急性下肢缺血的外科手术治疗：附96例报告

目的: 探讨急性下肢缺血的救治方法。方法:回顾性总结4年来我科收治的96例（106条肢体）急性下肢缺血患者的临床资料。106条患肢均采用外科手术治疗；主要用Fogarty管在手术室或介入室DSA监测下行取栓，8例（12条肢体）患者在取栓的基础上进行解剖外人工血管转流。结果:术中髂、股、腘、胫动脉取栓成功70例（75条肢体），11例（12条肢体）腘动脉以远取栓不成功；8例（12条肢体）股动脉近心端受阻，远心端通畅者4例行腋-双股转流，4例行股-股人工血管转流。1例（1条肢体）因胸腹主动脉夹层造成下肢缺血行腹主动脉夹层开窗术。6例（6条肢体）行近端取栓加远端I期截肢。最终本组76例（85条肢体）救肢成功，成功率79.2%（76/96）；11例（11条肢体）截肢，截肢率11.4%（11/96）；9例（10条肢体）死亡，死亡率9.4%（9/96）。对76例（85条肢体）成功保肢者随访1～38个月，7例（7条肢体）因再栓塞或血栓形成再手术治愈。结论:取栓术是急性下肢缺血的有效治疗方法，DSA下监测取栓有助于提高疗效。手术的效果取决于肢体缺血的时间和程度以及并发症的处理。     

外科治疗非创伤急性下肢缺血154例

目的 探讨非创伤急性下肢缺血的外科治疗方法及影响预后的因素,对比急性动脉栓塞和急性动脉血栓形成的发病率和预后.方法 回顾性分析1999年7月至2007年12月手术治疗的154例急性下肢缺血病例,所有病例均行股动脉或胭动脉切开、Fogarty导管取栓术.单纯取栓128例,Fogarty导管取栓+内膜剥脱术8例,Fogarty导管取栓+人工血管或自体大隐静脉转流术13例,Fogarty导管取栓+一期截肢术5例.按照病因将病例分为急性动脉栓塞组(99例)和急性动脉血栓形成组(55例),对比两组发病率、截肢率、病死率及截肢高危因素.结果 急性动脉栓塞组男性发病率(39.4%)低于女性(60.6%)(P<0.05);急性动脉血栓形成组男性发病率(72.7%)高于女性(27.3%)(P<0.05).所有患者的截肢率为9.7%,院内病死率为11.7%.急性动脉栓塞组截肢率(5.1%)低于急性动脉血栓形成组(18.2%)(P<0.05),急性动脉栓塞组院内病死率(11.1%)与急性动脉血栓形成组(12.7%)相当(P>0.05).两组病例截肢的共同高危因素是肢体缺血时间,急性动脉血栓形成组截肢风险还与吸烟和糖尿病有关.结论 急性动脉栓塞男性发病率高于女性,急性动脉血栓形成女性发病率高于男性,急性动脉栓塞截肢率低于急性动脉血栓形成,而急性动脉血栓形成比急性动脉栓塞具有更高截肢风险.     

外科治疗急性动脉栓塞与急性动脉血栓形成疗效分析

目的比较外科治疗急性动脉栓塞与急性动脉血栓形成的疗效。方法回顾性分析58例急性动脉栓塞或急性动脉血栓形成导致的急性下肢缺血病例,所有病例均采用外科手术治疗,其中31例急性动脉栓塞(A组)和9例急性动脉血栓形成(B1组)采用单纯股动脉切开Fogarty导管取栓术,18例急性动脉血栓形成(B2组)采用股动脉切开内膜剥脱+Fogarty导管取栓术。术后随访1 a,比较各组治疗效果和截肢率。结果动脉栓塞组术后治疗成功率及好转率高于动脉血栓形成组(P<0.05),截肢率低于动脉血栓形成组(P<0.05);动脉血栓形成A组术后治疗成功率及好转率低于动脉血栓形成B组(P<0.05),截肢率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论股动脉切开Fogarty导管取栓术治疗急性动脉栓塞疗效较急性动脉血栓形成理想;内膜剥脱+Fogarty导管取栓术治疗下肢动脉血栓形成疗效优于单纯Fogarty导管取栓术,截肢率无明显差别。     

介入技术在治疗下肢急性动脉栓塞中的应用

目的：应用介入技术,结合或改进传统的下肢动脉取栓手术,提高手术成功率,降低术后再栓塞率、截肢率和死亡率。方法：应用置管溶栓、传统Fogarty导管取栓术、监视下双腔导管取栓术,结合斑块剥脱术、血管腔内成形术（PTA）、支架植入、人工血管置换术等治疗急性下肢动脉栓塞49例（共涉及53条下肢动脉）。结果：全组病例术后再栓塞6例,1例截肢,无死亡病例。其中,介入技术结合手术治疗的患者无再栓塞和截肢事件。结论：在取栓手术中应用介入技术,明显增加手术成功率,降低术后再栓塞率和截肢率。     

