0．2％罗哌卡因复合芬太尼镇痛液持续硬膜外给药临床观察

目的观察0．2％罗哌卡因复合芬太尼2、3、4ml／h用于硬膜外术后镇痛（PCEA）对运动神经阻滞后恢复和镇痛效果。方法选择250例择期脊柱手术病例,均采用硬膜外麻醉。以0．2％罗哌卡因复合芬太尼镇痛液（0．2％罗哌卡因150ml＋芬太尼0．3mg）持续硬膜外给药。按给药速度分为3组,A组：2ml／h;B组：3ml／h;C组：4ml／h。全部病例无按压PCEA泵,采用视觉模拟评分对疼痛进行评分。结果术后48h不同阶段VAS评分,B组、C组低于A组（P〈0．05）;B组和C组差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论0．2％罗哌卡因复合芬太尼（含罗哌卡因6mg/h,芬太尼6μg/h）背景剂量3ml／h是国人PCEA镇痛最佳选择。     

罗比卡因与布比卡因用于小儿术后镇痛的比较

目的比较相同浓度的罗比卡因与布比卡因用于小儿硬膜外术后镇痛的镇痛效果和并发症。方法选择60例行腰硬联合麻醉的腹部手术患儿随机分成两组行硬膜外术后镇痛,A组用0．1％罗比卡因,B组用0．1％布比卡因,每组分别复合芬太尼2ug/ml,镇痛泵容量为100ml,泵速为2ml／h,维持镇痛时间48h。观察指标有运动神经阻滞评分、手术后各时段的SpO：、BP、HR,OPS法镇痛效果评分、并发症情况。结果A组和B组比较,下肢运动阻滞程度两者相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,手术后观察各时段的SpO2、BP、HR,两者相比无显著性差异,OPS法镇痛效果评分两者相比差异无显著性（P〉0．05）,并发症两者相似（P〉0．05）。结论0．1％罗比卡因复合芬太尼2us／ml具有同0．1％布比卡因复合芬太尼2us／ml同样的镇痛效应,而且对运动神经影响轻微,有利于患儿早期下床活动,用于小儿术后镇痛值得推广。     

罗哌卡因加小剂量氯胺酮用于骨科下肢手术后硬膜外镇痛的临床观察

目的探讨罗哌卡因加小剂量氯胺酮用于骨科下肢手术术后硬膜外镇痛效果及并发症。方法选择80例ASAⅠ—Ⅱ级择期骨科下肢手术患者。随机分为A、B、C、D4组,每组20例,在硬膜外末次给予0．25％罗哌卡因10ml30min后开始术后止痛。A组,持续给予0．2％的罗哌卡因;B组,持续给予0．3％的罗哌卡因;C组,持续给予0．2％罗哌卡因加接泵前给予硬膜外注入氯胺酮0．4mg／kg;D组,持续给予0．2％罗哌卡因加接泵前给予硬膜外注入吗啡2mg。4组均应用福尼亚恒流镇痛泵（固定速率为5ml／h）。观察术后12h、24h、36h不同时段疼痛评分;下肢运动阻滞程度;嗜睡、恶心呕吐、皮肤瘙痒、呼吸抑制、焦虑、烦躁不安、神经质一系列精神症状等并发症情况。结果A组的镇痛VAS评分明显高,与其他3组之间比较有统计学意义（P〈0．01）,其他3组之间比较无差异（P〉0．05）。B组的运动阻滞程度分级高于其他3组（P〈0．05）,其他3组间无差异（P〉0．05）。D组发生恶心呕吐3例（15．0％）,皮肤瘙痒4例（20．0％）,嗜睡2例（10．0％）,其他3组未发现明显不良反应。结论小剂量氯胺酮加0．2％罗哌卡因行术后镇痛,既可减少罗哌卡因的剂量,又降低不良反应的发生。镇痛效果满意,运动阻滞轻,并发症少。     

