Indications for bilateral neck dissection in well-differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid

This paper analyses the results of sixty-eight patients with thyroid carcinoma in whom bilateral modified radical neck dissection was performed, and discusses the indications for bilateral modified radical neck dissection. High frequencies of bilateral jugular lymph node metastases were found in eleven patients with obviously widespread involvement of both thyroid lobes, 13 with cancer mainly located in the isthmus, 2 with clinically detectable bilateral or contralateral jugular chain lymph node metastases, and 10 with recurrent thyroid cancer. Bilateral modified radical neck dissection, therefore appears to be indicated for those conditions. On the other hand, lymph node metastases in the contralateral neck were histologically confirmed in 6 out of 27 patients (22 per cent), in whom papillary carcinoma was clinically confined to one lobe, and where there were no obviously enlarged lymph nodes in the contralateral neck. In those patients, the histological confirmation of the contralateral thyroid lobe involvements, and of the contralateral paratracheal lymph node metastasis, appears to be a valid indication for elective contralateral modified radical neck dissection.     

Indications for bilateral neck dissection in well-differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid

This paper analyses the results of sixty-eight patients with thyroid carcinoma in whom bilateral modified radical neck dissection was performed, and discusses the indications for bilateral modified radical neck dissection. High frequencies of bilateral jugular lymph node metastases were found in eleven patients with obviously widespread involvement of both thyroid lobes, 13 with cancer mainly located in the isthmus, 2 with clinically detectable bilateral or contralateral jugular chain lymph node metastases, and 10 with recurrent thyroid cancer. Bilateral modified radical neck dissection, therefore appears to be indicated for those conditions. On the other hand, lymph node metastases in the contralateral neck were histologically confirmed in 6 out of 27 patients (22 per cent), in whom papillary carcinoma was clinically confined to one lobe, and where there were no obviously enlarged lymph nodes in the contralateral neck. In those patients, the histological confirmation of the contralateral thyroid lobe involvements, and of the contralateral paratracheal lymph node metastasis, appears to be a valid indication for elective contralateral modified radical neck dissection.     

Axillary Lymph Node Metastasis from Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: Report of a Case

We report a case of axillary lymph node metastasis (LNM) from papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) in a 21-year-old man. The patient presented with bilateral cervical and right axillary lymphadenopathy, and computed tomography (CT) showed a primary tumor of the thyroid and gross lymphadenopathy from the neck to the right axilla. We performed a total thyroidectomy with therapeutic nodal dissection. The resection of the primary thyroid tumor and all the node metastases was curative. Pathological examination confirmed that the resected lesions were PTC and nodal metastases from the primary tumor. Six years after the operation, cervical, upper mediastinal, and axillary lymph node recurrence developed and multiple lung metastases were found on a CT scan. He was treated with radioactive iodine therapy. Axillary LNM from PTC is unusual and seems to be associated with a poor prognosis. Thus, comprehensive treatment strategies are needed to improve the outcome of patients with PTC who present with axillary LNM.     

Primary osteogenic sarcoma of the breast. Report of a case

Primary osteogenic sarcoma (POS) of the breast is very rare. Only eleven cases have been previously reported in Japan. In this paper, we report an additional case of POS. A 30 year old female was admitted to our hospital with chief complaint of rapidly growing mass of the right breast. She was diagnosed carcinoma of the right breast and underwent a radical mastectomy (Br + Ax + Mj + Mn). Histological findings of the resected tissues revealed POS of the breast. After three months from the operation, local recurrence was demonstrated by an incisional biopsy. One more months later, chest X-P revealed bilateral lung metastases. Irradiation with 60Co for recurrence and chemotherapy using vincristine, methotrexate for distant metastases were not effective. However, cisplatin caused the necrosis of local recurrent tumor. She died nine months after operation. At autopsy, extended metastasis of tumor cells diffusely to the pleura, lungs, liver, adrenal glands, pancreas, peritoneum, fifth lumbar vertebra, skull, dura mater and left pulmonary hilar lymph nodes was observed.     

