肝移植围手术期出凝血功能的变化

目的探讨原位肝移植围手术期出凝血功能变化的规律。方法 2000年6月至2009年6月实施34例原位肝移植。对术前、术中开腹后10 min、无肝期30 min和新肝植入后30 min(新肝植入早期),关腹前10 min和术后48 h的血小板、凝血酶原时间(PT)、凝血酶原时间的国际标准化比值(INR)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)和血浆纤维蛋白原(Fg)进行分析。结果与术前相比,本组受体在无肝期30 min出现血小板明显减少(P0.05),PT、APTT、INR延长(P0.05),Fg增加(P0.05),于新肝植入早期变化最显著。随着新肝植入,在术后48 h时PT、APTT、Fg及INR接近正常范围。结论肝移植术中出凝血功能变化幅度较大,无肝期凝血功能障碍明显,术后凝血功能恢复较快,可接近正常范围。     

肝脏移植围手术期凝血功能动态变化及治疗处理

目的探讨肝脏移植围手术期凝血功能的动态变化及有效治疗处理方法。方法对18例同种异体原位肝脏移植患者术前、无肝前期、无肝期、再灌注期及术后2周PT、APTT、FDP、D-D-二聚体及血小板的动态变化进行分析研究。结果PT、APTT及血小板检测显示术前均有不同程度的凝血功能障碍，术中无肝期进一步加重，再灌流前最重，随着移植后肝功能恢复，凝血功能障碍逐渐得到改善。纤溶系统FDP及D-D-二聚体检测显示肝移植患者同时存在着纤溶系统亢进状态，并于再灌注后达到高峰。伴有较重凝血功能障碍者，术前给予FFP及VitK等有助改善凝血功能；术中应积极给予FFP，适当应用凝血酶原复合物、纤维蛋白原及血小板以纠正凝血功能不良；术中注意保持体温，及时补充纠正低钙等因素，有助于改善凝血功能；应用凯时(PGE2)、罂栗碱及低分子肝素钙等有助于防止血栓形成。结论肝移植围手术期常常伴有复杂的凝血功能异常和继发性纤溶亢进，围手术期凝血功能的动态监测并进行积极干预治疗是重要的。     

肝移植术中凝血及血小板功能的变化

目的 通过观察100例肝移植手术患者术中凝血功能及血小板功能的变化规律及可能影响因素,探寻一种快捷、实用的凝血机制检查方法,有助于早期诊断与治疗。方法 ASA Ⅲ～Ⅴ级终末期肝硬化患者100例,分别于手术前、无肝前期、无肝期15、30min、再灌注期15、60min、术毕采血检测DIC凝血全项、血小板计数、D-二聚体和血清钙离子;并于术前、无肝前期、无肝期30min、再灌注期15、60min应用Sonoclot凝血与血小板功能分析仪进行对比分析。结果 凝血酶原时间与国际标准化比值、活化部分凝血活酶时间、凝血酶时间均在无肝前期和无肝期进行性延长,再灌注初期明显延长,以后逐渐好转;血小板计数随手术进行逐渐减少;血浆纤维蛋白原水平逐渐降低,再灌注期后逐渐回升;D-二聚体总体呈现逐渐增高的趋势,尤以再灌注期后明显;Sonoclot曲线变化趋势为：凝血及血小板功能进入无肝期后逐渐恶化,再灌注初期最严重,此时Sonoclot曲线几乎呈一水平线;全血活化凝固时间(ACT)延长,凝结速率(clot rate)和血小板功能低下。结论 肝移植术中影响凝血与血小板功能的因素很多,存在相当大的个体差异,因此术中需要密切监测,Sonoclot凝血与血小板功能分析仪较及时、动态测定凝血和血小板功能,有利于临床早期诊断与治疗,提高肝移植手术的成功率。     

