非线性融合技术在头颈部CTA中的价值:体模实验

目的 探讨双源双能量CT非线性融合（NLB）技术提高头颈部CTA图像质量、降低辐射剂量的应用价值。方法 分别以常规120 kV （螺距为1.0）及双能量80/Sn140 kV （螺距分别为0.5、0.8、1.0和1.2）对人体头颈部仿真体模进行扫描,并对双能量扫描数据进行线性融合（LB）和NLB处理。比较9组图像颈内动脉、大脑中动脉的CT值、CNR和图像质量主观评分的差异;比较不同扫描条件下辐射剂量的差异。结果 螺距为0.5、0.8、1.0、1.2的NLB图像中,大脑中动脉和颈内动脉的CT值大于螺距为0.5、0.8、1.0、1.2的LB图像和常规120 kV图像（P均<0.05）。螺距为0.5和0.8的NLB图像中,大脑中动脉和颈内动脉的CNR大于螺距为1.0、1.2的NLB图像,螺距为0.5、0.8、1.0、1.2的LB图像和常规120 kV图像（P均<0.05）。主观评价显示,双能量扫描螺距为0.5时,图像质量最佳;双能量扫描螺距为0.8时,LB、NLB图像与常规120 kV图像评分相当。与常规120 kV扫描方式比较,双能量扫描螺距为0.8、1.0和1.2时,有效剂量分别降低36.12%、46.28%和53.22%。结论 NLB技术可在保证头颈部CTA图像质量的同时降低辐射剂量。     

柔性减影CE-boost技术用于头颈部CT血管成像

目的 观察柔性减影CE-boost技术用于头颈部CT血管成像(CTA)的价值。方法 回顾性收集40例接受头颈部CTA检查患者,采用5分制根据整体图像质量、血管清晰度及血管树完整度对常规CTA(A组)及以CE-boost行后处理后所获图像(B组)进行主观评分,以平均CT值、图像噪声、信噪比(SNR)及对比度噪声比(CNR)对2组图像质量进行客观评价。比较2组主观及客观评价结果。结果 B组针对整体图像质量、血管清晰度及血管树完整度的主观评分均高于A组(P均＜0.001);B组颈部及颅内各级动脉平均CT值、SNR及CNR均高于A组(P均＜0.001)。结论 利用柔性减影CE-boost技术可提高头颈部CTA图像质量。     

双能量CT非线性融合优化对比技术对甲状腺结节图像质量的影响

目的 定量评价双能量CT非线性融合优化对比对甲状腺结节图像质量的影响。方法 回顾性分析94例接受双源CT双能量增强扫描的甲状腺病变患者,分别比较80 kV(A组)、140 kV(B组)、线性融合0.3LB(C组)及非线性融合NLB(D组)4组图像中颈动脉、正常甲状腺组织及甲状腺病灶3个部位的CT值、SNR、CNR,比较4组图像的背景噪声。主观评分比较C、D两组对甲状腺病灶的包膜及内部结构的显示情况。结果 C组与D组背景噪声差异无统计学意义(P=0.59),小于A、B两组;A组与D组颈动脉、正常甲状腺组织及甲状腺病灶的CT值差异无统计学意义(P=0.49、0.08、0.08),大于其他两组。C、D两组正常甲状腺SNR差异无统计学意义(P=0.19),均大于A、B组(P均<0.05);D组颈动脉SNR及CNR、甲状腺病灶SNR及CNR、正常甲状腺CNR均大于其他3组(P均<0.05)。C、D两组图像的主观评分分别为3.36±0.51、4.01±0.56,D组优于C组(P=0.02)。结论 非线性融合可提高颈部图像质量,更清晰地显示甲状腺结节的包膜及乳头结构,对结节的CT定性诊断有一定的临床价值。     

低管电压迭代重建模型在冠状动脉CTA中的应用

目的 探讨低管电压迭代重建模型（IMR）在冠状动脉CTA中的应用价值。方法 选取30例疑似冠状动脉心脏病患者,均进行前瞻性心电门控心脏256层MSCT扫描。若体质量指数（BMI）≥25 kg/m²,管电压为100 kV;反之,则为80 kV。分别采用滤波反投影（FBP,A组）、高级混合迭代重建（iDose⁴,B组）和IMR（C组）进行重建。分别测量3组图像主动脉根部的CT值、噪声,并计算SNR和CNR。对图像伪影、管腔边缘的锐利度、主观噪声、总体图像质量以及冠状动脉各主干血管图像质量进行主观评分,进行统计学分析。结果 3组图像的噪声、SNR以及CNR差异有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。噪声由大到小依次为A组、B组和C组（P均<0.05）。SNR和CNR由大到小依次为C组、B组和A组（P均<0.05）。C组噪声、血管边缘锐利度、总体图像质量、冠状动脉各主干血管主观评分显著高于A组和B组（P均<0.05）。B组图像伪影评分显著高于A组和C组（P均<0.05）,且A组与C组图像伪影评分差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 IMR可显著降低冠状动脉血管成像的图像噪声,提高图像SNR和CNR。     

