尿液甘氨酰脯氨酸二肽氨基肽酶测定及临床应用

目的　探讨尿液甘氨酰脯氨酸二肽氨基肽酶 (GPDA)测定及临床应用价值。方法　用连续监测法以甘氨酰脯氨酰对硝基苯胺为底物检测尿液GPDA ,并对检测条件及干扰因素进行试验探讨 ,同时对 334名正常人 ,5 5例糖尿病和 36例高血压患者尿液GPDA进行检测分析。结果　尿GPDA在 35 0U/L以下线性良好 ,低、高值尿液标本的批内变异系数 (CV)分别为 1 2 7%、0 6 1% ,批间CV为 1 33% ,尿液标本 4℃存放 7dGPDA活性没有变化 ,胆红素、葡萄糖、维生素C及糖尿病治疗药物二甲双胍、格列苯脲对GPDA测定无干扰 ,血红蛋白在 5 0 0mg/L以下时对GPDA测定无干扰 ,>5 0 0mg/L产生负干扰 ,334名正常人尿GPDA活性为 (12 9± 4 1)U/g·Cr,参考值范围 4 9～ 2 0 9U/g·Cr;糖尿病、高血压病合并肾损害组尿GPDA明显高于正常对照组和未发生肾损害组 ,差异有非常显著意义 (P <0 0 0 1)。结论　甘氨酰脯氨酸二肽氨基肽酶操作简单、快速、稳定性好 ,干扰因素少 ,结果准确 ,是诊断早期肾小管损伤的敏感而特异的检验项目。     

尿β-D-半乳糖苷酶活性检测方法的建立及临床意义探讨

目的以2-氯-4-硝基苯基-β-D-半乳糖苷(CNP-GAL)为底物,建立测定尿β-D-半乳糖苷酶(GAL)活性的连续监测法,并探讨GAL在肾小管病变早期诊断中的临床意义。方法基于GAL能催化水解底物生成色原2-氯-4-硝基苯酚(CNP)的原理,对最适p H值、底物浓度、反应时间等条件进行研究,建立用于检测尿GAL的连续监测法,并用该法检测125例肾脏病变(30例继发性肾损伤、36例肾小管肾炎、25例肾癌、34例肾囊肿)患者及80名健康体检者(正常对照组)尿GAL活性。结果建立了检测尿GAL活性的连续监测法,采用柠檬酸缓冲液为最佳缓冲体系,酶促反应最适p H值为4.8,最适底物浓度为2.0 mmol/L。该法批内、批间平均变异系数(CV)分别为2.44%、4.47%,线性范围为3.2~25.6 U/L,当GAL1.6 U/L时不能被检出。继发性肾损伤、肾小管肾炎、肾癌患者的尿GAL活性均明显高于正常对照组(P0.05),而肾囊肿患者的尿GAL活性无明显增高。结论建立的GAL活性连续监测法敏感性高,结果准确,操作简便,可用于肾小管疾病的早期诊断。     

血清对氧磷脂酶活性连续检测方法的建立及临床意义

目的建立血清中对氧磷脂酶(PON)活性测定的方法,测定正常人和肝硬化患者血清中PON的活性,探讨该酶诊断肝硬化的意义.方法 PON活性测定以乙酸苯酯为底物,在PON的作用下水解,生成苯酚,用分光光度计在37℃、270 nm处连续监测3 min测定苯酚特征性的紫外吸收,计算出酶促反应速度.结果本方法的最适的测定条件为37℃、270 nm处连续监测3 min,底物浓度为10 mmol/L,最适pH值为8.0,激活剂Ca2+浓度为2 mmol/L,批内变异系数(CV)可达4.3%,批间CV为5.0%.正常人组血清PON活性为(284.95±83.76)U/ml,参考范围为201.2～368.7 U/ml,肝硬化患者组PON活性为(153.78±107.54)U/ml,两组差异有显著性(P＜0.01).结论本方法测定血清中PON的活性操作简便、精密度、线性良好.肝硬化患者血清PON活性与正常人组比较差异有显著性.     

尿α-L-岩藻糖苷酶对糖尿病早期肾损害的诊断价值

目的探讨尿α-L-岩藻糖苷酶(AFU)测定在筛查糖尿病(DM)早期肾损害中的临床应用价值。方法将178例2型DM患者按24 h尿微量白蛋白(mAlb)排泄率分为DM无肾病组(79例)、DM早期肾病组(54例)和DM临床肾病组(45例)。应用本室建立的连续监测法检测178例2型DM患者和320名正常对照者尿AFU、mAlb、尿β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG)、N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)含量,并进行比较。结果采用连续监测法检测尿AFU在300 U/L以下线性良好;高、低浓度样本批内变异系数(CV)分别为1.69%、1.26%,批间CV分别为4.51%、3.52%。维生素C、胆红素和血红蛋白分别为50 mg/L、136.8μmol/L和1 g/L时对尿AFU不产生干扰。DM组尿AFU、mAlb、β2-MG、NAG分别为(2.87±0.91)U/g.Cr、(67.62±21.27)mg/g.Cr、(0.48±0.32)mg/g.Cr、(29.23±8.29)U/g.Cr,均明显高于正常对照组[(0.82±0.45)U/g.Cr、(11.54±8.81)mg/g.Cr、(0.11±0.07)mg/g.Cr、(9.08±5.21)U/g.Cr](P<0.01)。DM 3个亚组之间尿AFU、mAlb、β2-MG、NAG差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。DM患者尿AFU与NAG呈高度正相关(r=0.859,P<0.01)。79例DM无肾病组尿AFU阳性率高达19.0%,特异性为85.7%,敏感性为91.8%,Youden指数为0.77,诊断效率89.9%。99例DM肾病患者治疗后AFU水平为(2.7±1.26)U/g.Cr,明显低于治疗前[(4.6±1.72)U/g.Cr](P<0.01)。结论尿AFU测定是筛查DM早期肾损害的一项有价值的指标。     

