医用射线防护屏蔽材料的研究及应用

目的 介绍医用射线防护屏蔽材料的现状及研究进展。方法 详细阐述了屏蔽材料的屏蔽机理,并对各类医用屏蔽材料进行了介绍。结果 医用屏蔽材料中透明屏蔽材料(防辐射有机玻璃)主要用于防护屏及防护挡板等,玻璃钢类复合防辐射材料可替代铅板作为X射线防护室及防护屏,而由防辐射纤维制成的X射线防护服是一种新型防护材料。结论 医用防辐射屏蔽材料将成为今后新材料开发研究的一个重要领域。     

化学防护服及材料研究进展

介绍了化学防护服的分类与使用情况,综述了国内外主流隔绝式防护服与透气式防护服的发展现状,阐述了近年来发展迅速的用于化学防护服的新型防护材料如选择透过膜材料、纳米材料、生物酶材料的研究现状,展望了未来化学防护服将向多功能化、舒适化、智能化方向发展.     

PET的应用及其相关的辐射防护

目的 探讨PET的应用及其辐射防护问题。方法 依据相关标准和资料,结合PET的原理及进行辐射防护验收的经验,进行分析和总结。结果 介绍了PET的临床应用和辐射防护特点。结论 必须研究和解决PET带来的辐射防护问题,以利加强放射防护监督监测。     

纳米材料在生物医学领域的应用

目前应用于生物医学中的纳米材料的主要类型有纳米碳材料、纳米高分子材料、纳米复合材料等。纳米材料在生物医学的许多方面都有广泛的应用前景。     

纳米材料在生物传感器中的应用

在明确了纳米材料独特性质的基础上,阐述了纳米材料在压电、电化学、光学、磁性等生物传感器中的重要作用.重点介绍了纳米颗粒、纳米微管、纳米线、量子点、纳米纤维等纳米材料在生物传感器中的最新应用.表明纳米材料作为生物传感器的固定材料或载体,可以使生物传感器的灵敏度、检测范围、重复性得到明显增强,在生物传感器的改良中具有重要的应用价值.     

核应急医学救援任务中辐射防护措施运用及优化探讨

结合当前核应急医学救援演训任务中辐射防护措施的运用实际，对核应急医学救援任务中辐射防护措施运用中存在的问题进行分析，并提出优化建议。认为现行辐射防护措施对内照射防护关注较多，对外照射防护关注少；现行防护措施虽然减少了人员受照途径，但可能延长了人员受照时间；防护过度与精确、高效完成任务存在冲突。针对这些问题，提出了科学合理做好内外照射防护、实现更为精细的分类分级防护、通过提升救援装备技术水平实现间接防护等建议。     

纳米材料对水生生物毒性效应及其机制的研究进展

随着纳米材料的广泛应用,排放到环境中的纳米材料越来越多,且多数纳米材料可进入水体并通过食物链在水生生物体内累积,进而对水生生物产生毒性作用。纳米材料按组分的不同主要有纳米金属氧化物、纳米金属粒子、碳纳米材料、量子点、有机聚合物等,不同纳米材料尺寸大小、材料成分、表面修饰材料等理化特征的差异对水生生物的毒性大小及机制各有不同。本文分别归纳了各种纳米材料对水生生物模型（如鱼类、贝类、水蚤、藻类等）的纳米毒性作用及可能的致毒机制。分析表明,各类纳米材料不同的理化特征可能产生不一样的毒性作用,但决定毒性的关键因素到底是其粒径尺寸大小、材料组分还是表面修饰物等至今尚无准确定论。氧化损伤、金属离子释放等是研究较多的机制,而从基因芯片、表观遗传修饰等分子水平对毒性机制进行研究的报道很少,可能是未来的研究方向,其是否可以作为毒性评价指标尚有待进一步深入探讨,且环境因素等也可对纳米材料的毒性作用产生影响。纳米材料对水生生物的毒性机制及风险评价仍任重而道远。     

玻璃钢类复合防辐射材料的防护性能及评价

玻璃钢类复合防辐射材料的防护性能及评价孟斌，冯涛，赵兰才，朱建国，宋文飞（山东省医学科学院放射医学研究所，济南）玻璃钢类复合防辐射材料板（以下简称：复合防护材料）是一种玻璃纤维增强型复合材料，其防辐射成分主要是铅、钨、钡的化合物；与传统的铅板制品相比...     

铈纳米颗粒在辐射领域的研究进展

随着核技术在工业，医学领域等方面应用的迅速发展，人们遭受辐射损伤的可能性也随之增加。辐射损伤防治药物是救治与防护辐射损伤最为有效和直接的手段，但目前的辐射损伤防治药物作用效果有限。铈纳米材料因独特的价态结构，使其具有多种酶学模拟活性和可再生性，体现出优越的抗氧化性，强大的清除自由基功能，可以保护细胞免受辐射损伤，可作为理想的辐射防护剂，并应用于多种生物学领域。对相关文献进行查阅可知，铈纳米颗粒的抗氧化性、高SOD模拟活性、清除自由基能力以及抗辐射能力均源自于Ce³⁺/Ce⁴+相互间的转化、氧空位的形成。本文主要介绍铈纳米颗粒的抗辐射活性基础、辐射防护效应及放疗增敏方面的研究进展，为铈纳米颗粒在辐射方向领域提供理论依据与参考。     

金属纳米材料的毒性研究进展

颗粒尺寸进入纳米量级时,表现出强烈的表面效应、小尺寸效应、宏观量子隧道效应和量子尺寸效应,使得金属纳米材料的磁学、热学、电学、光学、力学、催化和敏感性能优于常规金属材料.由于纳米材料的这些优异特性,使得纳米产品已进入生产和生活的诸多领域.随着纳米材料和产品种类不断增加,纳米材料对人类健康的潜在危害不容忽视.纳米材料的毒性评价,不仅是为了揭示材料在纳米尺度下的生物学效应,同时低毒性纳米材料的设计也是纳米产业健康可持续发展的基础.目前,对于纳米材料的毒性研究不全面,其毒性机制尚不明确,还需要进行系统的体内外试验和流行病学研究.只有获得充足的毒理学数据,才能正确地评价纳米材料的生物安全性.因此,对金属纳米材料的毒性研究进展进行综述就显得十分必要.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.