优化低剂量一站式全脑CT灌注成像联合CTA扫描方案

目的 探讨优化一站式全脑CT灌注成像（CTP）联合CTA扫描方案。方法 对45例受检者行一站式全脑CTP联合CTA,共进行22期相扫描,并采用3种扫描方案,选取第10期相灌注图像重建CTA图像,其中A组为自动管电流调制（ATCM）技术及低噪声指数（噪声指数=2）,B组为管电流325 mA,C组为ATCM及稍低噪声指数（噪声指数=2.5）;3组其余各期相均采用ATCM技术且噪声指数设定为8;3组扫描方案的管电压均为100 kV。记录辐射剂量相关参数,比较CTA、CTP图像的噪声（SD）、SNR、CNR及不同部位脑实质各灌注参数值及CTA、CTP图像的主观评分。结果 3组有效剂量（ED）差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,其中A组ED明显高于B、C组（P=0.043、0.001）;3组CTA图像噪声、SNR、CNR及主观评分差异无统计学意义（P=0.218、0.545、0.575、0.900）,CTP图像相应部位图像噪声、SNR、各灌注参数值及主观评分差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。结论 采用ATCM技术一站式全脑CTP联合CTA检查可通过适当增加噪声指数减低患者辐射剂量。     

不同比例多模型迭代重建对“三低”CT门静脉成像图像质量的影响

目的 探讨不同比例多模型迭代重建（ASIR-V）对"三低"（低对比剂用量、低辐射剂量、低管电压）CT门静脉成像（CTPV）图像质量的影响。方法 收集80例接受CT腹部增强扫描患者,随机分为A组（n=40）和B组（n=40）。A组采用常规扫描,前置ASIR-V为0,管电压120 kV,对比剂用量450 mgI/kg体质量,滤波反投影法（FBP）重建;B组采用"三低"扫描,前置ASIR-V比例40%,管电压100 kV,对比剂用量350 mgI/kg体质量,分别采用FBP重建和10%~100% ASIR-V（间隔10%）重建。测量门静脉主干、门静脉左支、门静脉右支CT值及SD值,计算SNR和CNR;由2名医师对图像质量进行主观评分,比较不同扫描和重建方法间图像质量、辐射剂量和碘摄入量的差异。结果 B组有效辐射剂量、对比剂碘摄入量较A组分别减少55.47%和19.30%（P均<0.001）。12种重建图像上,门静脉主干、左支和右支CT值差异无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。B组图像SD值随ASIR-V权重比例增加而逐渐降低,SNR和CNR逐渐升高（P均<0.05）;40%~100% ASIR-V门静脉重建图像SD值低于A组图像（120 kV-FBP）,SNR和CNR均高于A组图像（120 kV-FBP,P均<0.05）。B组重建图像中,50%~100% ASIR-V门静脉重建图像主观评分均高于A组图像（120 kV-FBP,P均<0.05）,其中80% ASIR-V重建图像主观评分最高。结论 "三低"CTPV中,后置ASIR-V重建可显著降低门静脉图像噪声、提高图像质量,采用80% ASIR-V重建算法可获得最佳门静脉图像。     

宽体探测器CT胰腺轴位灌注“一站式”成像的可行性

目的 探讨Revolution CT胰腺轴位灌注"一站式"成像的可行性。方法 收集接受Revolution CT上腹部轴位CT灌注（CTP）扫描的患者13例（CTP组）,测量胰腺的CTP参数,提取最佳时期CTA及3期增强图像,并记录整个灌注期的辐射剂量。收集同期行全腹3期增强及CTA扫描者18例（对照组）,采用螺旋扫描模式。2组患者胰腺均无病变。评价2名观察者测得各CTP参数和对胰十二指肠上动脉（SPDA）图像主观评分的一致性。比较2组SPDA图像的主观评分和CTA图像SPDA以及3期增强图像胰腺的CT值、图像噪声、CNR和SNR。结果 2名观察者测得CTP参数一致性良好（ICC均>0.75）。灌注期有效辐射剂量为（24.52±0.01）mSv。2名观察者对2组CTA图像SPDA的主观评分结果一致性较好（Kappa=0.629、0.769）,2组评分中位数均为5分;CTP组SPDA的CT值、CNR、SNR均高于对照组（P均<0.05）。CTP组静脉期、平衡期的胰腺CT值、CNR、SNR均高于对照组（P均<0.05）。结论 Revolution CT胰腺轴位灌注"一站式"成像,在获得稳定的胰腺CTP定量数据的同时,可提取图像质量相仿甚至更佳的胰腺3期强化图像,并可获得更优质的胰周CTA图像,有很好的临床应用前景。     

