腹腔镜及其超声扫描判断胰头癌切除率的临床应用及意义

目的：探讨腹腔镜及其超声扫描技术(LUS)在判断胰头癌切除率中的应用及其价值。方法：对22例临床已确诊为胰头癌的病人在行剖腹探查手术前，采用腹腔镜超声进行前瞻性的肿瘤分期诊断，借此明确肝、腹膜有无微小转移，有无局部的血管侵犯(门静脉、肠系腰上动静脉、主动脉及下腔静脉)。结果：22例病人经腹腔镜及其超声扫描发现肝表面及腹膜转移癌灶3例，肝内转移灶1例，超声引导穿刺活检征实为胰腺炎1例，上述5例避免了开脱手术，余17例中8例发现腹腔、腹膜后及网膜有肿大淋巴结与局部血管或肿瘤本身与局部血管有侵犯，其中2例发现门静脉血栓，余9例腹腔镜超声检查提示可以手术切除。17例病人进行剖腹探查，8例成功进行胰十二指肠切除术。结论：腹腔镜及其超声扫描可以较为准确的判断胰头癌切除的可能性，可以避免不必要的剖腹探查以及由此而带来的并发症，有望成为胰头癌剖腹探查术前常规检查方法。     

Pancreaticoduodenectomy with combined superior mesenteric vein resection without reconstruction is possible: A case report and review of the literature

We report the case of a 56-year-old woman with pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PA) discovered during an episode of febrile jaundice. A computed tomography (CT) scan showed a mass in the head of the pancreas with circumferential infiltration of the superior mesenteric vein (SMV) and dilatation of the biliary and pancreatic ducts without metastases. The patient benefited from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (FOLFIRINOX) followed by radio-chemotherapy (45 Gy) and chemotherapy (LV5FU2). The revaluation CT revealed SMV thrombosis without portal vein (PV) thrombosis. There was no contact of the tumor with the PV. Pancreatoduodenectomy with combined resection of the SMV was performed with no reconstruction of this venous axis after confirmation of adequate PV, splenic, and left gastric venous flow and the absence of bowel ischemia. The pathological diagnosis was pT4N1R0 PA. There were no bowel angina issues during the follow-up period. At 15 mo after surgery, the patient died of metastatic recurrence.     

Laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy for remnant pancreatic recurrence after laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy and hepatectomy for greater omentum leiomyosarcoma

Laparoscopic pancreatic surgery is one of the most difficult procedures, and the adoption of laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy has been limited. The application of laparoscopic surgery has extended to advance cancer, but there have been no reports of laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy after laparoscopic liver resection and distal pancreatectomy. In the present case, a 67‐year‐old woman was diagnosed with remnant pancreatic recurrence of metastatic greater omentum leiomyosarcoma. She had previously undergone laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy and left lateral liver sectionectomy in 2016. We performed laparoscopic subtotal stomach‐preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy in June 2017. The operation time was 274 minutes, and the estimated blood loss was 50 mL. There were no postoperative complications. In summary, laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy is a safe and feasible procedure for a patient who had previously undergone pancreas and liver surgery.     

Laparoscopy assisted middle‐segment–preserving pancreatectomy for multiple pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: Report of a case

For multiple low‐grade malignant tumors located in the pancreatic head and tail, middle‐segment–preserving pancreatectomy (MSPP) is sometimes indicated. However, MSPP has rarely been performed laparoscopically. Here we report the first case of laparoscopic MSPP for multiple pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors diagnosed preoperatively under an endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration biopsy. A 70‐year‐old man had multiple small tumors located in the pancreatic head, body and tail. Endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration biopsy with immunohistochemical staining made a definitive diagnosis of a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (G1). To preserve the 5‐cm pancreas body, we successfully performed laparoscopic MSPP: subtotal stomach‐preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy followed by distal pancreatosplenectomy. Pathological examination revealed negative surgical margin after resection. Postoperative course was uneventful, and at 14 months after the operation, the patient remains tumor‐free. The patient has discontinued insulin supplement therapy but does use an oral hypoglycemic agent. Laparoscopy‐assisted MSPP, with reconstruction through a 6‐cm transverse incision, can be safely performed for selected cases of borderline and malignant lesions.     

