy within 6 months. At an average follow-up of 39 months, recurrent infection occurred in 3 (23%) patients. Femoral component subsidence of 5 mm occurred in 2 patients, both of which had recurrent infection. Extended trochanteric osteotomy with interval placement of an articulating antibiotic-impregnated cement spacer and delayed osteotomy fixation permits reliable healing of the osteotomy.     

发育性髋关节发育不良股骨侧截骨方式的研究

在关节外科领域,对于高脱位的发育性髋关节发育不良(DDH)患者而言,股骨截骨是对高脱位DDH患者行关节置换手术的有效辅助技术,包括大转子截骨和转子下截骨方式,后者又可以分为横形、斜形、V形及阶梯形截骨。然而关于股骨截骨方式的选择大多依靠术者的临床经验,并未形成共识,与其相关的术后并发症脱位、截骨不愈合等也时有发生。本文就其截骨方式的研究现状展开综述,探讨其各自的优缺点,以对临床治疗提供建议与指导。     

胫骨不同部位截骨延长术的疗效比较

目的 比较胫骨不同部位截骨延长术的治疗效果。方法 分别应用胫骨干骺端截骨(20例)、骨干截骨(25例)和靠近骨端的骨干截骨(56例)实施小腿延长术,比较延长段骨痂生长速度、质量及术后并发症。结果 三种方法都能最终获得满意预期长度和自身愈合,其中干骺端延长骨生长速度最快,质量最好,近骨端骨干延长次之,骨干延长最慢。但干骺端延长并发症最多,程度最重。结论 小腿延长术以胫骨近端骨干截骨效果最好。     

Comparison of Fixation Techniques in Oblique and Biplanar Chevron Medial Malleolar Osteotomies; a Finite Element Analysis

This study aimed to evaluate different fixation techniques and implants in oblique and biplanar chevron medial malleolar osteotomies using finite element analysis. Both oblique and biplanar chevron osteotomy models were created, and each osteotomy was fixed with 2 different screws (3.5 mm cortical screw and 4.0 mm malleolar screw) in 2 different configurations; (1) 2 perpendicular screws, and (2) an additional third transverse screw. Nine simulation scenarios were set up, including 8 osteotomy fixations and the intact ankle. A bodyweight of 810.44 N vertical loading was applied to simulate a single leg stand on a fixed ankle. Sliding, separation, frictional stress, contact pressures between the fragments were analyzed. Maximum sliding (58.347µm) was seen in oblique osteotomy fixed with 2 malleolar screws, and the minimum sliding (17.272 µm) was seen in chevron osteotomy fixed with 3 cortical screws. The maximum separation was seen in chevron osteotomy fixed with 2 malleolar screws, and the minimum separation was seen in oblique osteotomy fixed with 3 cortical screws. Maximum contact pressure and the frictional stress at the osteotomy plane were obtained in chevron osteotomy fixed with 3 cortical screws. The closest value to normal tibiotalar contact pressures was obtained in chevron osteotomy fixed with 3 cortical screws. This study revealed that cortical screws provided better stability compared to malleolar screws in each tested osteotomy and fixation configuration. The insertion of the third transverse screw decreased both sliding and separation. Biplanar chevron osteotomy fixed with 3 cortical screws was the most stable model.     

下颌截骨整体塑形术

目的　为使不同类型“方形脸”者达到下颌截骨术后下颌整体形态的协调美观。方法根据不同类型的下颌角肥大 ,在下颌骨截骨的基础上联合应用下颌缘截骨、下颌骨半环形截骨以及下颌自体骨隆颏等综合手术方法改善下颌整体形态。结果　自 1996年以来共收治 312例 ,其中下颌角联合下颌缘截骨 2 0 0例 ,单纯下颌缘截骨 2 3例 ,下颌骨半环形截骨 15例 ,下颏修尖 9例 ,下颌自体骨隆颏 32例。对其中 15 0例随访 1～ 12个月 ,满意率 97%。结论　综合的下颌截骨方法可使方形脸术后下颌整体效果协调美观。     

Radial osteotomy for Kienböck disease

Of various surgical treatments, radial shortening for patients with negative ulnar variance and radial wedge osteotomy (radial closing osteotomy) for patients with 0 or positive ulnar variance are widely accepted for the treatment of Kienb?ck disease. Long-term follow-up studies have shown more than 10 years lasting satisfactory pain relief, as well as an increase in wrist range of motion and grip strength. As representative surgical procedures, the techniques of radial shortening by transverse osteotomy, using a locking compression plate for internal fixation, and radial wedge osteotomy by step-cut osteotomy, using a small dynamic compression plate or locking compression plate, are described. One important point of radial wedge osteotomy is that resection of simple wedge bone yields a decrease in ulnar variance; therefore, we recommend trapezoidal bone resection with ulnar height of 1 mm for transverse osteotomy at the metaphysis and ulnar height of 2 mm for step-cut osteotomy at the distal fourth of the radius.     

Heterotopic ossification. Incidence and relation to trochanteric osteotomy in 100 total hip arthroplasties

Heterotopic ossification can impair the functional results of total hip arthroplasty. The causative role of trochanteric osteotomy in heterotopic ossification is uncertain. Postoperative radiographs of 100 total hip arthroplasties were analyzed for incidence of heterotopic ossification. Forty procedures were performed with trochanteric osteotomy and 60 without. There was a 17% overall incidence of clinically significant heterotopic ossification, 22% with osteotomy and 13% without. High- and low-risk categories revealed clinically significant heterotopic ossification in 25% of the high-risk group and in 8% of the low-risk group. In the high-risk group there was a 32% incidence with trochanteric osteotomy and 22% without osteotomy. In the low-risk group there was a 16% incidence without trochanteric osteotomy and a 3% incidence with trochanteric osteotomy. The increase in clinically significant heterotopic ossification in the high-risk group over that of the low-risk group was statistically significant. The present study showed that trochanteric osteotomy tended to increase the incidence and severity of clinically significant heterotopic ossification. These data suggest that trochanteric osteotomy should be avoided, if possible, during total hip arthroplasty to decrease the risk of heterotopic ossification.     

Die öffnende valgisierende Osteotomie der proximalen Tibia mit Fixation durch einen medialen Plattenfixateur

High tibial osteotomy (HTO) is an established technique for the treatment of the symptomatic varus malaligned knee. Correction is usually achieved by closed wedge osteotomy from a lateral exposure. This procedure has a certain risk potential regarding peroneal nerve injuries, instability of the osteotomy and secondary loss of correction. We present four technical modifications of HTO which improve safety and reproducibility of this operation. 1) Open wedge osteotomy from a medial exposure avoids lateral muscle detachment, dissection of the peroneal nerve, proximal fibula osteotomy and leg shortening. Only one osteotomy needs to be performed and the correction can be adapted intraoperatively. 2) A biplanar osteotomy provides improved rotational stability of the osteotomy and creates an anterior buttress against sagittal tilting. 3) An incomplete osteotomy with plastic deformation of the intact lateral bone bridge avoids fractures of the lateral cortex and instabilities and promotes bone healing. 4) Rigid fixation with a medial plate-fixator (Tomofix) allows for early mobilisation and avoids loss-of-correction. 262 patients were consecutively operated using the described modified technique until now. No loss-of-correction occurred in this group, two patients with delayed healing received secondary cancellous bone grafts.