原位肝移植术病人围术期凝血功能的变化

目的研究肝移植术病人围术期凝血功能的变化。方法拟行肝移植术的终末期肝硬化病人100例,ASAⅢ或V级,分别于术前、无肝前期60min、无肝期15、30min、新肝期15、60min、术后 24、48、72 h采桡动脉血,检测凝血酶原时间(PT)、国际标准化比值(INR)、活化部分凝血活酶时间 (APTT)、凝血酶时间(TT)、D-二聚体(DD)、血浆纤维蛋白原(Fg)、血小板计数(PLT)和血清Ca2 浓度, 并于术前、无肝前期60 min、无肝期30 min、新肝期15、60 min应用Sonoclot凝血与血小板功能分析仪进行定性分析。结果与基础值比较,TT在无肝期30 min-术后72 h、PT在新肝期15 min-术后24 h、 AFIT在无肝前期60 min-术后72 h延长,INR在新肝期15 min-60 min升高,DD在无肝期15 min-术后24 h升高,Fg在无肝期15 min-术后48 h降低,PLT在无肝期30 min-新肝期60min降低,血清Ca2 在无肝期15 min-新肝期60 min降低,血温无肝期15 min-新肝期15 min时降低(P<0．05或0．01)。从Sonoclot曲线变化趋势来看,凝血功能在无肝前期和无肝期逐渐下降,刚进入新肝期最下降低最明显。结论肝移植术病人在无肝期和新肝初期其凝血功能降低。     

原位肝移植止血和凝血功能变化的研究

目的探讨原位肝移植止血和凝血功能的变化。方法测定肝移植术前、术中血小板、凝血、抗凝及纤溶系统系列指标，观察其变化规律。结果术中活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶原时间(PT)、凝血酶时间(TT)延长，血小板计数(PLT)、多数凝血因子活性降低、抗凝血酶(AT)、纤溶酶原(PLG)、纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1(PAI-1)、α2-抗纤溶酶(α2-AP)水平降低，组织型纤溶酶原激活物(t-PA)、纤溶酶-α2抗纤溶酶复合物(PAP)、凝血酶-抗凝血酶复合物(TAT)水平升高。与术前相比，新肝期各种改变更显著。结论整个原位肝移植手术过程中，凝血与抗凝功能减低，无肝期与新肝期纤溶功能亢进。     

进展性慢性肝病与重症肝炎患者肝移植围手术期凝血功能的变化

目的比较进展性慢性肝病及重症肝炎患者原位肝移植（OLT）围手术期凝血功能的变化。方法回顾性分析我中心2004年1月至2005年12月期间行OLT治疗进展性慢性肝病及重症肝炎患者各37例的围手术期血小板（PLT）、凝血酶原时间（PT）、活化部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）及纤维蛋白原（FIB）的变化。结果2组患者除术前PT、APTT，术后第5d PLT、FIB和术后第7d FIB的差异有统计学意义外（P〈0．05），其余时段2组患者的PLT、PT、APTT及FIB间差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05），提示重症肝炎患者凝血功能损害更为严重；OLT术后，2组患者的凝血功能均逐渐恢复正常，但并非完全同步。结论进展性慢性肝病与重症肝炎患者OLT围手术期凝血功能变化显著，应注意监测及处理，但术后2组间各指标间比较差异并不明显。     