尿液N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶连续监测法试剂盒性能评估

本文就国产尿液 NAG活力连续监测法试剂盒进行了评价。该试剂盒酶促反应延迟时间应选为 3m in,监测时间选择 6 0 s。线性 0～ 15 0 U / L ,r=0 .9998,线性误差小于 7%。重复实验 ,水平 批内为 2 6 .3± 1.1U / L ,CV4.2 % ,随机误差 8.2 % ;批间 s 1.77U / L ,CV 6 .7% ,随机误差 13.2 %。水平 批内 91.3U / L± 2 .43U / L ,CV2 .6 % ,随机误差 5 .2 % ;批间 s 4.44 U / L ,CV 4.9% ,随机误差 9.5 %。平均回收率 99.5 %。测定体检健康者尿样 6 0例 ,经统计学分析 ,结果呈偏态分布 ,男女间差异不显著 (P>0 .0 5 ) ,单侧 95 %上限为 2 .4U / mm ol Cr(37℃ )     

尿液N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶连续监测法试剂盒性能评估

本文就国产尿液NAG活力连续监测法试剂盒进行了评价.该试剂盒酶促反应延迟时间应选为3 min,监测时间选择60 s.线性0～150 U/L,r＝0 .99 98,线性误差小于7%.重复实验,水平Ⅰ批内为26.3±1.1 U/L,CV 4.2%,随机误差8. 2 %;批间s 1.77 U/L,CV 6.7%,随机误差13.2%.水平Ⅱ批内91.3 U/L±2.43 U/L,CV 2 .6%,随机误差5.2%;批间s 4.44 U/L,CV 4.9%,随机误差9.5%.平均回收率99.5% . 测定体检健康者尿样60例,经统计学分析,结果呈偏态分布,男女间差异不显著(P＞0.05) ,单侧95%上限为2.4 U/mmol Cr(37℃).     

5'-核苷酸酶的自动化分析

目的评价一种5'-核苷酸酶(5'-NT)的测试方法.方法在日立7060上对其进行重复性试验、线性试验、干扰试验、回收试验,建立临床正常值参考范围结果本试验线性范围达328.0U/L;批内试验低值CV 1.68%,高值CV 1.3%,批间试验低值CV 4.86%,高值CV 4.21%;平均回收率99.5%;血红蛋白(Hb)＜800mg/L,总胆红素(TBil)＜56μmol/L及碱性磷酸酶(ALP)对5'-NT测定无干扰;正常值范围为0.32～10.14U/L(n=86).结论该法具快速、灵敏、简便、准确等优点,适合临床自动化分析.     

5''''-核苷酸酶的自动化分析

目的评价一种5'-核苷酸酶(5'-NT)的测试方法.方法在日立7060上对其进行重复性试验、线性试验、干扰试验、回收试验,建立临床正常值参考范围结果本试验线性范围达328.0U/L;批内试验低值CV 1.68%,高值CV 1.3%,批间试验低值CV 4.86%,高值CV 4.21%;平均回收率99.5%;血红蛋白(Hb)＜800mg/L,总胆红素(TBil)＜56μmol/L及碱性磷酸酶(ALP)对5'-NT测定无干扰;正常值范围为0.32～10.14U/L(n=86).结论该法具快速、灵敏、简便、准确等优点,适合临床自动化分析.     

血清对氧磷脂酶活性连续检测方法的建立及临床意义

目的建立血清中对氧磷脂酶(PON)活性测定的方法,测定正常人和肝硬化患者血清中PON的活性,探讨该酶诊断肝硬化的意义。方法PON活性测定以乙酸苯酯为底物,在PON的作用下水解,生成苯酚,用分光光度计在37℃、270nm处连续监测3min测定苯酚特征性的紫外吸收,计算出酶促反应速度。结果本方法的最适的测定条件为37℃、270nm处连续监测3min,底物浓度为10mmol/L,最适pH值为8.0,激活剂Ca2+浓度为2mmol/L,批内变异系数(CV)可达4.3%,批间CV为5.0%。正常人组血清PON活性为(284.95±83.76)U/ml,参考范围为201.2～368.7U/ml,肝硬化患者组PON活性为(153.78±107.54)U/ml,两组差异有显著性(P<0.01)。结论本方法测定血清中PON的活性操作简便、精密度、线性良好。肝硬化患者血清PON活性与正常人组比较差异有显著性。     

EIA定量检测甲状腺球蛋白抗体和甲状腺微粒体抗体在临床中的应用

目的 探讨酶免疫法定量检测血清抗甲状腺球蛋白抗体(TG-Ab)和抗甲状腺微粒体抗体(TM-Ab)在临床应用价值.方法 采用酶免疫法(EIA)定量检测血清TG-Ab和TM-Ab,并对检测条件、干扰因素、精密度和准确度进行试验探讨.结果 EIA定量测定血清TG-Ab和TM-Ab分别在880IU/ml和665IU/ml以下线性良好,TG-Ab批内和批间CV分别为3.2%和7.1%;TM-Ab批内和批间CV分别为 3.9%和7.6%.测得平均回收率为TG-Ab:92.4%、TM-Ab:101.2%.血清标本4℃存放一周内,对测定结果 无影响.胆红素、血红蛋白在0.5g/L对测定无干扰,Hb浓度＞0.5g/L对TM-Ab产生正干扰.结论 EIA定量检测能较准确检测血清甲状腺自身抗体水平,操作简便,结果准确,符合临床常规使用要求,对自身免疫性甲状腺疾病的诊断、疗效观察及预后具有临床应用价值.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.