血栓弹力图预测CYP2C19基因型对指导经皮冠状动脉介入术后氯吡格雷治疗的价值

目的研究血栓弹力图对细胞色素P450系统药物代谢酶CYP2C19基因型的预测作用及对经皮冠状动脉介入术(PCI)后氯吡格雷治疗的指导价值。方法选择2012年1月至2012年8月于我科行PCI治疗的冠心病患者70例,均给予阿司匹林和氯吡格雷双联抗血小板药物治疗。根据对二磷酸腺苷(ADP)诱导的血小板聚集抑制率的测定结果分为氯吡格雷抵抗组和氯吡格雷敏感组。检测70例患者CYP2C19的基因型;根据不同等位基因功能缺失,分为快代谢基因型(*1/*1)、中间代谢基因型(*1/*2,*1/*3)和慢代谢基因型(*2/*2,*2/*3,*3/*3)。比较氯吡格雷抵抗组和氯吡格雷敏感组患者的一般临床资料、生化指标和CYP2C19基因型的差异,多因素logistic回归分析氯吡格雷抵抗的危险因素。利用受试者工作曲线(ROC)检验血小板聚集抑制率预测CYP2C19基因型的效力。结果氯吡格雷抵抗组(31例)和氯吡格雷敏感组(39例)高密度脂蛋白水平、CYP2C19基因型的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。逐步向前logistic回归分析结果显示CYP2C19慢代谢基因型和高密度脂蛋白水平降低为氯吡格雷抵抗的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。利用血小板聚集抑制率预测CYP2C19基因型的ROC曲线下面积(AUC)为0.847(95%CI:0.729～0.965,P=0.003),提示效力较好;当血小板聚集抑制率取最佳临界值(39.45%)时,诊断CYP2C19基因型为慢代谢型的敏感性为85.7%,特异性为77.8%,阳性预测值为30%,阴性预测值为98%。结论携带CPY2C19慢代谢基因型和高密度脂蛋白水平降低是导致氯吡格雷抵抗的独立危险因素。当血小板聚集抑制率小于39.45%时,应对患者做CYP2C19基因型的检测,以调整治疗方案。     

CYP2C19基因多态性与脑梗死患者氯吡格雷临床疗效的相关性研究

目的 探究CYP2C19基因多态性与氯吡格雷治疗脑梗死患者疗效的相关性。方法 选取我院2012年1月至2015年1月的脑梗死患者200例。根据基因型分为高、中间、弱代谢型三组。统计口服氯吡格雷前、第1天、第6天、第8周患者的血小板聚集抑制率、美国国立卫生研究院脑卒中量表(National Institute of Health stroke scale, NIHSS)评分、日常生活能力评分(Activities of Daily Living, ADL)和1年内心脑血管不良事件的发生率。结果治疗后第1天和第6天,三组血小板聚集抑制率差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05),由高到低依次为强、中间、弱代谢型组,两两比较差异明显,第6天和第8周差异无统计学意义。治疗后1、3和6个月,三组NIHSS、ADL评分差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05),治疗效果由高到低依次为高、中间、弱代谢型组,两两比较差异明显。1年内强代谢型组心脑血管不良事件总的发生率明显低于中间和弱代谢型组,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。结论 CYP2C19基因多态性与脑梗死患者氯吡格雷治疗效果与预后有关,其机制可能与代谢酶活性有关。     

CYP2C19基因多态性对氯吡格雷和替格瑞洛治疗急性冠脉综合征患者疗效的影响

目的明确CYP2C19基因多态性对采用氯吡格雷和替格瑞洛治疗的急性冠脉综合征(ACS)患者疗效的影响。方法纳入2011年12月至2013年12月行经皮冠脉介入治疗(PCI)的ACS患者280例。根据CYP2C19基因型分析结果及治疗的药物,分为氯吡格雷快代谢组(n=74)、氯吡格雷中代谢组(n=140)、氯吡格雷慢代谢组(n=33)及替格瑞洛慢代谢组(n=33)。在服药前及服药后不同时间点对患者的凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化的部分凝血酶原时间(a PTT)、纤维蛋白原(Fbg)浓度进行检测,同时检测患者的血小板抑制率。并对患者随访期间的主要终点事件的发生情况进行分析。结果服药前、服药后1月、6月和12月时,四组患者在PT、a PTT、Fbg等凝血指标上均无显著差异(P0.05)。替格瑞洛在服药后1月、6月和12月时均能有效降低慢代谢型ACS患者ADP抑制率(全部P0.05),而氯吡格雷只在服药后的6月和12月时才能有效降低慢代谢型ACS患者ADP抑制率(两个时间点P0.05)。另外,在服药后1月、6月及12月时,替格瑞洛对ADP的有效降低率显著高于氯吡格雷处理组(P0.05)。随访结果显示:相比于氯吡格雷治疗组,替格瑞洛治疗能够有效降低慢代谢型ACS患者心血管事件的发生率。结论相比于氯吡格雷,替格瑞洛能够更加有效降低CYP2C19慢代谢型ACS患者的ADP抑制率、PCI术后1月及6月时支架血栓的形成率及心血管事件的发生率。     

