2014年AHA/ACC/HRS心房颤动患者管理指南解读

2014年3月28日,美国心脏协会（AHA）、美国心脏病学会（ACC）、美国心律学会（HRS）和美国胸外科学会（STS）联合发布了2014年心房颤动（房颤）患者管理指南[1],以替代2006年版房颤管理指南[2]和2011年更新的房颤管理指南[3-5].新指南参考了近几年有关房颤基础与临床研究的循证医学证据,在2006年版房颤管理指南的基础上进行了全面更新.     

《2020 ESC心房颤动诊断和管理指南》 更新要点解读

作为临床上常见的心律失常类型之一,心房颤动在人群中的患病率逐渐增加,因此不断优化心房颤动的诊断管理十分重要。2020年欧洲心脏病协会联合心胸外科协会发布的心房颤动管理指南是2016年ESC房颤指南的进一步更新,新指南对房颤的定义、诊断、危险因素、临床结局、综合管理、治疗、预防等方面进行了更新。本文重点对指南的更新处进行解读,尤其是整合管理方法（即ABC途径）进行解读,旨在为临床工作者管理房颤病人提供最新思路。     

心房颤动的抗栓治疗

心房颤动（房颤）是临床最常见的心律失常之一,是脑卒中的主要原因,房颤并发的脑卒中有较高的死亡率及致残率.2010年欧洲心脏病学会（ESC）房颤指南指出：抗栓治疗是房颤治疗中永恒的主题[1].而我国的华法林治疗率仅为2.0%,且治疗强度亦达不到要求.这与医师对其治疗的紧迫性及必要性认识不足和高估出血风险不无关系.提高抗栓治疗的认识是亟待解决的问题,为此,将有关问题进行综述.     

2011年ACCF/AHA/HRS心房颤动防治指南解读

心房颤动（房颤,atrial fibrillation）是临床最常见的一种持续性心律失常,其防治一直是心律失常研究领域的难点之一。继2006年美国心脏病学学会（ACC）/美国心脏协会（AHA）/欧洲心脏病学会（ESC）房颤诊疗指南和2010年ESC房颤治疗指南发表之后,近来又发布了2011年美国心脏病学会基金会（ACCF）／AHA／心律学会（HRS）房颤防治指南。     

2010年欧洲心脏病学会心房颤动治疗指南概要

2010欧洲心脏病学会（ESC）年会召开之际,公布了新的心房颤动（房颤）治疗指南（新指南）,新指南是在2006年ACC／AHA／ESC房颤治疗指南与2007年房颤导管消融专家共识基础上,结合一些新的临床研究结果而制定。与既往房颤治疗指南相比,新指南的主要变化体现在规范了房颤抗凝治疗、提升了导管？肖融在房颤治疗中的地位以及肯定了房颤上游药物治疗等。     

欧洲心脏病学会2010心房颤动治疗指南:究竟更新了什么

<正>2010年10月,欧洲心脏病学会(ESC)正式发布了最新心房颤动(简称房颤)治疗指南。与2006年ACC/AHA/ESC房颤治疗指南相比,新指南在房颤的定义、分类以及治疗方式等很多方面做出了更新,对临床房颤诊治过程中所遇到的问题进行了更加明确而详细的说明。因此,2010版     

2006 ACC/AHA/ESC心房颤动指南中的一些新观点

美国心脏病学会、美国心脏学会和欧洲心脏病学会（ACC／AHA／ESC）近期联合发布了2006年心房颤动（简称房颤）指南，该版指南是在2001年房颤指南的基础上，结合近期发表的大量大规模临床试验证据而修订完成。新指南第一次确立了导管消融在房颤治疗中的地位，更改了抗凝的指征，同时在抗心律失常药物的使用方面也有一些改动。     

《2020 ECS/EACTS心房颤动诊断和管理指南》解读

2020年8月,欧洲心脏病学会(ESC)与欧洲心胸外科协会(EACTS)共同制定并发布《2020 ESC/EACTS心房颤动诊断及管理指南》,通过对近年来完成并发表新的研究结果进行分析后,专家在该指南中除了对2016指南中某些观点进行更新外,还提出新的心房颤动(房颤)管理路径及理念。本文对指南中的新观点新理念进行归纳及总结。主要分为三个方面:房颤的诊断评估,房颤的管理,特殊人群合并房颤的治疗。     

