重症监护病房肺部侵袭性真菌感染的早期经验性治疗1例报告

重症监护病房(ICU)内收治的重症患者由于病情危重、治疗过程中使用广谱抗生素、类固醇激素及免疫抑制剂的机会较多,加之各种侵入性操作频繁,使侵袭性真菌感染(IFI)的发病率较高,占院内感染的10%～15%[1].IFI确诊困难,等待确诊可能延误治疗,增加致残率和病死率.同时,由于抗真菌药物的广泛应用,白色念珠菌菌株日趋增多[2].早期对临床高危患者选择安全性良好的药物进行经验性抗真菌治疗,有可能抓住治疗机会,取得较好疗效[3-4].现将我科在"5·12"汶川特大地震中收治的1例老年重症伤员合并肺部IFI早期经验性抗真菌治疗病例报道如下.     

急性白血病患者侵袭性真菌感染后的免疫功能改变

目的 探讨急性白血病(AL)患者的免疫功能与侵袭性真菌感染(IFI)的关系.方法 采用流式细胞术对61例发生IFI的AL患者AL初诊和缓解时、IFI发病时和抗真菌治疗4周后T淋巴细胞亚群、NK细胞进行检测,用免疫比浊法测定免疫球蛋白IgG、IgM、IgA含量.统计学方法采用方差分析、t检验和卡方检验.结果 AL患者IFI发病时,CD3+、CD3+CD4+、CD8+CD28+T淋巴细胞、CD4+/CD8+细胞比例均低于AL初诊和缓解以及抗真菌治疗4周后(F=25.6,26.6,13.1,167.9;均P＜0.05),CD8+CD28 T淋巴细胞显著高于AL初诊和缓解以及抗真菌治疗4周后(F=220.2,P＜0.01).抗真菌治疗4周有效者CD3+、CD3+CD4+、CD4+/CD8+均高于无效者(t=3.75,8.61,3.17;均P＜0.05).AL患者血清中IgG、IgM、IgA含量在IFI发病时、AL初诊和缓解以及抗真菌治疗4周后差异无统计学意义(F=0.78,0.72,0.81;均P＞0.05).AL缓解者IFI治疗有效率明显高于未缓解者(87%比53%,x2=7.62,P＜0.05).结论 IFI发生时,AL患者细胞免疫功能受损明显,而IgG、IgM、IgA含量变化不明显.抗真菌感染疗效在一定程度上取决于机体细胞免疫功能的恢复和AL缓解.     

高龄原发性高血压患者合并慢性肾脏病的危险因素

目的了解80岁以上原发性高血压(EH)住院患者合并慢性肾脏病(CKD)的情况,分析相关危险因素。方法选取南京医科大学第二附属医院心血管内科住院的1 555例65岁以上EH患者,依据是否≥80岁分为2组:高龄组(n=575)和非高龄组(n=980)。收集患者的临床资料。采用SPSS 22.0软件进行数据处理,logistic回归分析EH合并CKD的危险因素。结果与非高龄EH组患者比较,高龄EH组患者CKD发生率显著升高(52.9%vs 29.5%,P0.05)。高龄EH患者合并CKD的危险因素依次为高尿酸血症(OR=2.514,95%CI 1.750～3.611; P 0.001)、年龄(OR=1.072,95%CI1.018～1.129;P=0.009)和收缩压(OR=1.019,95%CI 1.011～1.028; P 0.001),保护因素为高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(OR=0.516,95%CI 0.315～0.847;P=0.009);非高龄老年EH患者合并CKD的危险因素依次为高尿酸血症(OR=2.729,95%CI 1.991～3.740;P0.001)、糖尿病(OR=1.944,95%CI 1.420～2.662;P0.001)、年龄(OR=1.140,95%CI 1.101～1.182;P0.001)和收缩压(OR=1.009,95%CI 1.003～1.016; P=0.007),保护因素为高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(OR=0.448,95%CI0.278～0.722;P=0.001)。结论高龄老年EH患者合并CKD的比例显著高于非高龄老年EH患者,高龄EH患者合并CKD与高尿酸血症、年龄、收缩压及高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平有关。     