11例胰腺癌患者3D腹腔镜胰十二指肠切除合并血管重建术的护理配合

目的 总结我院11例胰腺癌患者行3D腹腔镜胰十二指肠切除合并血管重建术的护理配合经验。方法 2019年1月—2022年4月我院对11例胰腺癌患者在气管内插管全身麻醉下行3D腹腔镜胰十二指肠切除合并血管重建术。护理配合要点包括：肿瘤侵犯血管的长度测量、切除、重建及评估的精准护理;下肢深静脉血栓的防范。结果 本组9例在全腹腔镜下完成胰十二指肠切除及血管重建,2例中转开腹完成手术。全部患者术后均复查CT,手术效果满意,围术期无死亡病例、无护理并发症发生。结论 腹腔镜胰十二指肠切除合并血管重建手术难度大,做好术前访视及备齐特殊用物;对肿瘤侵犯血管的长度测量、切除、重建及评估需精准护理配合;术中特殊情况应急处理及对下肢深静脉血栓进行预防应对是提高手术效果及患者手术安全的重要保障。     

彩色多普勒血流显像在胰头和壶腹周围癌可切除性评估中的应用价值

目的　探讨彩色多普勒血流显像(CDFI)在胰头和壶腹周围癌可切除性评估中的应用价值。方法　应用CDFI检测21例胰头和壶腹周围癌患者,并与CT(增强)比较。根据肿瘤和相邻血管组织,即肠系膜上动脉(SMA)、肠系膜上静脉(SMV)和门静脉(PV)的关系,设计胰腺多普勒评分(PDS)为四个等级:1分、2分、3分和4分。结果　显示PDS评分1、2、3分者可以切除,证实符合率为95.2%,PDS评分为4分者不可切除,证实符合率为100%,总的准确率为97.8%,与CT(增强)相比,CDFI检测对胰头和壶腹周围癌可切除性评估的应用价值更高。结论　应用CDFI评估胰头和壶腹周围癌可切除性是一种有效的方法     

Laparoscopic segmental duodenectomy for a gastrointestinal stromal tumor located in the second portion of the duodenum: A case report

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors of the duodenum are rare. For benign tumors, premalignant lesions, or malignant potential tumors located in the second portion of the duodenum close to the papilla of Vater, pancreaticoduodenectomy is sometimes performed. A case of laparoscopic segmental duodenectomy for a gastrointestinal stromal tumor at the second portion of the duodenum is reported. The surgical procedure was performed as follows: first, the second portion of the duodenum was separated from the pancreatic head; second, the duodenum was cut off with the linear stapler after having confirmed preservation of the papilla by intraoperative endoscopy; and third, reconstruction was carried out by a side‐to‐side duodenojejunostomy. Laparoscopic segmental duodenectomy for duodenal gastrointestinal stromal tumors is thought to be advantageous compared with pancreaticoduodenectomy in terms of low burden and organ function preservation. The present procedure is feasible for benign or low‐malignant tumors that do not infiltrate outside of the duodenal walls.     

State-of-the-art ultrasonography is as accurate as helical computed tomography and computed tomographic angiography for detecting unresectable periampullary cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the ability of state-of-the-art ultrasonography with that of helical computed tomography and computed tomographic angiography in detecting unresectable periampullary cancer. In most patients periampullary cancer is unresectable because of either distant metastasis or local vascular involvement. The advent of gray scale and color Doppler ultrasonography has improved the ability of ultrasonography to detect vascular involvement. METHODS: Twenty-three consecutive patients with periampullary cancer were enrolled for prospective staging of their disease by comparing helical computed tomography and computed tomographic angiography with gray scale and color Doppler ultrasonography of the abdomen. Portal vein, superior mesenteric vein, splenic vein, and superior mesenteric artery involvement was graded 0 to 4, grade 0 being no vascular involvement and grade 4 being total occlusion of the vessel. Agreement between ultrasonography and computed tomographic angiography for determining vascular involvement was measured by chi2 analysis. RESULTS: Two patients (9%) were excluded because excessive overlying bowel gas hampered the ability of ultrasonography to visualize the pancreas. For the remaining 21 patients, there was significant agreement between ultrasonography and computed tomographic angiography for detecting vascular involvement in all vessels (P < .001; portal vein, kappa = 0.67; superior mesenteric vein, kappa = 0.67; splenic vein, kappa = 0.85; and superior mesenteric artery, kappa = 0.59). Ultrasonography was in agreement with computed tomographic angiography in all cases of unresectability. Both modalities were equally poor in preoperatively showing lymphadenopathy and metastases. CONCLUSIONS: Provided that there is adequate visualization on ultrasonography of the head of the pancreas in the periampullary region, then state-of-the-art gray scale and color Doppler ultrasonography are as accurate as helical computed tomography and computed tomographic angiography for detecting the unresectability of periampullary cancer. If performed as the initial investigation and the region of the pancreatic head is clearly shown, and if vascular encasement or occlusion or distant metastasis is identified, further investigations are unnecessary.     