The coexistence of lobular carcinoma in a fibroadenoma with a malignant phyllodes tumor in the opposite breast: Report of a case

It is very unusual for a carcinoma of the breast to coexist with a phyllodes tumor, or for a carcinoma to arise within a fibroadenoma. We present herein an extremely rare case of lobular carcinoma in situ arising in a fibroadenoma, associated with a malignant phyllodes tumor in the opposite breast. A 49-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with a large mass in the right breast and a small mass in the left breast. Microscopic examination of biopsy materials revealed a malignant phyllodes tumor in the right breast and a fibroadenoma in the left breast, for which a right standard radical mastectomy and left lumpectomy were performed. Microscopic findings of the material excised from the left breast showed the presence of multiple lobular carcinoma in situ within the tumor mass of the fibroadenoma. However, histological examination did not detect any metastasis to the bilateral axillary lymph nodes. To our knowledge this is the only such case ever to be reported in Japan.     

Bilateral cervical lymph node metastases in well-differentiated thyroid cancer

We analyzed the regional lymph node metastases of 98 patients with thyroid cancer who underwent bilateral modified neck dissection. Bilateral jugular lymph node metastases were frequent in patients with papillary carcinoma of the thyroid, especially in those patients with obvious carcinoma in both lobes of the gland, cancer arising in the isthmus, clinically detectable bilateral lymphadenopathy, and recurrent thyroid cancer. In patients whose cancer was clinically confined to one lobe, and where there were no obviously enlarged contralateral lymph nodes, the occurrence of contralateral jugular lymph node metastasis was significantly correlated with the contralateral paratracheal lymph node metastasis. The bilateral lymphadenectomy appears to be appropriate in these instances.     

Regional lymph node metastases in well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma

The status of regional lymph node metastases was assessed in 171 patients with thyroid cancer who underwent a variety of thyroidectomy procedures with regional lymph node dissection at Kanazawa University, from January 1979 to March 1986. The rates of regional lymph node metastasis in minimal and ordinary thyroid cancer were 57% and 84% respectively. Since the rates of lymph node metastasis were high not only in the central cervical compartment but also in the lateral jugular compartment, modified radical neck dissection in the ipsilateral neck is at least recommended in patients with these thyroid cancers. Furthermore, high frequencies of bilateral regional lymph node metastases were found in patients with obviously widespread involvement of the bilateral lobes, with cancer located in the isthmus, with clinically detectable bilateral or contralateral jugular lymph node metastases and with histological involvement in the contralateral paratracheal lymph nodes. Bilateral modified radical neck dissection is recommended in these patients.     

Myasthenia gravis with thymoma associated with occult thyroid carcinoma

We report herein a case of myasthenia gravis associated with thymoma and occult thyroid carcinoma with metastasis to a cervical lymph node, which was treated in two stages by a total thymectomy and radical dissection of the bilateral neck after a total thyroidectomy. A 48 year old woman was admitted with right blepharoptosis and hypodynamia of the proximal muscles. After various examinations, a diagnosis of myasthenia gravis was made. The association of thymoma was clarified upon CT scanning and a total thymectomy performed. However, after surgery, swelling of the cervical lymph nodes became apparent and a biopsy revealed metastasis of thyroid carcinoma in the lymph nodes. A diagnosis of occult thyroid carcinoma with metastasis to a cervical lymph node was subsequently made and a total thyroidectomy and radical dissection of the bilateral neck performed 37 days after the total thymectomy. The patient's postoperative course was uneventful and for the time being, no recurrence is expected. It is considered better to perform two-stage operations for easier and safer postoperative management when myasthenia gravis associated with occult thyroid carcinoma is treated, although it depends on the development of thyroid carcinoma being occult.     