急性冠脉综合征患者基因分型对血小板聚集率影响的研究

目的探讨CYP2C19不同基因分型对急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)患者服用氯吡格雷后血小板聚集率的影响。方法选取2015年1月—2016年3月入住心内科的ACS患者258例为研究对象。入院时及服用氯吡格雷三日后分别抽取静脉血检测血小板聚集率及CYP2C19基因型。结果快代谢型组(extensive metabolisers,EM)和中代谢型组(intermediate metabolisers,IM)服药前后血小板最大聚集率分别为(58.76±15.45)%vs(35.17±10.26)%和(59.35±11.58)%vs(47.66±12.59)%(P<0.05),而慢代谢型组(poor metabolisers,PM)的血小板最大聚集率无明显降低。快代谢型组的最大血小板聚集率的降低幅度比慢代谢型组大(23.58±12.39%vs 11.65±13.56%,P<0.05)。共有33例(12.79%)患者为氯吡格雷抵抗,其中快代谢型组中氯吡格雷抵抗者2例(1.67%),中代谢型组中氯吡格雷抵抗者3例(2.80%),慢代谢型组中氯吡格雷抵抗者28例(90.32%)(三组比较P=0.038)。结论ACS患者CYP2C19基因分型与服用氯吡格雷后血小板最大聚集率有关,与氯吡格雷抵抗有关。     

汉族急性缺血性脑卒中患者CYP2C19基因多态性与氯吡格雷抵抗的多因素分析

目的分析汉族急性缺血性脑卒中患者CYP2C19基因多态性与氯吡格雷抵抗的关系。方法 2012年7月—2014年9月连续性纳入住院并服用氯吡格雷抗血小板聚集治疗(75 mg/d,连续>7 d)的急性缺血性脑卒中患者72例。根据对二磷酸腺苷(ADP)诱导的血小板聚集抑制率将患者分为氯吡格雷抵抗(CR)组(27例)和非抵抗(NCR)组(45例)。基因芯片法检测受试者的CYP2C19基因型,依据突变类型,分为快代谢型(*1/*1)、中间代谢型(*1/*2、*1/*3)和慢代谢型(*2/*2、*2/*3、*3/*3)。采用多元Logistic回归分析筛选与发生氯吡格雷抵抗相关的危险因素。结果 2组CYP2C19基因型的分布比较差异有统计学意义(x~2=32.302,P<0.05);检出CYP2C19基因型为慢代谢型7例(9.7%),中间代谢基因型39例(54.2%),快代谢型26例(36.1%);3组的血小板聚集抑制率分别为(67.5±21.6)%、(57.6±23.4)%和(31.4±15.1)%,慢代谢型>中间代谢型>快代谢型(P<0.01)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示CYP2C19慢代谢型(*2/*2、*2/*3)(OR=7.802,95%CI 1.412~40.304,P=0.018)和低密度脂蛋白水平>2.6 mmol/L(OR=3.923,95%CI 1.314~17.927,P=0.032)是发生氯吡格雷抵抗的独立危险因素。结论汉族急性缺血性脑卒中患者中,CYP2C19慢代谢基因型(*2/*2、*2/*3)和低密度脂蛋白水平升高是导致氯吡格雷抵抗的独立危险因素。     

多态性检测在冠心病氯吡格雷治疗中的应用研究

目的:研究CYP2C19基因多态性检测在冠心病氯吡格雷治疗中的应用价值。方法:选取2016年4月-2017年12月本院收治的冠心病患者120例,按照随机数字表法分为治疗组(n=60)与对照组(n=60)。对照组采用传统治疗方式,治疗组采用CYP2C19基因导向的治疗方式。对比两组不良心血管事件发生率、血小板抑制率。结果:治疗12个月后,强代谢者血小板抑制率高于中代谢者、慢代谢者、对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗组心源性死亡、脑血管意外、大出血及支架内血栓形成发生率均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:CYP2C19基因多态性检测在冠心病氯吡格雷治疗中,可有效及早发现PCI术后氯吡格雷抵抗,降低氯吡格雷反应性,抑制血小板凝聚,降低支架内血栓形成等不良心血管事件发生率。     