地佐辛复合罗哌卡因在老年患者术后硬膜外镇痛中的临床应用

目的比较不同剂量地佐辛与0．15％罗哌卡因配伍在老年人术后硬膜外镇痛的应用效果及不良反应。方法腰麻和硬膜外联合椎管内麻醉下经尿道前列腺电切术男性患者60例,按不同硬膜外镇痛方案将患者完全随机分为3组,每组20例。A组以吗啡5mg＋0．15％罗哌卡因200ml镇痛;B组以地佐辛2．5mg＋0．15％罗哌卡因200ml镇痛;C组以地佐辛5mg＋0．15％罗哌卡因200ml镇痛。术毕硬膜外导管接Smith6300电子镇痛泵：负荷冲击量3ml,持续流量2ml／h,单次追加剂量1ml,锁定时间15min,共48h。在术后8、12、24、36及48h（分别为T1、T2、T3、T4及T5）进行视觉模拟评分（VAS）,记录不良反应及并发症。结果A组与B组各观察点VAS评分差异无统计学意义[（2．4±0．5）分比（2．3±0．5）分,（2．8±0．4）分比（2．4±0．5）分,（2．0±0．6）分比（2．0±0．6）分,（1．0±0．7）分比（1．1±0．8）分,（0．5±0．7）分比（0．6±0．5）分,均P〉0．05],但2组T1～T4VAS评分明显高于C组[分别为（1．7±0．7）、（1．4±0．5）、（1．2±0．6）、（0．4±0．5）分]（均P〈0．05）。B、C组患者膀胱刺激症发生率明显低于A组[10．0％（2／20）、5．0％（1／20）比45．0％（9／20）,P〈0．05]。B、C组与A组相比,头晕、瘙痒、恶心呕吐、嗜睡、肠道未排气发生率明显降低[5．0％（1／20）、15．0％（3／20）比40．0％（8／20）,25．0％（5／20）、10．0％（2／20）比50．0％（10／20）,20．0％（4／20）、0．0％比55．0％（11／20）,15．0％（3／20）、5．0％（1／20）比40．0％（8／20）,0．0％、10．0％（2／20）比50．0％（10／20）,均P〈0．05]。结论地佐辛2．5—5mg复合低浓度0．15％罗哌卡因200ml应用于老年前列腺电切术术后硬膜外镇痛,与吗啡5mg相比,均可达到良好的镇痛效果,且头晕、瘙痒、恶心呕吐及嗜睡发生率明降低,但地佐辛剂量过大可仍可增加头晕并影响胃肠道功能恢复。     

布托啡诺在剖宫产术后镇痛中的应用

目的：观察剖宫产术后硬膜外持续泵人布托啡诺的镇痛效果。方法：将50例ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级在硬膜外麻醉下行剖宫产的术后患者随机分为两组,A组为观察组,给予0．15％罗派卡因加40μg／ml布托啡诺;B组为对照组,给予0．15％罗哌卡因加芬太尼4μg／ml,持续背景输注3ml／h。观察患者术后各时段的视觉模拟镇痛评分（VAS）,Ramsay镇静评分及患者对术后镇痛满意度进行评估,并观察不良反应情况。结果：A组术后1、24h镇静评分高于B组（P〈0．05）,但是两组的评分均在镇静满意范围。结论：剖宫产术后硬膜外持续泵人布托啡诺可提供安全有效的镇痛且不良反应发生率较低。     