心房颤动合并冠心病患者抗栓治疗现状调查

目的回顾性调查心房颤动(房颤,AF)合并冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(冠心病,CAD)患者抗栓治疗现状,分析抗栓治疗不足的相关因素。方法连续入选2016年1月1日～2016年12月31日于首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院就诊的房颤合并冠心病患者231例,根据冠心病类型分为2组:房颤合并稳定性冠心病(SCAD)组(n=173)、房颤合并急性冠脉综合征(ACS)组(n=58);根据出血风险分为高风险组(n=139)及低风险组(n=92)。应用χ2检验比较各组临床资料及抗栓情况,应用多因素Logistic回归分析影响入院期间规范抗栓和导致出院抗栓不足的因素。结果本研究中住院期间患者规范抗栓104例(45.0%),出院规范抗栓仅66例(28.6%);房颤合并ACS组住院规范抗栓率明显高于合并SCAD组(74.1%vs. 35.3%,P0.01);高出血风险患者住院规范抗栓率明显低于低出血风险组(32.6%vs. 53.2%,P0.01);多因素Logistic分析结果显示,合并卒中[OR=2.427,95%CI:1.16～5.077]、合并ACS[OR=8.111,95%CI:3.862～17.033]、HAS-BLED评分[OR=0.424,95%CI:0.284～0.634]是入院规范抗栓治疗的影响因素(P0.05)。阵发性房颤[OR=3.536,95%CI:1.803～6.935]、合并ACS[OR=3.647,95%CI:1.514～8.783]、非心内科患者[OR=3.62,95%CI:1.685～7.777]是出院抗栓不足的独立影响因素(P0.01)。结论临床实践中,房颤合并冠心病患者抗栓规范较指南有很大差距,出血风险高低、合并冠心病类型、合并卒中、房颤类型、入院科室是影响抗栓治疗的因素。     

糖尿病视网膜病变合并糖尿病肾病的危险因素及其预测价值

目的探讨糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)合并糖尿病肾病(DN)的危险因素及预测价值。方法回顾性分析2017年5月至2018年5月南京医科大学附属无锡市人民医院内分泌科收治的2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者1 969例,其中糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)合并糖尿病肾病(DN)患者609例,单纯DR患者746例,未并发DN和DR患者614例,比较3组患者的血糖、血压、肝功能和肾功能指标水平,分析DR合并DN的危险因素及预测价值。采用SPSS 18.0统计软件对数据进行分析。组间比较采用单因素方差分析或χ~2检验。多因素logistic回归分析DR合并DN的危险因素。受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析因素预测DR合并DN的价值。结果除高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平和左侧颈动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT)外,3组患者其余指标差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示年龄(OR=0.966,95%CI 0.932～1.000; P=0.049)、白蛋白(ALB)(OR=0.872,95%CI 0.837～0.908; P0.001)、服用他汀类药物(OR=0.400,95%CI 0.265～0.606; P0.001)是DR合并DN的保护因素,高血压病程(OR=1.021,95%CI 1.005～1.037; P=0.011)、收缩压(OR=1.018,95%CI 1.007～1.029; P=0.002)、空腹血糖(OR=1.054,95%CI 1.002～1.108; P=0.040)、甘油三酯(OR=1.133,95%CI 1.021～1.256;P=0.019)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(OR=1.355,95%CI 1.017～1.805; P=0.038)、血尿酸(OR=1.124,95%CI 1.016～1.244;P=0.023)、胱抑素C(OR=2.466,95%CI 1.495～4.068; P0.001)、眼底评分(OR=1.275,95%CI 1.088～1.494; P=0.003)、左室后壁厚度(OR=1.306,95%CI 1.051～1.622; P=0.016)和颈动脉粥样斑块形成(OR=1.578,95%CI 1.051～2.370;P=0.028)为危险因素。ROC曲线分析结果表明胱抑素C预测DR合并DN价值最高,AUC为0.677。结论 T2DM患者DR合并DN的患病率较高,其发生与多种因素相关,其中,胱抑素C预测DR合并DN价值最高。     

