胫骨中下段骨折微创手术器械的研发设计与应用

目的介绍胫骨中下段骨折微创手术器械的研发设计与应用。方法胫骨中下段骨折采用经皮微创钢板内固定术,术中选用适合胫骨中下段解剖特点的锁定加压钢板,结合自行设计的复位固定器及钢板置入器。结果随访X线片未出现骨折延迟愈合及不愈合,无畸形愈合,钢板螺钉无断裂及移位发生。结论术中利用微创器械,使骨折复位简单,钢板置入容易,缩短了手术时间,减少了手术创伤,更符合生物学钢板内固定术的概念。     

经皮微创锁定加压钢板固定与交锁髓内钉固定在胫骨中下段骨折患者中的临床价值分析

目的:分析经皮微创锁定加压钢板固定与交锁髓内钉固定治疗胫骨中下段骨折患者的临床价值。方法:选取本院2016年3月至2018年10月期间收治的116例胫骨中下段骨折患者的临床资料,根据手术方式不同将其分为对照组（n=58）和观察组（n=58）,对照组采用经皮微创锁定加压钢板固定法,观察组采用交锁髓内钉固定法,比较两组患者术后踝关节功能、胫骨功能及术后并发症等情况。结果:两组患者在出血量、住院时间、骨折的愈合时间、术后1、3、6、12个月的踝关节功能情况以及胫骨功能优良率上比较无差异（P>0.05）,但观察组手术时间短于对照组,但畸形愈合、关节疼痛的术后并发症发生率高于对照组（P<0.05）。结论:经皮微创锁定加压钢板固定与交锁髓内钉固定在治疗胫骨中下段骨折患者中均有较高的临床价值。     

胫骨远端外侧解剖形钢板治疗成人肱骨中下段骨折

目的探索应用胫骨远端外侧解剖形钢板治疗成人肱骨中下段骨折的临床效果。方法 2010年~2013年,应用胫骨远端外侧解剖形钢板治疗成人肱骨中下段骨折18例,根据AO分型,其中A型6例,B型5例,C型7例。采用患肢同侧胫骨远端解剖钢板,前外侧入路,显露桡神经,骨折复位后钢板放置于肱骨中下段前外侧固定。结果 18例患者均获得随访,全部患者骨性愈合,未见内固定物松动断裂、切口感染及神经损伤等并发症发生。肩、肘关节功能优良率100%。结论胫骨远端外侧解剖型钢板是一种治疗成年人肱骨近中下段骨折可靠有效的方法。     

锁定加压钢板外置治疗胫骨中下段骨折

目的探讨锁定加压钢板(locking compression plate,LCP)外置治疗胫骨中下段骨折的手术技巧和临床疗效。方法 2012年8月~2013年1月,我院共对9例患者采用LCP外置治疗胫骨中下段骨折,其中男7例,女2例,年龄25~51岁,平均32.3岁。6例为闭合性骨折,3例外开放性骨折均为Anderson-Gustilo分型的Ⅰ型。骨折AO分类:A型5例,B型4例。术后采用Johner-Wruhs标准进行功能评分和影像学X线片评价此手术方法的临床疗效。结果 9例患者均获得临床随访,随访时间14~22个月,平均16.5个月,9例患者骨折愈合良好,骨折临床愈合时间为13~19周,平均13.6周。1例患者因为组织损伤严重出现局部组织坏死,换药后伤口愈合良好,1例患者出现螺钉变形,通过减少患者负重,未出现螺钉断裂。最后一次随访Johner-Wruhs评分:优5例,良4例。结论 LCP外置治疗胫骨中下段骨折具有创伤小、易操作、对骨折局部血运影响小、临床效果可靠的优点。     

肱骨中下段骨折手术与非手术治疗的比较分析

目的比较肱骨中下段骨折手术和非手术治疗的效果。方法自2007年6月~2009年8月采用手术和非手术的方法治疗40例新鲜无桡神经损伤的肱骨中下段骨折病人,其中手术组22例,非手术组18例。结果手术组中发生桡神经损伤4例,骨不愈合2例;非手术组中发生桡神经损伤1例,骨不愈合1例,畸形愈合3例。2组桡神经损伤发生率、骨折愈合时间比较差异有统计学意义(<0.1);而骨不连发生率、骨折愈合率和终末随访时肘关节Mayo评分2组比较差异无统计学意义(>0.05)。结论非手术治疗肱骨中下段骨折在骨折愈合时间和预防医源性桡神经损伤方面优于手术治疗。     

锁定钢板治疗老年肱骨近端骨折

目的探讨应用肱骨近端锁定钢板治疗老年人肱骨近端骨折的疗效。方法 2007年3月~2009年9月使用肱骨近端锁定钢板治疗肱骨近端骨折34例,年龄60~81岁,平均69.5岁。骨折按Neer分型:2部分骨折9例、3部分骨折19例、4部分骨折6例。结果 34例均获随访,随访8~18个月,平均(7.5±1.5)个月。均获骨性愈合,平均愈合时间3~5月。肩关节功能按Neer疗效评分系统评定,优25例、良9例。结论锁定加压钢板治疗老年人骨折疗效满意,是目前治疗肱骨近端骨折较理想的内固定方法。同时重视肩袖损伤的修复,术后能早期进行功能锻炼,功能恢复良好。     