舒芬太尼或芬太尼混合罗哌卡因用于剖宫产术后硬膜外镇痛的效果比较

目的比较舒芬太尼或芬太尼混合罗哌卡因用于剖宫产术后硬膜外镇痛（ PCEA ）效果。方法择期硬膜外麻醉下行子宫下段剖宫产术的患者90例,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级,随机分为3组（ n ＝30）,3组患者术前于L2～3间隙行硬膜外穿刺,头侧置管3 cm。术后硬膜外镇痛药物成分：S组：舒芬太尼50μg＋罗哌卡因150 mg＋0 Q．9％氯化钠溶液共100 ml;F组：芬太尼0．5 mg＋罗哌卡因150 mg＋0．9％氯化钠溶液共100 ml ;C组：罗哌卡因150 mg＋0．9％氯化钠溶液共100 ml。手术结束前15 min给予格拉司琼3 mg静脉注射,硬膜外导管连接一次性电子止痛泵开始镇痛,背景输注速率均为2 ml/h,PCA剂量2 ml,锁定时间15 min,镇痛时间为50 h。记录术后4 h、8 h、16 h、24 h、36 h（T1～T5）时静息时的VAS评分、Ramsay镇静评分、PCA总按压次数和不良反应。结果与S组比较, T1、T2、T3时 F组和C组VAS评分高（ P ＜0．01）, T3时F组VAS评分低于C组（ P ＜0．01）,有统计学意义,其余时点各组间VAS评分无统计学意义（ P ＞0．05）。与S组比较,PCA总的按压次数S组低于F组和C组（ P ＜0．01）。与S组比较,F组和C组下肢麻木不良反应均增高（ P ＜0．01）,其余不良反应3组间无统计学意义（ P ＞0．05）。术后各时点Ramsay镇静评分3组间无统计学意义（ P ＞0．05）。结论0．5μg/ml舒芬太尼混合0．15％罗哌卡因可安全有效地用于剖宫产术后PCEA,镇痛效果优于5μg/ml的芬太尼混合0．15％罗哌卡因及单纯0．15％罗哌卡因,且不良反应少。     

不同浓度罗哌卡因术后硬膜外镇痛效果的观察

目的探讨不同浓度罗哌卡因复合芬太尼用于术后硬膜外镇痛效果。方法60例剖宫产手术后患者，随机分为0．25％罗哌卡因组（Ⅰ组）、0．179％罗哌卡因组（Ⅱ组）和0．15％罗哌卡因组（Ⅲ组），均复合芬太尼硬膜外自控镇痛，速率2mL／h，观察其视觉模拟（VAS）评分和Bromage评分情况。结果术后6、12、24和48hVAS评分，Ⅲ组显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ组；Bromage评分Ⅰ组显著高于Ⅱ、Ⅲ组；均无明显不良反应。结论0．179％罗哌卡因复合芬太尼对剖宫产术后镇痛效果确切，无运动阻滞及并发症，适合临床应用。     

罗比卡因、左布比卡因、布比卡因对食管贲门癌术后镇痛的临床观察

目的 观察相同浓度罗比卡因、左布比卡因、布比卡因伍用吗啡、氟哌利多用于食管贲门癌术后胸段硬膜外自控镇痛（PCEA）的有效性及安全性。方法选择60例择期食管贲门癌开胸手术老年患者，随机分为0．1％罗比卡因组（I组）、0．1％左布比卡因组（Ⅱ组）、0．1％布比卡因组（Ⅲ组），每组20例，局麻药等量，均复合等量吗啡、氟哌利多，速率均为4ml／h。观察三组患者术后的疼痛评分（VAS）、PCA按压次数与有效次数及不良反应。结果 术后4、16、32、48hVAS评分三组差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；PCA按压次数及有效次数、恶心呕吐、皮肤瘙痒等差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；血压下降Ⅰ、Ⅱ组与Ⅲ组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论 0．1％罗比卡因、0．1％左布比卡因、0．1％布比卡因伍用吗啡、氟哌利多用于食管贲门癌开胸术后老年患者PCEA镇痛效果一样，0．1％罗比卡因对循环影响小。     

罗哌卡因与布比卡因用于自控硬膜外分娩镇痛的临床研究

目的对比低浓度的罗哌卡因与布比卡因联合芬太尼用于自控硬膜外分娩镇痛（PCEA）的效果及运动神经阻滞情况。方法选择160例健康、单胎、足月、无麻醉禁忌的初产妇为分娩镇痛组,随机分为2组,A组为0．125％罗哌卡因加2μg/ml芬太尼,B组为0．125％布比卡因加2μg/ml芬太尼;将未使用分娩镇痛药物进入产程的80例产妇作为对照组（C组）。对分娩镇痛组进行视觉模拟镇痛评分（VAS）和下肢运动神经阻滞评分（MBS）。记录3组产程时间、分娩方式、产后出血及新生儿Apgar评分。结果A、B2组分娩镇痛效果良好,无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。MBS评分A、B2组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。A、B组与C组第一、二产程时间比较均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。A、B、C3组分娩方式、产后出血及新生儿Apgar评分差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论分娩镇痛能缩短第一产程,延长第二产程。低浓度的罗哌卡因与布比卡因联合小剂量芬太尼用于分娩镇痛均可产生可靠的镇痛效果,但罗哌卡因比布比卡因的运动神经阻滞轻,产妇可下床活动,是1种可行走的分娩镇痛,两者相比,罗哌卡因分娩镇痛效果更佳。     