C MET蛋白在有颈部淋巴结转移的甲状腺癌中的表达和意义

目的探讨C-MET蛋白在有或无颈部淋巴结转移的甲状腺乳头状癌、甲状腺滤泡状癌及良性甲状腺组织中的表达及其临床意义。方法采用免疫组织化学方法检测有颈部淋巴结转移的甲状腺乳头状腺癌（PTC1组）62例，无颈部淋巴结转移的甲状腺乳头状腺癌（PTC2组）50例，甲状腺滤泡状腺癌（FTC组）l0例及良性甲状腺组织（良性组）30例中的C—MET蛋白的表达。结果PTCI组的C—MET表达明显高于其它3组（P〈0．001）。两两比较C—MET表达结果：PTC1组与PTC2组比较，P〈0．001；PTC1组与FTC组比较，P〈0．001；PTC1组与良性组比较，P〈0．001；PTC2组与FTC组比较，P=0．002；PTC2组与良性组比较，P〈0．001；皆有显著性差异。结论C—MET的表达是甲状腺乳头状癌是否有淋巴结转移的预测因子，是肿瘤的囊外扩展和直接侵犯的标记。该指标对甲状腺乳头状癌淋巴结转移的术前评估，决定手术方式均有一定指导意义。     

Mixed Medullary-Papillary Carcinoma of the Thyroid with Lymph Node Metastases: Report of a Case

We report herein the case of a 77-year-old woman found to have mixed medullary-papillary carcinoma in the right thyroid with lymph node metastases 30 years after a left thyroidectomy. The preoperative values of serum calcitonin and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were high, and fine-needle aspiration biopsy revealed class V, which led us to suspect papillary carcinoma. A right thyroidectomy with dissection of the right neck lymph nodes was performed. Histopathological examination of the tumor specimens revealed gradual borders between medullary carcinoma and papillary carcinoma with positive immunohistochemical staining to calcitonin, chromogranin A, CEA, and thyroglobulin. The serum levels of calcitonin and CEA decreased to normal after the operation. The point mutation of the RET proto-oncogene was found to be negative by a DNA analysis of the peripheral leukocytes. This cancer seemed not to be associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 syndrome. The presence of both medullary and papillary components in the thyroid with lymph node metastases is rare and may suggest that the tumor had arisen from a common stem cell.     

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??Re-operation for papillary thyroid carcinoma after radiofrequency ablation therapy: A clinical analysis of 5 cases DONG Wen-wu??ZHANG Hao??ZHANG Ping??et al. Department of Thyroid Surgery??the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University??Shenyang 110001??China
Corresponding author??ZHANG Hao??E-mail??haozhang@mail.cmu.edu.cn
Abstract Objective To investigate the treatment of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) after radiofrequency ablation (RFA). Methods The clinical data of 5 cases of PTC after RFA from November 2014 to January 2015 in the Department of Thyroid Surgery??the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University were studied retrospectively. Results There were 3 cases of single lesion and 2 cases of multiple lesions in bilateral lobes. The mean tumor size was 1.76 cm (range 0.4??3.0 cm). Two cases received unilateral thyroid lobectomy plus isthmusectomy with ipsilateral central lymph node dissection (CLND). One case received total thyroidectomy with unilateral CLND. One case received total thyroidectomy with bilateral CLND and 1 case received total thyroidectomy with bilateral CLND and unilateral modified lateral lymph node dissection. All cases were diagnosed as PTC by routine histopathology. There were 4 cases of central lymph node metastasis in which 1 case of lateral lymph node metastasis. There was no complications??but temporary hypoparathyroidism in 1 case. Conclusion The indications for RFA should be grasped strictly. Early operations for PTC after RFA should be performed by an experienced surgeon??given that local tissue adhesion was obvious.     

甲状腺乳头状癌射频消融治疗后再手术5例临床分析

目的 总结射频消融治疗（RFA）后甲状腺乳头状癌（PTC）病人再手术的治疗体会。方法 回顾性分析中国医科大学附属第一医院甲状腺外科2014年11月至2015年 1月收治的5例经外院RFA治疗后病理检查证实为PTC病人的临床资料。结果 单发癌3例,多发且双叶癌2例,癌直径0.4～3.0cm,平均1.76 cm。行患侧腺叶+峡部切除+患侧中央区淋巴结清扫术2例,全甲状腺切除+患侧中央区淋巴结清扫术1例,全甲状腺切除+双侧中央区淋巴结清扫1例,全甲状腺切除+双侧中央区淋巴结清扫+右侧改良型侧颈区淋巴结清扫1例。术后石蜡病理检查均证实为PTC。中央区淋巴结转移4例,其中颈侧方淋巴结转移1例。术后暂时性甲状旁腺功能低下1例,无其他并发症。结论 应规范RFA适应证。RFA治疗后诊断为PTC的病人,应积极手术治疗,由于RFA治疗后局部粘连和水肿较明显,手术应由有经验的外科医师来施行。     