23例血液病患者侵袭性真菌感染临床分析

目的:分析23例血液病患者并发侵袭性真菌感染(IFI)的宿主因素、临床特点、抗真菌治疗及疗效。方法:回顾性分析23例侵袭性真菌感染的临床资料。结果:宿主免疫功能低下是导致IFI的重要因素之一。IFI中肺部感染最多见,占82.6%(19/23例)。发热、呼吸困难、低氧血症、肺部影像学变化是IFI最常见的临床特征,也是临床观察及判断疗效的重要指标。所有IFI患者发热占87.0%(20/23例),19例肺部真菌感染病例几乎均伴有发热、呼吸困难,并发低氧血症占84.2%(16/19例)。肺部真菌感染患者均出现肺部影像学改变,其中典型的光晕征或新月征占63.2%(12/19例)。上述临床特点不具备特征性,尽快获得病原学证据比较困难。目前综合上述临床特点、按照中国IFI诊断指南是临床诊断IFI的主要方法。本研究中抗真菌治疗总有效率(痊愈加显效)66.7%,抗真菌治疗药物安全性良好。结论:免疫功能状态与IFI发生及治疗疗效相关,早期诊断IFI困难。对真菌感染进行临床分层诊治是血液病发生IFI的重要诊治模式。     

老年社区获得性肺炎相关高危因素分析研究

目的探讨老年社区获得性肺炎(CAP)的危险因素。方法回顾性分析综合科2015年6月至2016年5月收治的118例CAP患者(91例老年CAP患者)的临床资料。结果与中年组相比,单因素分析表明,老年组合并高血压、脑梗死、冠心病、基础疾病≥2种、革兰阴性菌或真菌感染,有显著统计学差异(P0.05);多因素logistic回归分析表明,合并脑梗死[OR=10.256,95%CI(2.708,38.847)]、革兰阴性菌[OR=7.525,95%CI(1.350,41.955)]和真菌感染[OR=9.974,95%CI(1.829,54.386)]有明显统计学差异(P0.05)。结论合并脑梗死、革兰阴性菌和真菌感染为老年CAP发病独立危险因素。     

心力衰竭型冠心病患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗效果预测因素分析

目的探索心力衰竭型冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(冠心病)患者经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)治疗效果的预测因素。方法选纳入105例冠心病合并慢性心力衰竭患者,在指南指导的药物治疗(GDMT)后行PCI治疗,至少完成部分冠状动脉血运重建。收集患者的临床和介入诊治资料,通过PCI术后6个月随访,对比PCI前后各项观察指标的变化。依据本研究制定的分组标准将患者分为治疗有效组和治疗无效组,比较两组患者的基本临床资料、造影及手术相关资料的差异,采用二分类Logistic回归分析冠心病合并心力衰竭患者PCI治疗效果的预测因素。结果 105例患者中,经PCI治疗有效36例,无效69例,治疗有效率34.29%。研究共纳入18项观察指标,两组患者年龄、糖尿病史、左室舒张末期内径(LVEDd)、SYNTAX评分、术前是否有心绞痛症状、胸前导联是否有病理性Q波以及是否完全性血运重建方面存在有统计学差异(P均0.05)。二分类Logistic回归模型分析显示,年龄(OR=1.117,95%CI:1.108~1.250,P=0.045)、合并糖尿病(OR=14.337,95%CI:2.677~76.797,P=0.002)、有心绞痛症状(OR=0.231,95%CI:0.183~0.294,P=0.037)、胸前导联有病理性Q波(OR=37.444,95%CI:5.954~235.459,P=0.000)是影响冠心病慢性心力衰竭患者PCI治疗效果的独立预测因素。。通过本研究获得的预测指标,术前预测患者是否能够获益的特异度为58.3%,灵敏度为95.7%,正确预测的百分率为82.9%。结论冠心病合并心力衰竭患者年龄较轻、术前有心绞痛症状、不合并糖尿病、胸前导联无病理性Q波是PCI可能获益的独立预测因素。     

