能谱CT鉴别诊断不典型肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤与肾上腺瘤

目的 探讨能谱CT在鉴别不典型肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤与肾上腺腺瘤中的价值。方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实的13例不典型肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤及15例肾上腺皮质腺瘤的能谱CT资料,对所有图像均采能谱软件处理,获得肿瘤及腹主动脉的动脉期、静脉期、延迟期不同能量水平（40~140 keV）的CT值、能谱曲线、能谱曲线形态、基物质对浓度（水-碘、脂-碘、血-碘）定量参数,并对不同能量水平的CT值进行标准化,采用独立样本t检验分析能谱特征参数。结果 动脉期40、70~140 keV、静脉期70~140 keV、延迟期40~140 keV单能量下,肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤与腺瘤标准化CT值的差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。两者增强三期能谱曲线均呈下降型,嗜铬细胞瘤组始终位于腺瘤组上方。增强三期嗜铬细胞瘤的水（碘）、脂（碘）、血（碘）基物质标准化浓度均高于腺瘤组（P均<0.001）;增强三期嗜铬细胞瘤组与腺瘤组的碘（水）、碘（脂）、碘（血）基物质标准化浓度差异无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。结论 不典型肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤与肾上腺腺瘤具有不同的单能量CT值、能谱曲线和能谱特征物质含量。能谱CT为鉴别不典型肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤与肾上腺腺瘤提供了一种多参数的方法。     

东芝64排螺旋CT冠状动脉血管造影检查中心率对冠脉图像质量的影响

研究背景 门静脉期在肝硬化患者是否伴发肝癌的检查中具有重要地位;同时门静脉期可以更好地显示门静脉及肝静脉的侵犯,为进一步治疗措施的选择提供必要的参考信息。因而,获取高质量的门静脉期图像并得到较高的肝实质-血管浓度差是门脉期检查的主要目标。然而,针对肝硬化患者扫描方法的探讨却鲜见报道,本研究拟通过对比剂剂量和门脉期扫描时间的对比研究探讨肝硬化患者门脉期的合适检查方法。目的 探讨对比剂剂量及扫描时间对肝硬化患者门脉期图像质量的影响。方法 60例临床确诊的肝硬化患者随机分为3组:常规剂量常规扫描组(A组)、大剂量常规扫描组(B组)和大剂量延迟扫描组(C组),每组20例;另选20名年龄相匹配的非肝硬化患者为对照组。A组、对照组对比剂剂量为1.5ml/kg体质量,B组、C组剂量为2.5ml/kg体质量,注射速度均为3.5ml/s,A、B组及对照组门脉期扫描时间为60s,C组70s。测量门静脉、肝实质及肝静脉的CT值,并对图像质量进行双盲目测评分。结果 A、B、C组及对照组门静脉CT值分别为(142.16±15.25)HU、(168.29±14.63)HU、(151.42±11.96)HU 和(187.73±9.45)HU;肝实质CT值分别为(87.91±11.16)HU、(98.75 ± 10.86)HU、(93.43 ± 11.48)HU 和(109.20 ± 5.79)HU;肝静脉CT 值分别为(121.09±16.78)HU、(130.54±15.31)HU、(136.92±17.53)HU 和(160.55±14.27)HU。肝硬化患者的门静脉、肝实质、肝静脉CT值及门静脉、肝静脉与肝实质之间的CT值差值均低于对照组(P均<0.05);B组门静脉密度高于A 组和C组(P均<0.05),B组肝实质密度高于A、C组,但与C组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。C组相对于A 组肝静脉CT 值显著增加,同时肝实质密度轻度降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),C组图像质量评分高于A 组及B组(P<0.05)。结论肝硬化患者多期增强扫描应增大对比剂剂量,门脉期扫描时间应适当延迟。     