甲状腺乳头状癌术中右侧喉返神经深层淋巴结清扫的经验和体会

目的探讨甲状腺乳头状癌手术中,进行右侧喉返神经深层淋巴结清扫的必要性和意义。方法 2017年5月至2018年3月收治的102例甲状腺乳头状癌(右侧或双侧)行根治术的患者,均行了包括右侧中央区喉返神经浅层与深层的淋巴结清扫。术后将浅层及深层的淋巴结转移情况进行对比分析。再将患者年龄、性别、肿瘤大小、是否包膜受侵、是否合并桥本甲状腺炎、喉前淋巴结转移情况等临床资料,与淋巴结转移情况进行对比分析。结果中央区右侧喉返神经深层淋巴结转移率为23.5%,浅层转移为61.8%,仅深层淋巴结转移而无浅层转移的比例为1.3%,右侧中央区总体淋巴结转移率为65.7%。喉返神经深层淋巴结转移率在患者年龄、性别、包膜受侵、桥本甲状腺炎等情况无明显统计学差异,但与肿块大小、病灶数目、喉前淋巴结是否转移,以及右侧喉返神经浅层淋巴结是否转移密切相关,P0.05。结论甲状腺乳头状癌在进行右侧中央区淋巴结清扫时,由于存在喉返神经深层淋巴结转移,为保证根治手术的彻底性,不仅要行喉返神经浅层的清扫,也要进行深层淋巴结的清扫,特别是当肿瘤较大、多病灶、有喉前和浅层淋巴结转移时。     

甲状腺乳头状癌术中喉前及气管前淋巴结联合冷冻病理检测的临床价值

目的:探讨甲状腺乳头状癌(PTC)术中喉前淋巴结(DLN)及气管前淋巴结(PLN)联合冷冻病理检测的临床价值。方法:收集2015年1月—2016年12月昆明医科大学第二附属医院甲状腺乳腺外科术前经细针穿刺活检明确诊断并接受首次手术治疗的245例PTC患者的临床资料,患者均行DLN与PLN术中冷冻病理检测,并根据DLN与PLN转移情况选择手术方式。结果:245例患者术中冷冻病理均发现DLN与PLN,淋巴结数目2～11枚,126例(51.43%)发现DLN与PLN转移。术后病检气管旁淋巴结转移165例,侧颈区淋巴结转移62例。76例行单侧腺叶及峡部全切+患侧中央区淋巴结清扫,42例行全甲状腺切除+患侧中央区淋巴结清扫,101例行全甲状腺切除+双侧中央区淋巴结清扫,26例行全甲状腺切除+双侧中央区淋巴结清扫+侧颈区清扫。统计分析表明包膜侵犯是DLN与PLN转移的独立风险因素(OR=9.62,P=0.021)。结论:DLN与PLN可作为PTC前哨淋巴结,其转移与气管旁淋巴结转移、侧颈区淋巴结转移密切相关。术中行DLN与PLN联合冷冻病理检测有助于选择最佳手术方式,实现对PTC更加精准的治疗。     

A typical case of a widespread metastatic breast carcinoma

Cutaneous metastasis is an uncommon manifestation of visceral malignancy. Among all malignancies, the highest incidence of cutaneous metastasis is seen in breast cancer. Cutaneous metastasis can be the initial presentation of breast carcinoma. However, it usually presents a few months or years after the primary disease has been diagnosed and treated. Cutaneous metastases develop most commonly at the same time as internal metastases.^3,8 The incidence of cutaneous metastases for all types of carcinomas ranges from 0.7% to 10.0%.^3,5 A more recent meta-analysis demonstrated the overall incidence to be closer to 5.3%.^4,5 We present herein a case of carcinoma breast in a 55-year-old female presenting initially with skin lesions on the chest wall. Further evaluation identified a bilateral breast mass with axillary metastasis and multiple nodules over the trunk and right thigh. There was also evidence of metastasis to the lungs, bilateral adrenals and mesenteric lymph nodes. FNAC of all the nodules revealed infiltrating duct carcinoma of the breast which was confirmed by excision biopsy.     