高血压合并高胰岛素血症患者颈动脉内膜中层厚度的变化

目的观察原发性高血压(EH)合并高胰岛素血症(HINS)患者颈动脉内膜中层厚度(CIMT)的变化及其影响因素。方法回顾性入选河北医科大学附属衡水市人民医院2016年3月至2019年6月诊治的EH患者386例,根据血浆胰岛素水平分为非HINS(NHINS)组(n=264)和HINS组(n=122),观察和比较两组间CIMT的差异,分析影响CIMT的因素。结果在本研究入选的EH患者中颈动脉粥样硬化发生率为22.8%(88/386),HINS组CIMT水平[(1.38±0.25)比(0.80±0.16)mm]、颈动脉粥样硬化发生率[46(37.7%)比42(15.9%)]、斑块检出率[33(27.0%)比17(6.5%)]和斑块数量(108比45)高于NHINS组(均P0.05)。以是否发生颈动脉粥样硬化为因变量,以性别、血压控制是否达标、是否糖尿病、是否吸烟、BMI(是否超重/肥胖)、是否HINS、血脂异常、年龄(是否老年)等为自变量进行多因素Logistic回归分析,结果显示,老年(OR=1.210,95%CI 1.153～1.271)、吸烟(OR=1.237,95%CI 1.141～1.344)、超重/肥胖(OR=1.592,95%CI 1.168～2.171)、血压控制未达标(OR=1.830,95%CI 1.131～2.958)、糖尿病(OR=1.853,95%CI 1.160～2.961)、HINS(OR=1.146,95%CI 1.099～1.194)是CIMT的影响因素(均P0.05)。结论高血压合并HINS患者CIMT水平、颈动脉粥样硬化发生率更高,动脉粥样硬化程度更重,HINS是CIMT的影响因素。     

白蛋白结合型紫杉醇联合吉西他滨治疗进展期胰腺癌临床效果的Meta分析

目的系统分析白蛋白结合型紫杉醇联合吉西他滨化疗方案在治疗进展期胰腺癌方面的临床效果,为临床决策更好的制订提供依据。方法以英文检索词:pancreatic cancer,gemcitabine,nab-paclitaxel and abraxane和中文检索词:胰腺癌、吉西他滨及白蛋白结合型紫杉醇等对中国生物医学文献数据库、中国知网、万方数据资源库、维普数据库、PubMed、Embase、Cochrane Library、Web of Science等数据库进行检索,检索出从建库至2018年10月的中英文文献。依据文献纳入与排除标准,筛选出合适的临床研究文献,提取数据并行文献质量评价,应用RevMan5. 3统计软件进行分析。结果共纳入10篇临床研究文献,总计2908例患者,其中试验组(白蛋白结合型紫杉醇联合吉西他滨) 1633例,对照组(FOLFIRINOX) 1275例。Meta分析结果显示,试验组药物毒副作用发生率,如疲乏[比值比(OR)=0. 61,95%可信区间(95%CI)=0. 46～0. 80,P=0. 0005]、腹泻(OR=0. 39,95%CI:0. 29～0. 54,P 0. 001)、恶心呕吐(OR=0. 46,95%CI:0. 26～0. 84,P=0. 01)、3～4级中性粒细胞减少(OR=0. 61,95%CI:0. 43～0. 88,P=0. 007)以及需要二线方案治疗率(OR=0. 30,95%CI:0. 14～0. 63,P=0. 001)均低于对照组。而2组在疾病缓解率(OR=0. 82,95%CI:0. 45～1. 51,P=0. 53)、疾病控制率(OR=0. 97,95%CI:0. 48～1. 97,P=0. 93)、1年生存率(OR=0. 80,95%CI:0. 63～1. 01,P=0. 06)以及新辅助化疗后术后并发症的发生率(OR=1. 84,95%CI:0. 33～10. 19,P=0. 49)方面差异均无统计学意义。结论白蛋白结合型紫杉醇联合吉西他滨化疗方案在不增加药物毒副作用的同时,可提高进展期胰腺癌的临床治疗效果,表现出较好的临床安全性和有效性。     