2014年美国心脏协会/美国心脏病学会《成人瓣膜性心脏病患者管理指南及执行摘要》解读

2014-03-03,美国心脏协会/美国心脏病学会（AHA/ACC）发布了《2014年心脏瓣膜病患者管理指南及执行》,该指南正式刊登于《美国心脏病学杂志》和《循环》杂志[1]。这是自2008年来该指南的首次更新。该指南有诸多亮点：①新建四级疾病分期系统;②更新风险评估工具;③降低介入治疗门槛;④纳入经导管主动脉瓣置入术（TAVR）;⑤强调多学科综合治疗。另外,新指南对于人工心脏瓣膜、感染性心内膜炎诊断和治疗以及妊娠、心脏和非心脏外科手术等特殊情况也有详细推荐,内容全面、实用,更贴近临床。     

《ACC/AHA/ESC 心房颤动处理指南2006》系列解读之一心房颤动治疗的整体策略与非药物治疗措施的地位

心房颤动（房颤）是临床最为常见，同时也是处理较为棘手的一种持续性心律失常，因此，其临床处理的规范化更显重要。在这方面，由美国心脏病学学会（ACC）、美国心脏协会（AHA）和欧洲心脏病学学会（ESC）于2001年联合发表的《ACC／AHA／ESC房颤处理指南2001》曾起到了重大作用。时隔5年之后，这3家来自大西洋两岸的心脏病学权威机构再次联合公布了新版的房颤指南，即《ACC／AHA／ESC房颤处理指南2006》。这是一部让人期待已久的指南。     

Low-molecular-weight heparins and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists in acute coronary syndromes

Traditional antithrombotic regimens for the management of acute coronary syndromes are far from optimal. There is considerable opportunity for improvement of standard treatment with unfractionated heparin and aspirin. The introduction of new antithrombotic drugs, such as low-molecular-weight heparins(LMWH), and more potent antiplatelet drugs, such as glycoprotein(GP) lIb/llla antagonists, has the potential to significantly improve clinical outcomes. The complementary anticoagulant/antiplatelet modes of action of LMWHs and GP lIb/Ila antagonists mean that combining these drugs in the medical management of patients with acute coronary syndromes, including those who undergo percutaneous coronary intervention, may offer enhanced clinical benefits. Until recently, there was a lack of clinical data to support this approach, but several recent trials have confirmed the safety and efficacy of combination therapy with the LMWH enoxaparin and a GP lIb/Illa antagonist in the management of patients with unstable angina/non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. The 2002 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines on unstable angina/non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction reflect this new evidence.The combined use of a LMWH and a GP IIb/IIIa antagonist should now be viewed as safe and effective in the management of acute coronary syndromes. Definitive efficacy-powered superiority data will be available shortly.     

急性心肌梗死并发心房颤动/心房扑动的影响因素及预后分析

目的分析急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者合并心房颤动(atrial fibrillation,Af)/心房扑动(atria flutter,AF)的发病率、临床特点、影响因素及其对院内死亡的影响。方法将我院收治的653例AMI患者分为Af/AF组(61例)及无Af/AF组(592例),分析发生Af/AF的相关危险因素;再根据是否在院内死亡分为院内死亡组(64例)及未死亡组(589例),评估Af/AF对AMI患者院内死亡的影响。结果AMI患者初发Af/AF的发生率为9.3%。单因素分析显示,Af/AF组与无Af/AF组在年龄、性别、入院时心率、心肌梗死范围、Killip分级、左心室射血分数、入院时血肌酐水平及血红蛋白水平均有显著性差异(P<0.05)。Af/AF组与无Af/AF组多因素logistic回归分析显示,多部位心肌梗死、女性是影响AMI患者发生Af/AF的最主要独立危险因素;院内死亡组与未死亡组多因素lo-gistic回归分析显示,Af/AF是影响AMI患者院内死亡的独立危险因素。结论Af/AF是AMI患者常见的并发症,合并Af/AF的患者住院期间的预后更差。     