Surgical Management of Retropharyngeal Nodes Metastases from Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

Background

Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) often metastasizes to the central and lateral neck lymph nodes, but rarely affects retropharyngeal nodes (RPN).

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed 12 patients (three men, nine women) with PTC who underwent dissection of RPN metastases between 1994 and 2012. Mean age at dissection was 65 years (range 23–77).

Results

Dissection was performed with the initial surgery for PTC in eight patients, while the remaining four patients underwent dissection as secondary surgery. RPN metastases arose from an ipsilateral primary in nine patients, bilateral in two, and contralateral in one, with primaries located at the superior pole of the thyroid lobe in nine patients. All patients showed simultaneous or previous lymph node metastases in the upper jugular chain. A transcervical approach was applied for RPN dissection in 11 patients, while a transcervical-transparotid approach was applied in the remaining patient. No patients needed mandibulotomy or showed severe complications. Median duration of follow-up after RPN dissection was 48 months (range 3–206). No recurrences in the retropharyngeal space were identified. Two patients died of the disease, one died from other carcinoma, and five survived with distant metastases from PTC. The remaining four patients remain free of the disease as at the time of writing.

Conclusions

If lymph node metastases are identified in the upper jugular chain, the possibility of RPN metastases should be checked. Most RPN metastases from PTC can be dissected safely without mandibulotomy. In particular, low-risk patients can expect favorable outcomes.     

Sternal metastasis as first manifestation of a papillary thyroid carcinoma: A case report

IntroductionPapillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC) are differentiated forms of thyroid carcinoma. Sternal metastases from differentiated thyroid cancers (DTCs) are rare and are of particular prognostic interest. Radioiodine therapy has traditionally been the treatment of choice for metastases from differentiated thyroid cancers; however, bone metastases are known to be resistant to this form of treatment. Surgical resection of distant metastases from DTCs offers a better chance of achieving long survival and a better quality of life. We report the case of a 59-year-old women who presented a presternal mass for one year revealing metastatic papillary thyroid carcinoma, a total thyroidectomy with lymph node dissection and reconstruction of the sternal defect were performed. Overall, we demonstrate that radical resection of sternal metastases can be performed safely even in patients with poor prognosis to achieve palliation and potentiation of Radioiodine therapy.Case reportThis is a 59-year-old women referred by the endocrinology service for a sternal metastasis of a papillary thyroid carcinoma, who presented a painless, firm and fixed presternal mass for one year, a total thyroidectomy with lymph node dissection was performed with En-bloc resection and reconstruction as a one-stage procedure. Reconstruction of the chest wall was obtained by the rigid reconstruction with titanium bars and coverage with polymesh dual prosthesis, followed by radioiodine therapy and substitution with L-thyroxine. The patient is currently in good health condition, and does not present any complications and was in euthyroidism under substitution for the long term follow up.DiscussionThyroid cancer is the fastest increasing cancer in the United States, It is expected to replace colon cancer as the fourth leading cancer by 2030.2 More than 90% of thyroid carcinoma cases are classified as papillary or follicular carcinoma, both referred to as differentiated thyroid carcinomas (DTCs) and are associated with a 97%–98% 10-year survival rate. However, this rate can decrease to 14%–21% when patients present with bone metastases. Bone metastases have been reported to occur in 2%–13% of patients with DTC (Osorio et al. [1]). Several techniques have been used to repair after wide sternal resection for metastatic malignancies. Furthermore, choice of the reconstruction techniques depends on the size and the site of the defect and the preference of the surgeon (Lequaglie et al. [2]).ConclusionSternal metastases from papillary thyroid carcinomas are rare,few cases of sternal metastasis as first presentation of a well-differentiated PTC are described in the literature. Operative management of these metastases is still controversial, but radical resection offer patients an optimal probability of long-term survival.     