SAFAIR联合双能量单能谱及非线性优化对比技术提高颈根部图像质量的应用

目的 探讨原始数据迭代重建（SAFIRE）-3联合双能CT单能谱或优化对比技术在去除颈根部伪影、提高图像质量中的应用价值。方法 选择CT双能量增强扫描颈根部有明显伪影的30例患者图像,均采用线性融合SAFAIR-3重建、获得A组图像（SAFAIR-3重建组）,之后加行单能谱分析、获得B组图像（重建+单能谱组）,或加行双能量非线性优化对比处理、获得C组图像（重建+优化对比组）。分别对A、B、C组图像SD、SNR、CNR及图像质量对比分析。结果 A、B、C组伪影区SD、SNR及CNR差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。B、C组伪影区SNR、CNR高于A组,噪声低于A组（P均<0.05）。B组与C组的SD、SNR及CNR比较差异无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。A、B、C组图像主观评分差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,A组3分及以上的图像少于B组及C组（P均<0.05）;B组与C组图像主观评分差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 采用SAFIRE技术联合单能谱或非线性优化对比技术可减轻颈根部硬化伪影、提高颈根部图像质量。单能谱与优化对比技术在提高颈根部图像质量方面无差异。     

基于模型的迭代重建算法应用于80 kV低剂量儿童胸部CT的可行性

目的 评价基于模型的迭代重建算法（MBIR）应用于80 kV低剂量儿童胸部CT检查的可行性。方法 收集44例因脊柱侧弯治疗后复查的患儿资料,所有患儿接受脊柱CT检查,扫描电压80 kV,固定管电流50 mA。对所得胸部图像采用MBIR重建（观察组）。所有患儿术前脊柱CT检查,扫描管电压120 kV,对所得胸部图像采用滤波反射投影（FBP）重建（对照组）。两组图像质量主观评价由2名医师采用1~3分制,评价图像主观噪声及肺组织图像质量;图像质量客观评价为测量左心室最大层面的肺野、背部肌肉的噪声值,并计算肺野的SNR及CNR。并记录两次检查的容积CT剂量指数（CTDIvol）。结果 观察组主观噪声评分明显高于对照组（P<0.05）。观察组较对照组肺野噪声降低40.36%,SNR提高72.37%,CNR提高78.69%,CTDIvol降低66.52%,两组差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.001）。结论 80 kV低剂量儿童胸部CT可以满足诊断要求。     

双能量CT不同技术在低剂量对比剂头颈CTA图像优化中的对比

目的 探讨传统线性120 kVp、高级虚拟单能量重建技术与非线性融合技术在低剂量对比剂头颈部CTA图像质量优化中的应用价值。方法 对20例患者低流率（2.0 ml/s）、低剂量（总剂量20 ml）注射对比剂,双能量模式下行头颈部CTA检查,经后处理获得传统线性120 kVp（A组）、非线性融合（B组）及虚拟高级单能量40 keV（C组）图像。于MIP轴位图像上对大脑中动脉及颈内动脉图像质量进行主观评分,测量颈内动脉及大脑中动脉CT值,计算CNR;并对结果进行统计学分析。结果 3组间大脑中动脉和颈内动脉图像质量主观评分差异有统计学意义（F=38.84、37.38,P均<0.001）,B、C组大脑中动脉和颈内动脉评分均优于A组（P均<0.001）;B、C组间颈内动脉及大脑中动脉评分差异无统计学意义（P=0.32、0.16）。3组颈内动脉及大脑中动脉CT值及CNR差异有统计学意义（P均<0.001）。B、C组颈内动脉及大脑中动脉CT值及CNR均大于A组（P均<0.05）;C组颈内动脉及大脑中动脉CT值明显高于B组（P均<0.05）。B、C组颈内动脉CNR差异无统计学意义（P=0.43）,B组大脑中动脉CNR大于C组（P=0.002）。结论 虚拟高级单能量40 keV及非线性融合技术均可提高头颈CTA的图像质量,非线性融合技术可优选用于颅内血管CTA。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.