血栓弹力图在终末期肝硬化肝移植患者围手术期的应用（附27例报告）

目的 探讨在肝移植患者围手术期中应用血栓弹力图（thrombelastography,TEG）监测凝血功能,并指导血液制品应用的价值.方法 终末期肝硬化肝移植患者27例,分别于术前、无肝期（下腔静脉阻断后5 min）、新肝期（下腔静脉开放后5 min）、关腹时抽取血液标本进行常规凝血功能指标及TEG测定.常规凝血功能指标包括血小板计数（platelet count,PLT）、血浆凝血酶原时间（prothrombin time,PT）、凝血酶原时间国际标准化比值（international normalized ratio,INR）、活化的部分凝血活酶时间（activated partial thromboplastin time,APTT）、凝血酶时间（thrombin time,TT）、纤维蛋白原（fibrinogen,Fg）.TEG采用Haemoscope 500 series TEG仪测定,所用参数包括反应时间、K值、α角及最大振幅.在常规治疗的基础上,采用上述参数指导血液制品应用,反应时间〉7 min 即给予新鲜冰冻血浆;最大振幅低于54 mm时给予血小板输注;α角低于32°时给予Fg.术后评价凝血功能调控效果.结果 经采用血液制品调控凝血功能后,27例患者无肝期、新肝期与手术结束时的常规凝血功能和TEG指标变化与术前相比差异无统计学意义（均为P＞0.05）,均保持在轻度低凝状态,术中的调控效果满意,且术后无发生血栓栓塞相关并发症.结论 TEG对肝移植患者围手术期凝血功能的调控具有指导价值.     

15例肝移植患者术中凝血功能改变及常规凝血监测和血栓弹性图监测指标相关性研究

目的　观察肝移植患者手术过程中凝血功能的改变及血栓弹性图 (TEG)监测指标和常规凝血监测指标相关性。方法　 15例肝移植病人 ,在静吸复合麻醉下行背驮式原位肝移植 ,分别于麻醉后、无肝期 30min、新肝期前 5min、新肝期后 5min、新肝期后 30min五个时点采动脉血测定血小板数量、TT、APTT、PT、FIB及TEG监测指标 (R、R加K、a0 、MA值 )。结果　与术前相比 ,APTT和FIB无肝期 30min无统计学差异 ;其他指标在无肝期 30min ,新肝期前 5min、新肝期后 5min、新肝期后 30min变化明显 (P <0 0 5或P <0 0 1) ;R、R加K和APTT正相关 (r分别为 0 6 35、0 90 7,P <0 0 1) ;R、R加K和PT(r分别为 0 772、0 96 8,P <0 0 1)正相关 ;a0 和FIB、血小板数量正相关 (r=0 986、0 982 ,P <0 0 1) ;MA值和FIB、血小板数量正相关 (r =0 6 98、0 715 ,P <0 0 1)。结论　肝移植手术过程中无肝期及新肝期前后凝血变化明显 ,TEG指标和常规凝血监测指标存在明显相关性。     

抑肽酶对肝缺血再灌注过程中兔血小板功能的影响

在原位肝移植手术过程中，新肝期前后凝血功能改变最为严重，往往需要大量血浆与凝血因子输注，提示机体在无肝脏状态下及缺血后再灌注的肝脏可能对凝血功能有很大影响。在凝血的诸多因素中，血小板和凝血关系尤为密切。肝缺血再灌注是肝移植的主要病理生理过程之一，因此，本研究拟采用肝缺血再灌注模型探讨再灌注前后血小板功能及糖蛋白变化，及应用抑肽酶后血小板功能的改变。     

重组活化凝血因子Ⅶ和抑肽酶在肝移植术中的应用

目的 前瞻性地观察使用重组活化凝血因子Ⅶ（rFⅦa）和抑肽酶对减少肝移植术中出血的有效性和安全性。方法 将中山大学附属第三医院2003—2004年欲行肝移植60例病人术前随机分为3组，第1组为rFⅦa组，第2组为抑肽酶组，第3组为对照组。对3组病人各个时间点的凝血指标、凝血弹性图（TEG）指标进行观察，比较3组术中出血量、输血量、住院时间、住院费用和血管并发症。结果 使用rFⅦa后凝血酶原时间（PT）、TEG中的反应时间（R）和最大幅度（MA）与对照组差异有显著性（P〈0.05）。而部分凝血酶原时间（APTT）、纤维蛋白原水平（FIB）、血小板计数（PLT）和TEG中的血凝块减少速率（LY30）与对照组的差异无显著性（P〉0.05）。抑肽酶组与对照组MA和LY30的差异有显著性（P〈0.05），其他指标无明显改善。rFⅦa组和抑肽酶组术中出血量、输血量均较对照组明显减少（P〈0．05）。结论 rFⅦa能迅速改善外源性凝血系统功能，抑肽酶能改善新肝期的纤溶亢进，未见增加术后血管并发症。     