低浓度罗哌卡因腰-硬联合阻滞在椎间盘摘除术的应用

目的观察低浓度罗哌卡因腰麻一硬膜外联合阻滞在腰椎间盘摘除术中的应用效果。方法腰椎间盘突出症40例,分为腰麻一硬膜外联合组（观察组）和硬膜外麻醉组（对照组）各20例。观察组用0．1％罗哌卡因4ml行腰麻后待翻身体位固定后再注入0．2％罗哌卡因5ml于硬膜外,根据麻醉效果及平面分次硬膜外推注0．2％罗哌卡因10～15ml,对照组用2％利多卡因3～5ml和0．75％罗哌卡因5～15ml行连续硬膜外麻醉,观察对照两组起效时间、镇痛和肌肉松弛效果,术中、术毕患者脚、下肢活动情况及麻醉前后循环系统的变化。结果观察组麻醉起效时问明显快于对照组（P〉0．05）,镇痛和肌肉松弛效果两组差异不显著（P〉0．05）,术中、术毕患者脚、下肢活动情况明显优于对照组（P〈0．05）。观察组麻醉后15、30min血压及心率与麻醉前差异不显著（P〉0．05）,而对照组麻醉后15、30min血压及心率较麻醉前显著下降（P〈0．05）。结论低浓度罗哌卡因腰麻一硬膜外联合阻滞的起效时间、术中、术毕患者脚、下肢活动情况及麻醉前后的血流动力学稳定明显优于连续硬膜外麻醉。     

Fenylefrineoogdruppels 2,5% en 5%

Data on the use, the mydriatic activity and the systemic adverse effects of phenylephrine eyedrops are reviewed in order to ascertain whether mydriatic concentrations lower than 10% should be included in theFormulary of Dutch Pharmacists (FNA). From the available data it is deduced that 2,5% and 5% may be useful mydriatic concentrations, whereupon their mode of preparation is discussed.Samenvatting Teneinde na te gaan of mydriatische fenylefrineconcentraties lager dan 10% in het Formularium der Nederlandse Apotherkers (Fna) kunnen worden opgenomen, zijn gegevens over het gebruik, de mydriatische effectiviteit en de systemische bijwerkingen van fenylefrineoogdruppels verzameld. Uit de beschikbare gegevens wordt afgeleid dat 2,5% en 5% bruikbare mydriatische concentraties kunnen zijn, waarna de bereidingswijze van deze concentraties wordt besproken.     

Travoprost 0.004%/timolol 0.5% fixed combination

Fixed-combination travoprost/timolol solution consists of travoprost 0.004% and timolol 0.5%. Several studies have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of this medication used once daily for the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. This fixed combination has been compared to travoprost and timolol used concomitantly, latanoprost and timolol used concomitantly, latanoprost/timolol fixed combination and travoprost and timolol monotherapy. Fixed-combination medicines such as travoprost/timolol offer the potential of maximizing patient adherence by decreasing the burden of using multiple topical agents that lower intraocular pressure, and by potentially decreasing the overall cost to both the patient and the health-care system. We discuss the benefits of fixed-dose medications, report on previous clinical trials and summarize the existing data on the performance of travoprost/timolol.     

Comparison of the safety and efficacy of loteprednol 0.5%/tobramycin 0.3% withdexamethasone 0.1%/tobramycin0.3% in the treatment of blepharokeratoconjunctivitis

ABSTRACT

Objective: This study compared the safety and efficacy of loteprednol etabonate 0.5%/tobramycin 0.3% (LE/T; Zylet) with dexamethasone 0.1%/tobramycin 0.3% (DM/T; Tobradex) in the treatment of ocular inflammation associated with blepharokeratoconjunctivitis.