不同国家和地区消化内镜诊疗围术期抗血栓药物管理指南的比较

对于需要长期接受抗血栓（抗血小板/抗凝）药物治疗的患者,在行消化内镜诊疗期间发生消化道出血和血栓栓塞事件的风险较高。临床医师在予该类患者内镜检查前需制定针对抗血栓治疗的调整方案并仔细权衡方案调整的利与弊。针对该情况,英国胃肠病学会联合欧洲胃肠病学会、美国胃肠病学会、亚太胃肠病学会联合亚太消化内镜学会、日本胃肠内镜协会和韩国消化道内镜协会均发布了相关指南,指导临床医师在消化内镜围术期调整抗血栓治疗方案。本文对以上5项指南中的相关定义和建议进行了比较分析,并对国内研究现状进行了总结,旨在帮助中国消化内镜医师更好地制定相关决策。     

Antithrombotic effect of a monoclonal antibody to the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor in an experimental animal model

A murine monoclonal antibody directed at the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex, which blocks platelet aggregation ex vivo, was tested for its antithrombotic effects in an established animal model of acute platelet thrombus formation in partially stenosed arteries. Infusion of 0.7 to 0.8 mg/kg of the F(ab')2 fragment of the antibody completely blocked new thrombus formation despite multiple provocations, making it the most potent antithrombotic agent tested in this model.     

血管紧张素转化酶基因Alu I/D的多态性与心房颤动的关联研究

目的:探讨血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)基因Alu I/D的多态性与心房颤动(Af)的关系.方法:研究对象均来自湖北地区汉族人群,120例Af患者(Af组),120例非Af者(对照组).采用成组配比研究,取静脉血,提取基因组DNA,采用聚合酶链反应-限制性酶切片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)分析技术对2组人群ACE基因A...     

Razaxaban,a direct factor Xa inhibitor,in combination with aspirin and/or clopidogrel improves low-dose antithrombotic activity without enhancing bleeding liability in rabbits

Coactivation of platelets and the blood coagulation cascade contributes to the pathophysiology of arterial thrombosis. Combination therapy with antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs may be needed for maximizing the prevention and treatment of arterial thrombosis. Few studies have thoroughly investigated the combined antithrombotic and bleeding effects of these antithrombotic agents. We, therefore, evaluated the antithrombotic and bleeding profiles of dual and triple therapy with razaxaban, a direct factor Xa inhibitor, plus aspirin and/or clopidogrel in rabbit models of electrolytic injury-induced carotid artery thrombosis and cuticle bleeding time, respectively. Compounds were infused either IV or into the portal vein from 1 h before arterial injury or cuticle transection to the end of experiment. Carotid blood flow was used as a marker of antithrombotic effect. We first evaluated the antithrombotic potency of razaxaban, and examined its ex vivo effects on coagulation parameters to confirm its selectivity. Antithrombotic ED₅₀ of razaxaban averaged 0.22 ± 0.05 mg/kg/h (n = 6). Razaxaban at 3 mg/kg/h IV produced full antithrombotic efficacy, increased significantly ex vivo activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time by 2.2 ± 0.1- and 2.3 ± 0.1-fold, respectively, and inhibited ex vivo factor Xa activity significantly by 91 ± 5% (n = 6, P < 0.05) without affecting ex vivo thrombin activity. Razaxaban at concentrations up to 10 μM did not alter in vitro platelet aggregation responses to ADP, γ-thrombin or collagen. To identify additive or synergistic antithrombotic effects of the various combination therapies, we purposefully used marginally effective doses of razaxaban at 0.1 mg/kg/h, aspirin at 0.3 mg/kg/h and clopidogrel at 1 mg/kg/h. Dual combination of threshold doses of razaxaban and aspirin or clopidogrel produced an enhanced antithrombotic effect without further increases in bleeding time. When compared with dual therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel (38 ± 5% increase in blood flow), addition of razaxaban increased blood flow to 75 ± 5% without additional bleeding time effects (n = 6/group, P < 0.05). In summary, razaxaban was an effective antithrombotic agent in a rabbit model of arterial thrombosis. Low-dose razaxaban was useful in combination with sub-optimal doses of aspirin and/or clopidogrel for the prevention of occlusive arterial thrombosis without excessive bleeding. Presented in part at the 45th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Hematology, December 6–9, 2003, San Diego, California (abstr 3011), and at the XXth Congress of the International Society on Thrombosis and Hemostasis, August 6–12, 2005, Sydney, Australia (abstr P1852).     