恶性血液病合并侵袭性真菌感染76例临床观察

  目的 探讨恶性血液病合并侵袭性真菌感染（IFI）的易感因素、临床特点、疗效和不良反应。方法 回顾性分析76例恶性血液病合并IFI患者的易感因素、临床特点,比较伊曲康唑与两性霉素B的疗效及安全性。结果 76例恶性血液病合并IFI患者应用广谱抗生素者68例（89.5%）,化疗2个疗程以上者64例（84.2%）,中性粒细胞缺乏者43例（56.6%）,长期应用糖皮质激素者34例（44.7%）,中心或外周静脉置管者27例（35.5%）。伊曲康唑和两性霉素B治疗恶性血液病合并IFI的总有效率为60.5%和61.5%（P=0.929）;两组间不良反应对比只在低钾血症方面有差异（14.0%比42.4%,P=0.005）。结论 化疗、应用广谱抗生素、中性粒细胞缺乏等是恶性血液病合并IFI的易感因素。伊曲康唑治疗恶性血液病IFI疗效与两性霉素B相当,但不良反应较少且轻微。     

151例侵袭性真菌感染的临床特点分析

目的探讨侵袭性真菌感染（IFI）的临床特点,高危感染因素及对不同药物的治疗反应。方法采取回顾性研究探讨151例确诊为侵袭性真菌感染患者的临床特点,高危易感因素,病原学分布情况及其对不同药物治疗的反应。评估不同药物治疗IFI的临床疗效和不良反应。对相应结果应用SPSS11．0软件包进行统计分析。结果151例IFI患者中感染前使用广谱抗生素者占49．02％,粒细胞缺乏者占45．10％。感染部位以单纯呼吸道感染为主（74．17％）。确诊和临床诊断的43例患者中共分离出致病真菌43例,其中自假丝酵母菌所占比例最大（占44．19％）。伏立康唑组的总有效率与两性霉素B组比较无显著性差异（P〉0．05）,但其不良反应发生率低于两性霉素B组（11．62％比63．08％,P〈0．05）。结论本组侵袭性真菌感染以念珠菌属感染为主,广谱抗生素的应用及粒细胞缺乏是侵袭性真菌感染的高危易感因素。伏立康唑的临床疗效与两性霉素B相当,但不良反应的发生率较两性霉素B少。     

几种常用抗真菌药物在恶性血液病合并侵袭性真菌病中的疗效分析

目的探讨临床上常用抗真菌药物在恶性血液病合并侵袭性真菌病(IFD)患者中的总体疗效、分层诊断疗效、疗效与感染部位的关系以及常见毒副反应。方法回顾性分析2005年1月至2008年8月在中山大学附属第一医院住院的117例恶性血液病合并IFD患者的临床资料。结果伊曲康唑、伏立康唑、卡泊芬净和脂质体两性霉素B治疗的总有效率分别为69.0%(40/58)、77.4%(24/31)、64.7%(11/17)和63.6%(7/11)(P=0.726);肺部感染患者中,4种药物的有效率分别为63.0%(17/27)、85.7%(12/14)、50.0%(4/8)和62.5%(5/8)(P=0.283);在肝脾念珠菌病、真菌血症及不明部位感染患者中,各用药组患者疗效相似;6周时各组存活率分别为86.2%、87.1%、70.6%和72.7%。伊曲康唑和伏立康唑常见副反应主要为胃肠道反应和轻度低钾血症,前者副反应有胃肠道反应(12.1%)、低钾血症(20.7%),伏立康唑组个别患者出现视觉异常(9.7%)和椎体外系症状(6.4%);卡泊芬净毒副反应轻微,仅见胃肠道反应(15.4%);脂质体两性霉素B组毒副反应较常见,为寒战发热(81.8%)、低钾血症(100%)、胃肠道反应(18.2%)和肝损害(9.1%)。结论伊曲康唑、伏立康唑、卡泊芬净和脂质体两性霉素B在恶性血液病合并IFD中总体疗效、分层诊断疗效以及6周存活率相当,临床治疗可根据患者特点选择个性化用药方案。     

Infección fúngica invasora en los pacientes hematológicos

Invasive fungal infection (IFI), caused by both yeasts and moulds, is a persistent problem, with high morbidity and mortality rates among patients on chemotherapy for haematology diseases, and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Management of IFI in these types of patients has become highly complex with the advent of new antifungals and diagnostic tests, resulting in different therapeutic strategies (prophylactic, empirical, pre-emptive, and targeted). A proper assessment of the risk for IFI of each individual patient appears to be critical in order to use the best prophylactic and therapeutic approach, and to increase the survival rates. Among the available antifungals, the most frequently used are fluconazole, mould-active azoles (itraconazole, posaconazole, voriconazole), candins (anidulafungin, caspofungin, micafungin), and amphotericin B (particularly its lipids formulations). Specific recommendations for use and the criteria for selection of antifungal agents are discussed in this paper.     