Aneurysmal dilatation of the portal vein: A case diagnosed by real-time ultrasonography

A case of aneurysmal dilatation of the portal vein is reported. A real-time ultrasound study showed a cystic mass behind the pancreatic head, freely communicating with the lumen of the portal, superior mesenteric, and splenic veins, which was diagnostic of portal vein aneurysm. The diagnosis was confirmed by dynamic computed tomography and celiac and superior mesenteric angiograms.     

Using indocyanine green fluorescent imaging to successfully resect metachronous regional lymph node recurrence of rectosigmoid cancer

A 39‐year‐old female patient underwent anterior resection with locoregional lymph node dissection for rectosigmoid cancer at another hospital. The procedure involved transection of the superior rectal artery just below the origin of the left colic artery. Postoperative diagnosis was stage III B. The patient received adjuvant chemotherapy with oxaliplatin plus capecitabine for 6 months. Sixteen months after the operation, PET‐CT scans revealed regional lymph node metastases around the root of the inferior mesenteric artery. The patient was referred to our hospital with a recurrence of rectosigmoid cancer. We performed laparoscopic lymph node dissection with real‐time indocyanine green fluorescent images superimposed on color images to prevent intraoperative vascular insufficiency. We were able to successfully observe the sufficient blood flow in the descending colon. Postoperative pathological findings showed lymph node recurrence after initial surgery. She was discharged 7 days after the operation. In the 8 months since the second operation, the patient has not had any indication of further recurrence.     

Is ICG-enhanced image able to help predicting pancreatic fistula in laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy?

Laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) has been reported to be technically feasible and safe. Successful pancreatico-enteric anastomosis in particular is important for safe PD. Intraoperative perfusion of the remnant pancreas can be evaluated with ICG technology and be applied in pancreatic reconstruction in PD. A 68-year old female patient with distal common bile duct cancer underwent laparoscopic pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy. After pancreaticojejunostomy (PJ), we checked perfusion of the anastomosis line using an ICG imaging system and noticed a perfusion defect at the anterior wall. The patient developed a grade A postoperative pancreatic fistula, but was discharged without major sequelae. Even though pancreatic perfusion after laparoscopic PJ appeared adequate based on white light, hypo-perfusion was noted under infrared light. Our experience suggests that ICG technology may be more sensitive than white light for detecting pancreatic perfusion in pancreatic anastomoses. However, the clinical implications of this require further investigation.     

Involvement of superior mesenteric vessels and portal vein in pancreatic adenocarcinoma: Detection with CT during arterial portography

A prospective study was designed to determine the utility of computed tomography (CT) during arterial portography (CTAP) in the detection of superior mesenteric vessels and portal vein involvement in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Eighteen patients with adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas and eight patients with benign pancreatic disease were investigated with CTAP, dynamic contrast-enhanced CT, and angiography. Appropriate review was made to determine presence or absence of superior mesenteric vessels and portal vein involvement. Final diagnosis was obtained in all cases by surgical explorations. The overall accuracy rate for detecting or excluding superior mesenteric vessels and portal vein involvement was 96% (25 of 26 patients) with CTAP, 88% (23 of 26 patients) with dynamic contrast-enhanced CT, and 85% (22 of 26 patients) with angiography. No statistically significant difference in accuracy was found among the three techniques. Our results suggest that the use of CTAP is not indicated in the preoperative detection of superior mesenteric vessels and portal vein involvement in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma.     