Research design and methods: This was a multicenter, randomized, investigator-masked, parallel-group study. Subjects with clinically diagnosed blepharokeratoconjunctivitis in at least one eye were randomized to LE/T (n?=?138) or DM/T (n?=?138) administered four times per day, for 14 days. The primary efficacy endpoint was the change from baseline to Day 15 (± 1?day) in the signs and symptoms composite score using a non-inferiority metric to compare LE/T to DM/T. Safety endpoints included visual acuity (VA), biomicroscopy, intraocular pressure (IOP) assessments, and adverse events.

Results: At Day 15, the mean (SD) change from baseline in the signs and symptoms composite score was ?15.2 (7.3) for LE/T-treated subjects and ?15.6 (7.7) for DM/T-treated subjects. The upper bound of the 90% confidence interval for the difference in change from baseline was less than the non-inferiority margin not only at Day 15 but also at Day 7 and Day 3 for both the intent-to-treat and per protocol populations. Subjects treated with DM/T experienced a significant increase in IOP versus those treated with LE/T at Day 7, Day 15, and overall (mean [SD] of 0.6 [2.3] vs, ?0.1 [2.2], p?=?0.03, 1.0 [3.0] vs. ?0.1 [2.4], p?=?0.01, and 2.3 [2.3] vs. 1.6 [1.7], p?=?0.02, respectively).

Conclusions: LE/T satisfied the condition of non-inferiority to DM/T in decreasing the signs and symptoms of ocular inflammation associated with blepharokeratoconjunctivitis. Subjects treated with DM/T experienced more of an increase in IOP.

Limitation: Although the single-masked design of this study could be considered a limitation, care was taken to ensure that the investigator was masked.     

Pupillometry study of brimonidine tartrate 0.2% and apraclonidine 0.5%

This study investigated possible effects of brimonidine tartrate 0.2% and apraclonidine 0.5% on pupil diameter. Ten subjects between 20 and 40 years of age participated. A Colvard pupillometer (Oasis Medical) was used to measure pupil diameter. Baseline and serial measurements were obtained at 3 luminance levels (>6.4, <0.82-0.4, and <0.2-0.02 cd/m(2)) during a 4-hour interval following instillation of 1 drop of brimonidine tartrate 0.2% or apraclonidine 0.5% in one eye versus a placebo in the contralateral eye. The measurements for each drug were obtained on different days. A nested random effects model controlling for subject's age, race, and sex was used for statistical analysis. A maximum reduction in pupil diameter was observed at 90 minutes from instillation (1.40 mm at >6.4 cd/m(2), 1.69 mm at <0.82-0.4 cd/m(2), and 1.55 mm at <0.2-0.02 cd/m(2)) for brimonidine tartrate 0.2%. At all time intervals and illumination levels, miosis (P < .01) occurred. Apraclonidine 0.5% did not produce a significant effect on pupil diameter. Brimonidine tartrate 0.2% produced a moderate miotic effect. No effect was observed for apraclonidine 0.5%. A predominant agonistic effect on α-2 receptors of the iris dilator may explain this behavior.     

In vitro and in vivo bactericidal activities of 10%, 2.5%, and 1% povidone-iodine solution