A randomized double-blind study of caspofungin versus amphotericin for the treatment of candidal esophagitis.

Caspofungin is a new broad-spectrum antifungal drug. A multicenter, double-blind, randomized trial was conducted to assess the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of caspofungin relative to amphotericin B in adults with endoscopically documented symptomatic Candida esophagitis. By use of a modified intent-to-treat analysis, endoscopically verified clinical success was achieved in 74% (95% confidence interval [CI], 59%-86%) and 89% (95% CI, 72%-98%) of patients receiving caspofungin at 50 and 70 mg/day, respectively, and in 63% (95% CI, 49%-76%) of patients given amphotericin B at 0.5 mg/kg/day. Therapy was stopped because of drug-related adverse events in 24% of patients in the amphotericin B group and 4% and 7%, respectively, for the caspofungin groups. This report provides the first demonstration of clinical utility for an echinocandin compound. Caspofungin appeared in this study to be as effective as and better tolerated than amphotericin B for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis.     

Voriconazole versus itraconazole for antifungal prophylaxis following allogeneic haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation

Antifungal prophylaxis for allogeneic haematopoietic stem-cell transplant (alloHCT) recipients should prevent invasive mould and yeast infections (IFIs) and be well tolerated. This prospective, randomized, open-label, multicentre study compared the efficacy and safety of voriconazole (234 patients) versus itraconazole (255 patients) in alloHCT recipients. The primary composite endpoint, success of prophylaxis, incorporated ability to tolerate study drug for ≥ 100 d (with ≤ 14 d interruption) with survival to day 180 without proven/probable IFI. Success of prophylaxis was significantly higher with voriconazole than itraconazole (48·7% vs. 33·2%, P < 0·01); more voriconazole patients tolerated prophylaxis for 100 d (53·6% vs. 39·0%, P < 0·01; median total duration 96 vs. 68 d). The most common (>10%) treatment-related adverse events were vomiting (16·6%), nausea (15·8%) and diarrhoea (10·4%) for itraconazole, and hepatotoxicity/liver function abnormality (12·9%) for voriconazole. More itraconazole patients received other systemic antifungals (41·9% vs. 29·9%, P < 0·01). There was no difference in incidence of proven/probable IFI (1·3% vs. 2·1%) or survival to day 180 (81·9% vs. 80·9%) for voriconazole and itraconazole respectively. Voriconazole was superior to itraconazole as antifungal prophylaxis after alloHCT, based on differences in the primary composite endpoint. Voriconazole could be given for significantly longer durations, with less need for other systemic antifungals.     

两性霉素B、氟康唑和伊曲康唑治疗AIDS合并马尔尼菲青霉病疗效的Meta分析

目的采用Meta分析评价两性霉素B、氟康唑与伊曲康唑对AIDS合并马尔尼菲青霉病(penicilliosis marneffei,PSM)的治疗效果。方法检索Cochrane图书馆、美国国立医学图书馆Pub Med数据库、美国Ovid数据库、荷兰医学文摘数据库、万方数据库、中国知网CNKI全文数据库和中国生物医学文献数据库,按照Cochrane协作网推荐的纳入标准筛选文献并进行质量评价,采用Stata 12.0进行Meta分析。结果纳入文献6篇,AIDS合并PSM共893例,其中两性霉素B治疗467例,氟康唑治疗152例,伊曲康唑治疗274例。Meta分析结果显示:两性霉素B治疗好转率高于氟康唑[OR=7.138(95%CI 1.761~28.932),P0.05],病死率低于氟康唑[OR=0.507(95%CI 0.294~0.875),P0.05],差异均具有统计学意义;两性霉素B与伊曲康唑对比,治疗好转率[OR=0.777(95%CI 0.498~1.212),P0.05]和病死率[OR=1.427(95%CI 0.890~2.287),P0.05]差异均无统计学意。结论两性霉素B治疗AIDS合并PSM效果优于氟康唑,与伊曲康唑比较疗效无明显差异。今后应积累更多前瞻性资料进一步证实。     