术前增强CT预测胰头癌侵犯肠系膜上静脉/门静脉

目的 评估术前增强CT预测胰头癌侵犯肠系膜上静脉(SMV)/门静脉(PV)及其程度的价值.方法 回顾性分析166例经病理证实的胰头(含钩突部)癌患者,评估术前门静脉期CT所示肿瘤直径、边界,肿瘤与静脉(SMV/PV)接触界面(TVI)(0/≤180°/>180°)、肿瘤与静脉(SMV/PV)接触长度(LIV),有无静脉...     

阴道镜宫颈活检联合 LEEP 术对宫颈癌前病变的诊断评价

目的评价阴道镜下宫颈活检联合宫颈环形电切术（LEEP术）对宫颈癌前病变的诊断准确性方法从2012年7月~2014年7月,收集到我院妇科门诊就诊行阴道镜检查及LEEP术治疗的87例患者。比较阴道镜下宫颈组织活检与LEEP术后组织病理结果。结果阴道镜下宫颈组织活检与LEEP术后组织病理总符合率为74.71%。以LEEP术后组织病理结果为标准,阴道镜诊断CINⅠ符合率为57.14%,诊断CINⅡ符合率为73.68%,诊断CINⅢ符合率为89.26%。其中,诊断CINⅢ的准确率高于CINⅠ（P<0.05）及CINⅡ（P<0.05）。CINⅡ与CINⅠ的差异无统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论阴道镜下宫颈组织活检有漏诊癌前病变及宫颈癌的风险。阴道镜联合LEEP术可实现宫颈癌前病变及宫颈癌的正确诊断。     

Combined laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection and robotic‐assisted prostatectomy for synchronous double cancer of the rectum and the prostate

Here we report a combined laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection and robotic‐assisted prostatectomy. A 74‐year‐old man was diagnosed with T4b low rectal and prostate cancer. The operation was performed after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for the rectal cancer. The procedure used eight ports in total, five for laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection and six for robotic‐assisted prostatectomy. First, laparoscopic total mesorectal excision including division of the inferior mesenteric artery was performed, and then, robotic dissection of the prostate was performed. The en bloc specimen was removed through the perineal wound. Then, robotic urethrovesical anastomosis was performed. An extraperitoneal end colostomy was created to finish the operation. The operating time was 545 min, and blood loss was 170 mL. The postoperative course was uneventful, and the patient discharged on postoperative day 17. The combined laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection and robotic‐assisted prostatectomy were performed safely without any additional technical difficulty, as both procedures shared port settings and patient positions.     

多层螺旋CT胰腺双期血管成像研究

目的　探讨多层螺旋CT胰腺双期血管成像的可行性及其临床应用。方法　 46例疑胰腺癌患者行多层螺旋CT多期扫描 ,分别于动脉期和门静脉期进行血管成像。统计SSD、MIP及VR成像对正常腹腔动脉及其分支的显示率 ,统计门脉期VR成像对正常门静脉主干及其属支的显示情况。结果　VR成像对正常腹腔动脉、肠系膜上动脉、胃十二指肠动脉的显示率分别为 10 0 %、10 0 %、90 .9%。对正常门静脉主干、脾静脉、肠系膜上静脉的显示率均为 10 0 %。根据肿瘤浸润血管的情况作出可切除性判断。结论　多层螺旋CT胰腺双期血管成像是了解胰周血管情况的无创性检查方法 ,具有可行性及临床应用价值。     

Noninvasive methods in the diagnosis of isolated superior mesenteric vein thrombosis: US and CT

Five patients with isolated superior mesenteric vein thrombosis were diagnosed by ultrasonography (US) and computed tomography (CT). The presence of echogenic material within the venous lumen was identified in all patients on sonography. A significant venous enlargement was sonographically observed in 1 patient with tumoral thrombosis. A sharply defined vascular wall with a rim of increased density and a central area of low attenuation was observed in 3 of 5 patients on CT. None of our patients developed bowel infarction secondary to venous occlusion and a conservative management was established in all.     