小型猪早期肝泡状球蚴病模型能谱CT初步研究

目的分析小型猪早期肝泡状棘球蚴病(hepatic alveolar echinococcosis,HAE)模型的能谱CT影像表现,并确定最佳单能图像。方法贵州小型猪9头,行肝脏穿刺接种泡球蚴头节混悬液,接种25周经超声检查确认泡状棘球蚴接种成功的小型猪行64排能谱CT平扫和动脉期、门脉期、静脉期三期增强扫描,记录病灶大小、形态和内部结构。图像分析以5keV为间距,选取40~140keV的21个单能图像,以肝实质为背景,测量三期HAE病灶图像的信噪比(signal to noise ratio,SNR)、对比噪声比(contrast to noise ratio,CNR)和噪声,并绘制图像噪声、SNR和CNR散点图,确定三期HAE最佳单能量图像。在碘基图像上测量三期正常肝实质、HAE病灶及病灶边缘区域碘值并进行比较。检查结束后处死小型猪,对肝脏病变区域行组织病理学检查。结果小型猪早期HAE模型成功建模4头,均为单发病灶;CT平扫表现为类圆形囊性病灶,囊壁呈环形钙化,囊内呈水样密度,2个病灶囊内可见颗粒样钙化,病灶直径7.15~33.25mm;增强后病灶无明显强化,病灶边缘区呈低强化;三期散点图显示在70keV水平上早期HAE病灶的SNR和CNR均较高,噪声较低;病灶边缘区和正常肝实质在动脉期[(0.479±0.235)、(1.139±0.859)g/L]、门脉期[(4.804±0.895)、(17.464±1.078)g/L]和静脉期[(6.763±0.619)、(22.113±1.054)g/L]的碘值比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.01);HAE病灶在三期扫描间的碘值比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);组织病理学检查可见单个或多个囊泡样红染结构,病灶边缘区纤维组织增生,同时可见微血管及多种炎细胞浸润。结论早期小型猪HAE病灶在能谱CT图像上有一定特征性表现,70keV图像是肝动脉期、门脉期及静脉期观察小型猪早期HAE病灶的最佳单能图像。     

双能量CT联合金属伪影削减算法显示微弹簧圈定位肺结节

目的 评价双能量能谱CT（DESCT）扫描获得的虚拟单色谱（VMS）图像联合金属伪影削减（MAR）算法在CT引导微弹簧圈定位肺结节中的应用价值。方法 选取80例CT引导微弹簧圈定位的肺结节患者,微弹簧圈置入后,对其行DESCT扫描。选择最佳光子能量水平,在最佳能量水平重建VMS图像及经MAR算法处理的VMS图像（VMS+MAR）,比较VMS、VMS+MAR图像质量主观评分的差异。结果 选择74 keV为最佳能量水平。74、90、110、140 keV VMS+MAR图像质量优于50 keV图像（P均<0.05）;74、90、110、140 keV水平VMS+MAR图像质量评分差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。74 keV VMS+MAR图像质量优于VMS图像（P<0.05）。2名观察者主观评分一致性较好（Kappa值=0.78）。结论 74 keV VMS图像联合MAR算法可有效抑制微弹簧圈金属伪影,清晰显示肺结节。     

能谱CT物质分离技术克服肾囊肿伪强化的临床评估

目的 评估能谱CT物质分离技术克服肾囊肿伪强化的价值。方法 80例肾囊肿患者接受能谱GSI模式平扫及双期增强扫描,共入组75个囊肿,按囊肿大小分为3组,A组（n=25）肾囊肿直径0.5~<1.5 cm、B组（n=25）直径1.5~<2.5 cm、C组（n=25）直径2.5~<3.5 cm。采用GSIViewer分析软件生成碘、水基图,记录单能谱70 keV图像上各期肾囊肿的CT值及碘水基值,比较各组肾囊肿平扫和增强双期CT值、碘水基值、CT值和碘水基值差值的差异。结果 3组间实质期与平扫CT值差值总体差异有统计学意义（F=204.128,P<0.001）,且两两比较差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.001）。增强后A、B组实质期CT值增加均超过10HU,出现了伪强化现象,C组CT值增加小于10HU,无伪强化现象。各组肾囊肿平扫、皮质期及实质期间碘基值差异有统计学意义（P均<0.001）。3组平扫和增强双期之间碘基值的差值均在10（100 μg/cm³）内,且差值平均值A组> B组> C组（P均<0.05）。A组肾囊肿皮质期及实质期水基值低于平扫（P均<0.05）,但差值均在10 mg/cm³以内。结论 能谱CT物质分离技术测定肾囊肿各期碘、水基值时同样会发生碘水基值的"漂移",肾囊肿越小其发生"漂移"的程度越大,碘基值发生漂移的程度受肾囊肿大小的影响较水基值更明显。     