Gender and ethnic/racial disparities in health care utilization among older adults

OBJECTIVE: We examine the role of economic access in gender and ethnic/racial disparities in the use of health services among older adults. METHODS: Data from the 1993-1995 study on the Asset of Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old (AHEAD) were used to investigate differences in the 2-year use of health services by gender and among non-Hispanic White versus minority (Hispanic and African American) ethnic/racial groups. Analyses account for predisposing factors, health needs, and economic access. RESULTS: African American men had fewer physician contacts; minority and non-Hispanic White women used fewer hospital or outpatient surgery services; minority men used less outpatient surgery; and Hispanic women were less likely to use nursing home care, compared with non-Hispanic White men, controlling for predisposing factors and measures of need. Although economic access was related to some medical utilization, it had little effect on gender/ethnic disparities for services covered by Medicare. However, economic access accounted for minority disparities in dental care, which is not covered by Medicare. DISCUSSION: Medicare plays a significant role in providing older women and minorities access to medical services. Significant gender and ethnic/racial disparities in use of medical services covered by Medicare were not accounted for by economic access among older adults with similar levels of health needs. Other cultural and attitudinal factors merit investigation to explain these gender/ethnic disparities.     

Management of Atrial Fibrillation in 2021: An Updated Comparison of the Current CCS/CHRS,ESC, and AHA/ACC/HRS Guidelines

Given its complexity, the management of atrial fibrillation (AF) has relied increasingly on expert guideline recommendations; however, discrepancies between these professional societies can lead to confusion among practicing clinicians. This article compares the recommendations in the 2019 American Heart Association (AHA)/American College of Cardiology (ACC)/Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), the 2020 European Society of Cardiology (ESC), and the 2020 Canadian Cardiovascular Society/Canadian Heart Rhythm Society (CCS/CHRS) AF guidelines. Although many of the recommendations are fundamentally similar, there are important differences among guidelines; specifically, key differences are present in (1) definitions and classification of AF; (2) the role of opportunistic AF detection; (3) symptom and quality-of-life evaluation; (4) stroke-risk stratification and the indication for oral anticoagulation (OAC) therapy; (5) the role of aspirin in prevention of stroke for patients with AF; (6) the antithrombotic regimens employed in the context of coronary artery disease; (7) the role of OAC, and specifically non-vitamin K direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs), in patients with chronic and end-stage renal disease; (8) the target heart rate for patients treated with a rate-control strategy, along with the medications recommended to achieve the heart-rate target; and (9) the role of catheter ablation as first-line therapy or in patients with heart failure. These differences highlight areas of continuing clinical uncertainty in which there are important needs and opportunities for future investigative work.     

Antithrombotic therapy and the transition to the catheterization laboratory in UA/NSTEMI

The management of unstable angina/non ST elevation myocardial infarction (UA/NSTEMI) has evolved substantially in recent years. Multiple new antithrombotic options are available; in addition, the use of interventional strategies in patients with UA/NSTEMI has become the dominant strategy, particularly in tertiary centers. On the one hand, we are doing more percutaneous interventions more rapidly in ACS patients. On the other hand, we have an ever-expanding therapeutic armamentarium to apply in these complex clinical circumstances. Much of the controversy surrounding modern-day management is not so much about the specific the choice of agent or strategy, but rather how to use these agents most effectively in a clinical environment where patients may come forward to the catheterization laboratory, sometimes rapidly, and may require percutaneous or surgical revascularization. All available antithrombotic agents act on one (or more) of the four steps of coagulation: platelet activation, platelet aggregation, thrombin generation, and thrombin activity. The antiplatelet agents, aspirin, thieno-pyridines, and glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa antagonists, target the early steps of platelet activation and aggregation. The antithrombin agents, unfractionated heparin, low molecular weight (LMW) heparin, Xa inhibitors, and direct thrombin antagonists, act specifically to target thrombin generation, thrombin activity, or both. We will review the major recent trials that comprise the current state of knowledge regarding these new antithrombotic agents in ACS, and discuss some of the near-future additions to our armamentarium, including prasugrel, Cangrelor, and AZD6140. The most recent ACC/AHA and ESC unstable angina guidelines have emphasized that multiple options are available, and no one agent can be recommended over the others in all cases. There is NOT one perfect antithrombotic regimen for all patients. Antithrombotic therapy needs to be individualized, and that so-called 'standard' therapy may need to be supplemented (or even replaced) in specific circumstances. Ultimately, determining optimal therapy means understanding the physiology, understanding the therapeutic options - not just how they work, but how they may work together, and being able to interpret a never-ending supply of new clinical trial data that have to be applied in the 'real world'.