Anesthetic management of a patient with acquired factor V inhibitor

A 74-year-old man was scheduled for laparoscopic low anterior resection of rectal cancer. Preoperative blood coagulation test showed his prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) remarkably prolonged. However, he experienced only slight epistaxis. Further examination suggested the presence of acquired factor V inhibitor. Plasmapheresis was carried out before surgery to eradicate inhibitors, but improvement of PT and APTT was temporary. We prepared platelet transfusion and recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) for acute intraoperative bleeding, but there were no abnormal episodes during the surgery. On postoperative day 15, the patient suddenly passed blood in his stool, and received platelet transfusion. For the majority of patients with acquired factor V inhibitor, bleeding is usually mild, but fatal bleeding complications have also been reported. Platelet transfusion was effective in the patient described here.     

Coagulation disorders during orthotopic liver transplantation

Coagulation disorders have been noted during orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) especially just after reperfusion of the grafted liver. This study was undertaken to clarify the coagulation disorders following reperfusion of the liver graft. OLT was carried out in adult mongrel dogs using a cuff technique. Fresh and 24-hour preserved livers were grafted. Platelet count (P1), activated partial thromboplastin time (A-PTT), prothrombin time (PT) and plasma fibrinogen levels (Fng) were measured before and after OLT. Next perfusate obtained from fresh livers or preserved livers for 24-hours or 48-hours was determined for their ability of inducing coagulation disorders when infused in untreated dogs, and was also tested for their activity of platelet aggregation, tissue thromboplastin (F-III), and plasminogen activator (PA). All dogs which received preserved livers showed a marked coagulation disorders including a decrease in P1 and Fng, and prolongation of A-PTT and PT, but the dogs with fresh liver grafts did not. Infusion of the perfusate collected from a perfusion of the preserved liver induced similar coagulation disorders in untreated dogs. The perfusate obtained from the preserved liver showed significant increased F-III activity as compared with that from fresh liver. On the other hand, neither direct platelet aggregation activity nor PA activity was seen or very low if any. These results indicate that F-III liberated from a damaged liver is responsible for the coagulation disorders after reperfusion of the graft in liver transplantation.     

Intraoperative coagulation changes in children undergoing liver transplantation

Intraoperative changes in blood coagulation were observed in eight children undergoing liver transplantation using a simplified coagulation profile (prothrombin time [PT], activated partial thromboplastin time [aPTT], and platelet count) and thrombelastography. Preoperatively, PT and aPTT were moderately prolonged (1.5 times control), and platelet count was greater than 100,000/mm3 in all patients but one (91,000/mm3). During the preanhepatic and anhepatic stages, PT, aPTT, reaction time, and coagulation time improved toward normal values, but platelet count and maximum amplitude did not change. Significant changes in coagulation occurred on reperfusion of the grafted liver: PT, aPTT, reaction time, and coagulation time were prolonged, and platelet count, maximum amplitude, and clot formation rate decreased. A heparin effect, which did not require treatment, was seen on reperfusion in four patients. Fibrinolysis occurred during the operation in five patients and was treated with Epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA) in one. Blood coagulation improved slowly, and values were close to baseline 90 min after reperfusion. In general, the coagulation changes seen in these children are similar to those in adults but less severe, possibly because of the preponderance of cholestatic disease in children compared with the more common hepatocellular disease in adults.     