Revolution CT轴位全肝灌注“一站式”成像的可行性

目的 探讨Revolution CT轴位扫描全肝灌注"一站式"成像的可行性。方法 选取19例患者行Revolution CT上腹部增强检查,获得全肝CT灌注（CTP）图像、静脉期及平衡期图像。于CTP图像上由2名观察者分别确定腹主动脉与门静脉主干时间-密度曲线（TDC）峰值对应的rank值及CT值,定量测量肝左、右叶灌注参数血流量（BF）、血容量（BV）、平均通过时间（MTT）、达峰时间（TP）、肝动脉分数（HAF）。采用腹主动脉和门静脉TDC峰值所对应的图像重组肝动脉CTA、门静脉CTV,并提取动脉期图像。记录CT灌注和"一站式"检查的辐射剂量。比较肝左、右叶灌注参数的差异,并对2名观察者的结果进行一致性分析。结果 肝左叶、右叶的BF和MTT值差异有统计学意义（P均<0.05）;2名观察者对肝动脉CTA、门静脉CTV及动脉期图像的主观评分均 ≥2分,一致性良好（Kappa值均>0.6）。灌注期和"一站式"检查有效辐射剂量分别为14.47 mSv、21.29 mSv。结论 Revolution CT轴位全肝灌注"一站式"成像,在保证较低辐射剂量的前提下,可获得肝脏CTP的多个定量参数,又可提供清晰的肝动脉CTA、门静脉CTV和3期增强扫描图像,具有广阔的临床应用前景。     

能谱CT多参数定量分析预测原发性肺癌病理类型

目的 观察能谱CT多参数定量分析预测原发性肺癌病理类型的价值。方法 纳入137例接受能谱CT检查的肺癌患者,根据病理结果分为腺癌组（n=74）、鳞癌组（n=39）及小细胞肺癌（SCLC）组（n=24）。对比各组能谱CT参数,包括病灶40~100 keV间隔为10 keV的单能量CT值、碘浓度（IC）、标准化碘浓度（NIC）及能谱曲线斜率等的差异。绘制受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线,计算曲线下面积（AUC）,分析各参数预测肺癌病理类型的效能。结果 动脉期3组间40 keV单能量CT值、IC、NIC及能谱曲线斜率差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）;SCLC组40 keV单能量CT值、IC、NIC及能谱曲线斜率与腺癌组、鳞癌组差异均具有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。静脉期3组间40~100 keV每间隔10 keV单能量CT值、IC、NIC及能谱曲线斜率差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）;SCLC组40~90 keV每间隔10 keV的单能量CT值、IC、NIC及能谱曲线斜率与腺癌组、鳞癌组差异均具有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。据此将腺癌组和鳞癌组合并为非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）组,根据上述差异具有统计学意义的参数诊断SCLC与NSCLC的AUC均>0.7;联合动、静脉期40 keV单能量CT值、NIC及能谱曲线斜率诊断SCLC与NSCLC的AUC分别为0.809和0.855。结论 能谱CT多参数联合定量分析预测原发性肺癌的病理类型具有较高效能。     