MIPPO技术结合锁定加压钢板内固定治疗肱骨干骨折

目的探讨应用MIPPO结合锁定加压钢板(locking compression plate,LCP)固定治疗肱骨干骨折的临床疗效。方法自2010年7月~2013年1月,我科应用经皮微创钢板固定(MIPPO)技术结合锁定加压钢板(LCP)内固定治疗肱骨干骨折30例。结果本组30例均获得随访,按照HSS评分法评定疗效,本组优21例,良9例,优良率100%。结论应用经皮微创钢板固定技术结合锁定加压钢板内固定治疗肱骨干骨折,具有创伤小、出血少、固定可靠、可以早期功能锻炼且并发症少等优点,是治疗肱骨干骨折尤其是粉碎性、复杂骨折的理想方法。     

肩外侧小切口入路治疗老年肱骨外科颈骨折

目的探讨通过肩外侧小切口入路行老年肱骨外科颈骨折切开复位锁定加压钢板（LCP）内固定的临床效果。方法选择2009年1月～2012年6月老年肱骨外科颈骨折患者34例,其中男性14例,女性20例;年龄58～80岁,平均年龄64．8岁。按Neer骨折分类Ⅱ型患者6例,Ⅲ型患者23例,Ⅳ型患者5例。采用肩外侧小切口入路LCP内固定治疗。结果平均切口长度8．8cm,平均手术时间87min,术中平均失血量63mL。所有患者均获得随访,随访时间5～36个月,平均随访时间约20个月。所有患者均骨性愈合,平均愈合时间约3．5个月。按照Neer评分法,其中优18例,良14例,可2例,优良率达94．1％。结论经肩外侧小切口入路LCP内固定治疗老年肱骨外科颈骨折手术简便、损伤小、术中出血少、功能恢复好,值得临床推广。     

加压钢板及螺钉前外侧与内侧入路修复肱骨中下段骨折：疗效及安全性评价

背景：目前对肱骨中下段骨折主要采用复位内固定治疗,内固定入路方式主要有3种：前外侧入路(包括改良上臂前外侧入路)、后侧入路以及内侧入路。目前临床对肱骨中下段骨折的修复入路一直存在争议。 目的：对比加压钢板及螺钉前外侧入路与内侧入路内固定修复肱骨中下段骨折的疗效及安全性。 方法：将重庆市红十字会医院收治的90例肱骨中下段骨折患者按随机数字表法分为两组,每组45例。对照组采用前外侧入路加压钢板及螺钉置入内固定,试验组行内侧入路加压钢板及螺钉置入内固定。比较两组患者手术时间、术中失血量、并发症以及肩关节和肘关节恢复情况。 结果与结论：试验组内固定后术中失血量显著低于对照组(P < 0.05),两组患者手术时间、骨折愈合时间比较差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。随访6个月,两组患者肩关节功能Neer评分和肘关节功能Mayo评分比较差异均无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。随访期间两组患者均无切口感染、骨不连、慢性骨髓炎等并发症发生。提示内侧入路与前外侧入路加压钢板及螺钉置入内固定修复肱骨中下段骨折效果相当,且前者术中失血量更少,可有效弥补传统修复方案的部分缺陷,可以考虑作为肱骨中下段骨折内固定的修复入路方式之一。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程     

合并尺骨干经尺骨鹰嘴骨折并肘关节前脱位的手术治疗

目的探讨双钢板联合克氏针张力带钢丝内固定术治疗合并尺骨干经尺骨鹰嘴骨折并肘关节前脱位的临床疗效。方法回顾性研究。纳入2014年9月—2017年9月唐山市第二医院创伤骨科收治的合并尺骨干经尺骨鹰嘴骨折并肘关节前脱位患者21例,其中男13例、女8例,年龄36~64岁(平均50.5岁)。患者均采用尺骨鹰嘴锁定钢板及重建钢板联合克氏针张力带钢丝内固定术治疗,术后给予抗感染和消肿治疗。术后定期拍摄肘关节正侧位X线片,观察骨折愈合及内固定情况;观察患者肘关节屈伸活动度及前臂旋前旋后角度;术后12个月,采用Broberg-Morrey评分评价患肢功能。结果21例患者手术均顺利完成。术后均获得随访,随访时间为12~24个月,平均16.5个月。患者均获得骨性愈合,骨折愈合时间为2~4个月(平均3.1个月)。随访期间患者无感染、医源性神经损伤、骨折不愈合、内固定断裂失效、肘关节脱位等并发症发生。术后12个月Broberg-Morrey评分为78~100(90.0±5.5)分,患肢功能优12例、良7例、可2例,优良率为90.5%。结论双钢板联合克氏针张力带钢丝内固定治疗合并尺骨干经尺骨鹰嘴骨折并肘关节前脱位,骨折愈合率高,肘关节功能恢复良好。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.