肝移植术中血栓弹力图和常规凝血监测指标相关性研究

目的 观察肝移植术中血栓弹力图(TEG)和常规凝血监测指标的相关性.方法 行肝移植手术的患者40例,分别于麻醉诱导后(T1)、无肝期10 min(T2)、新肝期后15 min(T3)、关腹前30 min(T4)四个时点测定静脉血Plt、凝血酶原时间(PT)、国际标准化比值(INR)、凝血酶时间(TT)、激活部分凝血酶时间(APTT)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)及动脉血TEG指标:反应时间(R)、血块形成时间(K)、角度(α)、最大振幅(MA).结果 R与PT、INR、APTT成正相关(r分别为0.891、0.931、0.702,P<0.05或P<0.01),与FIB成负相关(r为-0.706,P<0.05).α与PT、INR、APTT成负相关(r分别为-0.864、-0.844、-0.678,P<0.05或P<0.01).MA与FIB、Plt成正相关(r分别为0.779、0.817,P<0.01),与PT、INR、APTT成负相关(r分别为-0.843、-0.829、-0.704,P<0.05或P<0.01).结论 肝移植术中TEG指标和常规凝血监测指标存在明显相关性.     

Intracerebral hemorrhage after liver transplantation

We report 5 patients with intracerebral hemorrhage afterorthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) and identify the possible risk factors. Between November 1991 and April 1999, 75 adult patients received 77 orthotopic liver transplants at Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong. Five patients (6.5%) developed intracerebral hemorrhage postoperatively. Clinical and laboratory data were reviewed, and potential risk factors were analyzed. The 5 patients developed intracerebral hemorrhage within 40 days (range, 1 to 37 days; median, 4 days) after OLT The mortality rate was 80% (4 of 5 patients). The intraoperative blood transfusion volume (median, 17,200 mL; range, 15,750 to 30,360 mL) administered to patients who developed intracerebral hemorrhage postoperatively was significantly greater than that (median, 6,990 nil, range, 1,840 to 22,680 mL) for patients without the complication (P = .0008). Massive intraoperative transfusion (> 15,000 mL) was required in all 5 patients (100%) with intracerebral hemorrhage but only 9 of 72 patients (12.5%) in the other group (P = .0001). Four of 5 patients (80%) with intracerebral hemorrhage had intraoperative hypotension compared with 7 of 72 patients (9.7%) in the other group (P = .001). No significant difference was found in age, prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), incidence of hypertension, bleeding at extracerebral sites, cyclosporine A neurotoxicity, thrombocytopenia, hemodialysis, and sepsis between the patients with and without intracerebral bleeding. However, the median cumulative score of coagulation parameters (PT, APTT, platelet count) was significantly greater in the group with than without intracerebral bleeding (median score, 3 ν 1; P = .023). Intracerebral hemorrhage is 1 of the most disastrous complications after OLT Intraoperative hypotension, massive intraoperative transfusion, and coagulopathy may be correlated with this complication.     

Sonoclot凝血和血小板功能分析仪监测肝移植术中凝血功能变化的应用

目的 探讨肝移植术中凝血功能的变化和Sonoclot凝血及血小板功能分析仪(sonoct coagution & piatelet function analgzer,SCA)在肝移植术中的应用.方法 24例择期肝移植手术患者全部采用原位经典非转流手术方法.于麻醉诱导前(TO)、手术开始后60 min(T1),无肝期30 min(T2)、新肝期30 min(T3)、新肝期120 min(T4)和术毕(T5)时分别采集桡动脉血检测,硅燥土激活的全血血栓弹性描记图(thrombelastography,TEG),指标包括R值、K值、Alpha角和MA值;玻璃珠激活的全血SCA,指标包括ACT、CR和PF值;常规凝血指标包括PT、APTT、INR、Fbg和Plt.结果 (1)SCA和TEG诊断凝血因子缺乏、纤维蛋白凝胶形成速度和血小板功能(都正常或者都异常)的Kappa值分别是0.371(P<0.05)、0.363(P<0.05)、0.438(P<0.05).gbACT与R、CR与α角、PF与MA呈正相关(r=0.790,P<0.05;r=0.766,P<0.05;r=0.502,P<0.05),CR与K呈负相关(r=-0.588,P<0.05).(2)与T0时比较,T3～T5时PT、INR、gbACT及R延长和FBG、CR、α及MA降低(P<0.05),T1～T5时APTT、T3时K延长(P<0.05),T2～T4时PF降低.结论SCA能够准确地监测肝移植术中凝血功能的变化.     