能谱CT多参数鉴别诊断肾上腺乏脂性腺瘤与结节性增生

目的 观察能谱CT多参数鉴别诊断肾上腺乏脂性腺瘤（Lp-AA）与肾上腺结节性增生（ANH）的价值。方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实的Lp-AA（n=24,Lp-AA组）和ANH（n=20,ANH组）患者的常规CT平扫和动、静脉期能谱CT增强图像,比较组间动、静脉期标准化40~140 keV（间隔10 keV）单能量CT值、各基物质对浓度、有效原子序数及能谱曲线差异。针对差异有统计学意义的参数,绘制其鉴别Lp-AA与ANH的受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线,分析其诊断效能。结果 组间动脉期标准化40~70 keV单能量CT值、碘-脂、脂-碘、钙-水、碘-水浓度、能谱曲线斜率差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）,标准化有效原子序数及80~140 keV单能量CT值差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。组间静脉期标准化40~50 keV单能量CT值、脂-碘、羟基磷灰石-水、碘-水浓度及标准化有效原子序数差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）,其余参数差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。上述参数鉴别Lp-AA与ANH的曲线下面积（AUC）为0.73~0.82,以碘-脂浓度的诊断效能最高,AUC为0.82。结论 能谱CT多参数对鉴别Lp-AA与ANH具有一定价值。     

能谱CT碘基图定量诊断小肠活动性出血的模型研究

目的 探讨能谱CT成像定量分析小肠活动性出血的价值。方法 将离体猪小肠与微量注射器连接,分别设置5种注射流率(0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5 ml/min)模拟活动性小肠出血。对不同出血流率的猪小肠进行能谱成像(GSI),分别延迟15、40 s扫描模拟动脉期和门静脉期。利用能谱CT基物质碘基图,分别测量动脉期肠腔内总碘含量值(IC_动脉期)及门静脉期总碘含量值(IC_门静脉期),并利用公式计算出血流率[V_测定=IC_门静脉期-IC_动脉期/[Δt×ρI]],初步估计小肠活动性出血量,分析真实流率与测定流率间的关系。结果 真实注射流率分别为0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5 ml/min的模型测定流率分别为0.0712、0.2566、0.3587、0.4685、0.5594 ml/min;测定流率与真实流率间的误差率分别为28.77%、28.30%、19.57%、17.13%、11.88%。经过回归分析测定流率与真实流率呈正相关(r=0.984,P=0.002)。结论 利用能谱CT碘基图像测量碘含量计算小肠活动性出血流率,并以此评估小肠活动性出血量具有一定的可行性。     

基于去脂体质量对比剂注射方案用于能谱CT检查结直肠癌

目的 评估基于去脂体质量(LBW)低剂量对比剂注射方案对于能谱增强 CT显示结直肠癌图像质量的影响,并筛选最佳能级。方法 将150例疑诊结直肠肿物患者随机分为总体质量(TBW)组(A组)、500LBW组(B组)及400LBW组(C组)各50例,分别以500 mgI/kg(TBW)、500 mgI/kg(LBW)、400 mgI/kg(LBW)方案注射对比剂,行能谱CT全腹增强扫描。对A、B组重建70 keV图像,C组重建40~70 keV(间隔10 keV)图像(C_{40~70 keV}亚组),测量动脉期肠系膜上动脉(SMA)、肠系膜下动脉(IMA)和静脉期肝实质CT值,计算信噪比、对比度噪声比和肝脏增强CT值(ΔHU),比较各组图像质量。结果 相比A组,B、C组对比剂剂量分别降低23.00%及37.19%(P均＜0.05)。动脉期A、B组及C_{40~60 keV}亚组SMA和IMA的CT值均＞350 HU。B组SMA及IMA的CT值变异率分别为9.42%和9.32%,C_{60 keV}亚组SMA和IMA的CT值变异率分别为9.82%和10.09%,均低于A组(P均＜0.05)。静脉期中,A、B组及C_{40~60 keV}亚组的ΔHU均＞50 HU。B组和C_{60 keV}亚组ΔHU变异率分为8.60%和8.67%,均低于A组(P＜0.05)。3组动、静脉期结直肠癌标准化碘浓度差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05)。C组内C_{60 keV}亚组动、静脉期主观评分均最高,且与A组差异无统计学意义(P均＞0.05);其余各亚组主观评分均低于A组(P均＜0.05)。结论 基于LBW低剂量对比剂注射方案结合能谱CT可利用低对比剂剂量获得高质量图像;60 keV为最佳扫描能级。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.