Case-control study of multiple myeloma with special reference to diet as risk factor

The case-control study was conducted in Belgrade (Yugoslavia) during the period 1994-1998. The objective of the study was to investigate factors related to the occurrence of multiple myeloma (MM). The study group consisted of 100 newly diagnosed MM patients and the same number of matched hospital controls. In the analysis conditional univariate and multivariate logistic regression were applied. According to multivariate analysis the following factors were significantly related to MM: smoking > or =25 cigarettes per day (Odds ratio--OR=6.7, 95% confidence interval--95% CI=1.3-34.3); having more than two brothers (OR=2.7, 95% CI=1.3-5.3), rheumatoid arthritis in personal history (OR=4.2, 95% CI=1.2-14.8), and frequent (4-7 times per week vs. lower frequency) consumption of yogurt (OR=3.1, 95% CI=1.6-6.0) and vegetables (OR=0.4, 95% CI=0.1-1.0).     

Fluconazole versus itraconazole for antifungal prophylaxis in neutropenic patients with haematological malignancies: a meta-analysis of randomised-controlled trials

Fluconazole and itraconazole are used as antifungal prophylaxis in neutropenic patients with haematological malignancies. A meta-analysis of randomised-controlled trials (RCTs) was performed in order to compare their safety and effectiveness in this population. Data were obtained from PubMed, Current Contents, Cochrane Central Register for Controlled Trials and references from relevant articles. Five RCTs were included in the analysis. Publication bias and statistically significant heterogeneity was not observed among the analysed studies. Fewer patients were withdrawn due to the development of adverse effects associated with fluconazole when compared with itraconazole [odds ratio (OR) = 0.27, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.18-0.41]. On the contrary, prophylactic use of fluconazole resulted in significantly more fungal infections (documented and suspected infections combined, OR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.06-2.48). There were no statistically significant differences regarding documented fungal infections (OR = 1.51, 95% CI: 0.97-2.35), invasive fungal infections (OR = 1.44, 95% CI: 0.96-2.17), overall mortality (OR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.63-1.24) and mortality attributed by the authors to fungal infections (OR = 1.30, 95% CI: 0.75-2.25) between the two medications. These data suggest that, even though itraconazole is more effective than fluconazole in the prevention of fungal infections in neutropenic patients with haematological malignancies, the development of more adverse effects may limit its use.     

Personal and family history of immune-related conditions increase the risk of plasma cell disorders: a population-based study

The associations between immune-related conditions and multiple myeloma (MM) and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) have previously been investigated with inconsistent results. In a large population-based study, we identified 19 112 patients with MM, 5403 patients with MGUS, 96 617 matched control subjects, and 262 931 first-degree relatives. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association of MM and MGUS with immune-related conditions by use of logistic regression. A personal history of all infections combined was associated with a significantly increased risk of MM (OR = 1.2; 95% CI, 1.1-1.3), and a personal history of all conditions in the categories infections (OR = 1.6; 95% CI, 1.5-1.7), inflammatory conditions (OR = 1.4; 95% CI, 1.2-1.5), and autoimmune diseases (OR = 2.1; 95% CI, 1.9-2.4) was associated with a significantly increased risk of MGUS. Several specific immune-related conditions elevated the risk of MM and/or MGUS. A family history of autoimmune disease was associated with a significantly increased risk of MGUS (OR = 1.1; 95% CI, 1.00-1.2), but not MM. Our findings suggest that immune-related conditions and/or their treatment are of importance in the etiology of MGUS and possibly MM. The association of both personal and family history of autoimmune disease with MGUS indicates the potential for shared susceptibility for these conditions.