床旁超声在同期胰肾联合移植治疗I型糖尿病术后的检查思路与探讨

目的总结床旁超声在胰肾联合移植（SPK）术后的应用,并就超声扫查思路、超声参考参数及术后并发症等方面做相关探讨。 方法回顾性分析2009年7月至2020年12月于北京朝阳医院行胰肾联合移植术后超声评估的I型糖尿病患者计6位,记为1~6,分析总结其血管重建术式、胰腺动静脉的血流动力学参数、并发症等情况。 结果6位患者中4位患者术后出现胰肾免疫排斥反应,胰腺内动脉的血流阻力指数均升高,阻力指数（RI）为0.74_~0.87,峰值流速（PSV）为87~90 cm/s;另2位患者胰腺动脉RI分别为0.69、0.72;且该4位患者移植胰腺与移植肾脏均同期出现并发症;6位患者的回流静脉吻合方式均为经体循环回流,其中1例患者为供体门静脉与受体的髂外静脉端侧吻合,另5例为供体的门静脉与受体的下腔静脉端侧吻合;该6位患者血管重建的方式均为“Y”型血管吻合,供肾的肾动脉与供体的髂内动脉吻合、供体的腹主动脉袖片（包含腹腔干与肠系膜上动脉）与供体的髂外动脉吻合、供体的髂总动脉与受体的髂外动脉的端侧吻合。 结论床旁超声在对胰肾联合移植术后器官功能评估中有较大的临床应用价值,重建的血管是扫查要点,超声医师的诊断思路需要与外术的具体操作密切结合。     

下腔静脉、髂外静脉节段性切除且不重建血管在复杂腹盆腔肿瘤手术中的应用（附视频二维码）

目的总结联合节段性切除下腔静脉、髂外静脉且不重建血管的复杂腹盆腔肿瘤手术的相关经验。方法回顾性分析接受手术治疗且于术中节段性切除了下腔静脉、髂外静脉的11例腹盆腔复杂肿瘤患者的临床资料。结果 11例患者中结直肠癌术后转移3例,肾盂癌并癌栓、淋巴结转移2例,肾盂癌并淋巴结转移1例,输尿管癌并淋巴结转移1例,肾盂癌术后腹盆腔种植1例,宫颈癌术后转移1例,腹膜后平滑肌肉瘤1例,膀胱癌1例。涉及血管的手术包括:下腔静脉节段性切除5例,右侧髂外静脉节段性切除+右侧髂内动静脉节段性切除1例,右侧髂内动静脉节段性切除+左侧髂外静脉节段性切除1例,下腔静脉节段性切除+双侧髂总静脉节段性切除+右侧髂总动脉与髂外动脉人工血管搭桥术1例,下腔静脉节段性切除+右侧髂外动脉静脉节段性切除+右侧髂外动脉人工血管置换1例,髂外静脉节段性切除2例。所有手术均顺利完成,手术时间570(390～900)min,术中输红细胞4(2～15)单位,输血浆600(150～1800)ml,术后住ICU 0(0～517) h。术后5例出现下肢静脉血栓,4例予以保守治疗后下肢水肿逐渐消退,1例予以介入溶栓治疗。结论对于复杂的腹盆腔肿瘤...     

Successful laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy for a large solid pseudopapillary neoplasm: A case report

A 30‐year‐old Japanese woman presented at our hospital with a pancreatic tumor. Contrast‐enhanced CT revealed a tumor with a 12‐cm diameter in the pancreatic body and tail. In the preoperative setting, endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration permitted a histopathological diagnosis of solid pseudopapillary neoplasm. Twhe patient underwent laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy with splenectomy. Our procedure involved three steps. Firstly, the splenic artery was occluded to block inflow of blood to the tumor. Then, we transected the neck of the pancreas using radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy. Finally, hand‐assisted laparoscopic surgery allowed us to secure the operating field and easily handle the large tumor. This enabled us to accomplish laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy, and en‐bloc resection was completed. The patient was discharged without major complications. Laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy for huge solid pancreatic tumors can be completed safely.