Fogarty导管取栓术联合多种微创技术治疗急性下肢动脉缺血的疗效

目的 探讨Fogarty导管取栓术联合多种微创技术在治疗急性下肢动脉缺血中的临床应用价值。 方法 回顾性分析2007年2月至2011年1月期间笔者所在医院收治的88例（88条肢体）急性下肢动脉缺血患者的临床资料,比较行Fogarty导管取栓术（取栓组）和行Fogarty导管取栓术联合多种微创技术（联合组）患者手术前后踝-肱指数（ABI）、足趾血氧饱和度（SO2）及足部皮温的改变情况,并比较2组患者术后的死亡率、截肢率及各并发症发生率。结果 取栓组和联合组患者术后的ABI、足趾SO2及足部皮温与同组术前比较均升高（P＜0.05）;2组患者术前ABI、足趾SO2及足部皮温比较差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;术后联合组患者的ABI、足趾SO2、足部皮温及其改变值较取栓组均升高 （P＜0.05）。术后取栓组患者的死亡率、截肢率、肌病肾病代谢性综合征（MNMS） 发生率、骨筋膜室综合征发生率及一过性肾功能不全发生率分别为13.04% （6/46）、17.39% （8/46）、26.09% （12/46）、26.09% （12/46）及13.04% （6/46）,联合组分别为4.76% （2/42）、7.14% （3/42）、14.29% （6/42）、9.52% （4/42）及9.52% （4/42）,取栓组各指标均较高（P＜0.05）。结论 Fogarty导管取栓术联合多种微创技术具有手术微创性、治疗有效性等特点,可作为急性下肢动脉缺血的外科治疗方法之一。     

急性下肢动脉缺血的手术治疗和术后并发症的防治：附32例报告

摘要：目的 探讨急性下肢动脉缺血的有效治疗措施及并发症的防治方法。方法 回顾性分析32例急性下肢动脉缺血患者的诊治经验。4例行非手术治疗，28例行急诊手术，其中25例行股动脉切开Fogarty 导管取栓术（7例同时行血管成型术），3例取栓后行截肢术。结果 非手术组死亡1例，手术组无死亡病例。3例截肢，28例肢体得以保存。 结论 急诊股动脉切开取栓术为治疗急性下肢动脉缺血的首选治疗方案。该方法有助于降低病死率和截肢率。     

手术联合腔内治疗合并动脉硬化的急性下肢动脉缺血23例临床观察

目的：探讨手术联合腔内的方法治疗合并动脉硬化狭窄的急性下肢动脉缺血高龄患者的技术要点及疗效。方法：回顾性分析2008年9月-2010年9月收治的23例（26肢）合并动脉硬化的下肢动脉缺血高龄患者DSA下行腔内联合手术治疗的临床资料和治疗效果。结果：26条肢体（23例）经双腔Fogarty导管取栓、动脉内膜剥脱术,并行相应球囊扩张加支架置入术,或辅助人工皿管旁路手术或／和自体静脉补片成形术,救治成功20例（87．0％）,截肢1例（4．3％）,死亡2例（8．7％）。结论：伴有全身动脉粥样硬化的大多数动脉缺血高龄患者,手术联合腔内的个体化治疗方案,有助于提高重建下肢动脉供血的救治率。     

急性下肢动脉栓塞的外科治疗体会

目的 :探讨Fogarty球囊导管取栓治疗急性动脉栓塞的优越性。方法 :回顾性分析施行Fogarty球囊导管取栓术后情况。结果 :1 8例患者取栓全部成功 ,个别病例因操作不慎出现并发症。结论 :Fogarty球囊导管取栓治疗急性动脉栓塞效果明显 ,方法简单 ,但操作应细致、轻柔 ,减少并发症。     

腹主动脉骑跨栓和髂总动脉栓塞的外科治疗

报道腹主动脉骑跨栓及髂总动脉栓塞的外科治疗,前者4例,后者9例。其中,经腹腔作动脉切开取栓10例,经Fogarty导管取栓1例,截肢5例(包括取栓术后3例)。共死亡4例(30.8%),肢体健存者5例,占存活患者(9例)的55.6%。认为在没有Fogarty导管的情况下,经腹部动脉切开取栓仍然是有效的治疗方法。     

急性肢体动脉阻塞性缺血症的诊断与外科手术治疗

回顾性分析5年间收治的肾下腹主动脉及其远端肢体主干动脉急性阻塞10例患者的临床资料。全组均经彩色多普勒超声及DSA诊断和外科手术治疗。结果示术后8例痊愈，2例分别死于缺血再灌注损伤和再栓塞肠坏死及肾衰竭。提示彩色多普勒超声可作为简便而有效的筛选诊断方法，DSA是直接的诊断指标；应用Fogarty球囊导管取栓和血管重建术是治疗该疾病的有效方法。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.