肝移植围手术期出凝血功能障碍的防治

目的　探讨肝移植围手术期出凝血功能障碍的防治。方法　回顾性分析我院 2 0 0 2年 6月～ 2 0 0 3年 12月施行的 6 1例肝移植病例。结果　 6 1例肝移植术前肝功能ChildC级 35例 (5 7 4 % ) ,ChildB级 2 6例 (4 2 6 % ) ,ChildC组的患者术中凝血指标 (INR)的变化程度大于ChildB组 (P <0 0 5 )。与凝血有关的并发症中大出血 5例 (8 2 % ) ,肾衰 6例 (9 8% ) ,肝动脉血栓形成 5例 (8 2 % ) ,手术开展两阶段对比 ,第二阶段主要因限制了大量凝血药及血制品的使用 ,并发症明显减少。结论　掌握好不同时期、不同患者出血和血栓形成的平衡是防治肝移植围手术期出凝血功能障碍的关键     

急性ANH 联合低中心静脉压对肝癌手术患者凝血功能的影响

目的：观察急性等容血液稀释（ANH）联合低中心静脉压（ANH+LCVP）在肝癌手术中对患者凝血功能的影响。 方法：40例ASA I~II级拟行肝癌切除手术患者随机均分为观察组与对照组,观察组于全麻后行ANH,入室到肝实质横断分离完成前行控制性LCVP,对照组按常规处理。记录患者术中、术后的出血量和术后因腹腔出血需再次手术的患者例数,以及不同时间点患者的血红蛋白（Hb）、红细胞压积（HCT）、血小板（PLT）、纤维蛋白原（FIB）、活化部分凝血酶时间（APTT）、凝血酶原时间（PT）、国际标准化比例（INR）,凝血时间（ACT）、血块凝结速率（CR）、血小板功能（PF）等。 结果：观察组患者术中出血量明显少于对照组（P<0.05）,而术后出血量两组间差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,两组均无因继发性出血而再次手术的患者;观察组在采血后、肝癌切除后、恢复容量后Hb、HCT、PLT、FIB、CR、PF较术前均明显下降,APTT、PT、INR、ACT较术前均明显升高,但恢复容量后比肝癌切除前各指标均明显改善（P<0.05）;对照组患者从手术开始至结束,Hb、HCT、PLT、FIB、CR、PF呈进行性降低,APTT、PT、INR、ACT呈进行性升高;手术结束后观察组各项指标明显较对照组改善（P<0.05）。 结论：ANH+LCVP能够减少术中出血,对患者的凝血功能有一定的影响,但是不会导致异常出血,可以安全应用肝癌手术中。

     

Hemodilutional and blood salvaging autotransfusions in a case of aplastic anemia]

A 28-year-old female, weighing 46 kg, 155 cm in height, with aplastic anemia underwent implantation of iliac bone to the head of the femur. A combined technique of hemodilution and intraoperative blood salvaging was applied to supplement the blood loss during the operation. Intraoperative monitoring included continuous arterial pressure, heart rate, electrocardiograph, SVO2, bleeding time, prothrombin time (PT), activated thromboplastin time (APTT), and thromboelastography. A total of 900 ml of blood was drawn and the same volume of 5% albumin solution was infused over half an hour before the beginning of the surgery. During the operation, 2100 ml of blood was lost, and 1260 ml of autologous blood, 400 ml of homogeneous red blood cells and 5 units of fresh platelet were infused. The values of PT, APTT, bleeding time were within normal ranges after the surgery. Only 3 units of fresh platelet was infused in 2 weeks after the surgery. It was suggested that hemodilution and salvaging autotransfusion is safely performed and beneficial to minimize homogeneous blood transfusion even in a case of aplastic anemia.