Mediastinal lymph node involvement as the initial manifestation of occult thyroid cancer in the surgical treatment of lung cancer: Report of a case

A 63-year-old man was referred to our institute for the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the upper lobe of his right lung. A right upper lobectomy of the lung was performed with a mediastinal lymph node dissection. The postoperative pathological examination of the dissected specimens revealed one of the superior mediastinal lymph nodes to be morbid with micrometastasis of occult thyroid cancer, while no node involvement was seen due to lung cancer. A right lobectomy of the thyroid gland with a modified radical neck dissection was done 4 years later after the confirmation of the absence of any recurrent sign of lung cancer. In the resected specimen, papillary thyroid microcarcinoma was observed with several intraglandular metastases and right regional lymph node involvement. Eight months later, a new primary lung cancer developed in the left lung, and a left upper lobectomy of the lung with a mediastinal lymph node dissection was performed. At that time, the absence of mediastinal lymph node metastasis from lung cancer or thyroid cancer was confirmed. Mediastinal lymph node involvement as the initial manifestation of occult thyroid cancer in surgical treatment for lung cancer is rare, but it is important to be aware of the possibility of incidentally detecting occult thyroid cancer in surgical dissections in this area for lung cancer. The appropriate surgical treatment should be determined while carefully considering the prognosis of the lung cancer as well as that of any coexisting malignancy.     

甲状腺乳头状癌远处转移16例临床病理特征分析

目的探讨甲状腺乳头状癌合并远处转移患者的临床病理特点及预后。 方法收集2003年1月至2017年12月在中山大学附属第一医院住院诊治病例资料完整的16例甲状腺乳头状癌合并远处转移患者,回顾性分析其临床和病理特点及预后。 结果同步转移13例,其中2例老年患者死亡,中位数年龄为35岁。肿瘤的平均直径为（2.9±1.89）cm,转移部位多为肺转移,11例存在颈部淋巴结转移,占总数的68.75%。转移淋巴结的数量中位数达到9.75枚。转移淋巴结的平均最大直径为（2.5±1.50）cm。10例患者超声显示病灶为血供丰富。8例甲状腺球蛋白（TG）定量明显升高。 结论甲状腺乳头状癌远处转移可能是致命的。对于原发肿瘤直径较大并且较多肿大淋巴结、血供丰富、TG升高的患者要注意远处转移特别是肺转移的发生。     

Can intraoperative frozen section influence the extension of central neck dissection in cN0 papillary thyroid carcinoma?

Purpose

Ipsilateral central compartment node dissection has been proposed to reduce the morbidity of prophylactic bilateral central compartment node dissection in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), but it carries the risk of contralateral metastases being overlooked in approximately 25 % of patients. We aimed to verify if frozen section examination (FSE) can identify patients who could benefit from bilateral central compartment node dissection.

Methods

All the consenting patients with clinically unifocal PTC, without any preoperative evidence of lymph node involvement, observed between September 2010 and September 2011 underwent total thyroidectomy plus bilateral central compartment node dissection. Ipsilateral central compartment nodes were sent for FSE.

Results

Forty-eight patients were included. Mean number of removed nodes was 13.2?±?6.8. Final histology showed lymph node metastases in 21 patients: ipsilateral in 15, bilateral in 6. FSE accurately predicted lymph node status in 43 patients (27 node negative, 16 node positive). Five node metastases were not detected at FSE: three were micrometastases (≤2 mm). Sensitivity, specificity and overall accuracy of FSE in definition of N status status were 80.7, 100, and 90 %, respectively.

Conclusions

FSE is accurate in predicting node metastases in clinically unifocal node negative PTC and can be useful in determining the extension of central compartment node dissection. False-negative results are reported mainly in case of micrometastases, which usually have limited clinical implications.