The bactericidal action of three formulations of a povidone-iodine (PVI) complex in vitro, in vivo, and in the presence of competing organic matter was evaluated. Bacterial organisms included Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and 25 clinical isolates of Staph. aureus, designated KU 1-25. For the in vitro studies, 1.0 mL of bacterial inoculum containing 10(7) organisms was introduced into 9.0 mL of chemically stable 10% and 1% PVI formulations in sterile culture tubes, and 1.0-mL samples were withdrawn at set intervals. Samples were plated by using standard techniques and incubated for 24 hours, after which colony-forming units were counted. For in vivo studies, 0.1 mL of 10(6) Staph. aureus ATCC 25923 or KU inoculum was deposited on the dorsum of the hand of healthy human subjects. This area was wiped with a cotton swab saturated with 1%, 2.5%, or 10% PVI formulations. Samples were taken at 15 and 30 seconds after application of the iodophor. To test the bactericidal activity of the three formulations in the presence of a competing substrate, a swab soaked with sterile sheep's blood was applied to the skin and allowed to dry. The percentage of 10(4) Staph. aureus inoculum recovered allowed for comparison of the three products. In vitro, the 1% PVI formulation was bactericidal for 10(7) Staph. aureus within two minutes, as compared with the four minutes required by 10% PVI. On the skin contaminated with 10(6) organisms, the rates of killing within 30 seconds were comparable for both solutions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Stability of milrinone in 0.45% sodium chloride, 0.9% sodium chloride, or 5% dextrose injections

The stability of milrinone in 0.45% and 0.9% sodium chloride injections and in 5% dextrose injection in glass and plastic containers was studied. Admixtures containing milrinone 0.2 mg/mL were prepared in three 500-mL glass containers, three 500-mL polyethylpolypropyl copolymer plastic containers, and three 1-L flexible plastic containers of each solution. Milrinone content was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography at intervals during 72 hours of storage at room temperature; one sample of each solution and container type was protected from light. Duplicate assays of each sample were performed, and samples were observed for visual and pH changes. In all samples milrinone concentrations were more than 97% of the initial concentration. No changes in pH or appearance occurred. Milrinone at a concentration of 0.2 mg/mL is stable for 72 hours at room temperature in 0.45% and 0.9% sodium chloride injections and in 5% dextrose injection in glass or plastic containers.     

From dorzolamide 2%/timolol 0.5% to brinzolamide 1%/timolol 0.5% fixed combination: a 6-month,multicenter, open-label tolerability switch study

Purpose: To assess ocular surface status and tolerability after switching glaucoma patients from dorzolamide/timolol to brinzolamide/timolol fixed combination (FC).

Methods: Six-month, multicenter, open-label, prospective study that switched 72 patients from dorzolamide/timolol to brinzolamide/timolol FC. Intraocular pressure (IOP), tear film break-up-time (TF-BUT), fluorescein staining and Glaucoma Symptom Scale (GSS) questionnaire were recorded at baseline and after 6 months.

Results: Median interquartile range (IQR) IOP was 16 (IQR 15 – 18) mmHg at baseline and 16 (15 – 17) mmHg and 6 months. TF-BUT significantly improved (p < 0.0001); the regression analysis found a negative association between TF-BUT changes and age at baseline and at month 6 (r = ?0.32; p = 0.0082 and r = ?0.31; p = 0.0085). Patients with no corneal fluorescein staining statistically increased after substitution (p = 0.04). Quality of life – as examined by the GSS symptoms (SYMP) score – statistically improved (p < 0.0001), revealing an association between GSS SYMP score and age [coefficient ?0.67, 95% confidence interval (CI) ?1.13 to ?0.21, p = 0.0005), superficial keratitis (coefficient ?8.26, 95% CI ?15.73 to ?0.80, p = 0.031) and TF-BUT (coefficient 4.94, 95% CI 1.71 to 8.17, p = 0.003).

Conclusion: Brinzolamide/timolol FC is associated with reduced topical discomfort and improved signs of ocular surface disease. The good tolerability and comfort of this FC might contribute to good patient adherence.     

Lidocaine patch 5%

Lidocaine patch 5% comprises a soft, stretchy adhesive patch (l0 by 14 cm) containing 5% lidocaine (700 mg) for the topical treatment of pain associated with postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). Lidocaine provides analgesic relief by blocking neuronal sodium channels. In clinical trials (conducted over 12 hours to 24 days) involving patients with allodynia associated with PHN, treatment with lidocaine patch 5% resulted in a significant reduction in pain intensity and increased pain relief compared with vehicle patch. Lidocaine patch 5% was associated with few adverse events, the most frequent being mild skin redness or irritation at the application site which occurred with a similar incidence with lidocaine and vehicle patch.