CYP2C19多态性对氯吡格雷及丹参多酚酸盐临床疗效的差异性研究

目的:探讨基因CYP2C19多态性个体化治疗中,氯吡格雷和中药制剂丹参多酚酸盐抑制血小板聚集的初步机制。方法:随机将105例分为四组进行治疗,通过一般资料及测定生化指标和血栓弹力图,检测各组CYP2C19基因型和NIHSS评分等,分析四组患者的血小板抑制情况,比较各组结果。结果:整体水平上,各组经药物治疗后,血小板抑制率显著提高,但是对于突变型CYP2C19*2,CYP2C19*3患者,会产生氯吡格雷抵抗,而丹参多酚酸盐治疗对CYP2C19基因多态性患者没有显著差异。结论:氯吡格雷会对突变型CYP2C19基因产生抵抗,而中药制剂丹参多酚酸盐也可以抑制血小板聚集发挥药效,且对CYP2C19基因多态性不敏感。     

CYP2C19基因多态性与急性脑梗死患者中氯吡格雷抗血小板效果的分析

目的 通过PFA-200 P2Y法、吸光度比浊法(LTA)检测血小板功能,探讨CYP2C19基因多态性与急性期脑梗死患者临床相关因素及与氯吡格雷临床疗效的关系.方法 回顾性研究分析2018年1月至2018年12月就诊于本院的72例急性期脑梗死患者的临床资料,患者均进行CYP2C19基因型检测,根据CYP2C19基因型结果分为快代谢组(EM组,n=27)、中间代谢组(IM组,n=32)、慢代谢组(PM组,n=13).所有患者口服氯吡格雷3 d后,采用PFA-200 P2Y、LTA检测血小板功能,并收集患者基本资料、现病史、既往史、临床用药、实验室检查信息.分析CYP2C19基因多态性与血小板功能检测结果、CR(氯吡格雷抵抗)发生率及住院时间的关系.结果 PFA-200 P2Y检测结果显示,EM组患者血小板功能闭合时间长于IM组和PM组(P<0.05),LTA检测血小板聚集率显示,EM组低于IM组和PM组(P<0.05).PFA-200 P2Y和LTA检测显示,3组CR发生率比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).PFA-200 P2Y法与LTA法检测方法结果呈负相关性(r=-0.365,P=0.001).3组患者住院时间比较差异无统计学意义.结论 约62.5％的急性期脑梗死患者携带CYP2C19功能基因缺失.PFA-200 P2Y法、LTA法检测的血小板功能显示CYP2C19基因多态性和氯吡格雷疗效有明显相关性.     

CYP2C19基因多态性与氯吡格雷抗血小板作用的关系研究

目的探讨CYP2C19基因多态性与氯吡格雷抗血小板作用的关系。方法收集2017年12月25日～2018年10月9日我院治疗的250例冠心病患者,通过基因芯片检测试剂盒鉴定CYP2C19基因型,根据CYP2C19基因多态性检测结果将患者分为野生型组和突变型组。通过光比浊法测定两组患者的血小板抑制率,并比较两组患者的氯吡格雷抵抗情况。结果 250例患者中,CYP2C19野生型145例(58.00%),突变型105例(42.00%)。野生型组的血小板抑制率(75.96±11.50)%显著高于突变型组(47.13±7.97)%(P0.05)。250例患者中共有59例(23.6%)发生氯吡格雷抵抗现象,其中野生型组13例(8.97%),突变型组46例(43.81%),差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 CYP2C19基因多态性、糖尿病、体质指数是氯吡格雷抵抗的重要影响因素,检测CYP2C19基因多态性、是否患有糖尿病、体质指数有助于指导患者的抗血小板治疗。     

CYP2C19基因多态性与氯吡格雷疗效的相关性研究

目的 探讨CYP2C19*2、CYP2C19*3基因多态性与非心源性栓塞所致缺血性卒中患者应用氯吡格雷临床疗效的关系.方法 前瞻性连续纳入非心源性栓塞急性缺血性脑血管病患者102例,确定患者与氯吡格雷代谢相关的CYP2C 19基因型,分为快代谢型、中间代谢型及慢代谢型.患者连续服用氯吡格雷75 mg/d,至少7d后,用血栓弹力图仪测定氯吡格雷对血小板的抑制率.并对其进行至少1年的临床随访,记录患者的临床终点事件,比较不同基因型患者的氯吡格雷疗效和临床预后.结果 快代谢型、中间代谢型和慢代谢型3型患者血小板抑制率分别为(41.59±18.17)％、(38.33±28.92)％及(21.17±15.66)％,差异无统计学意义(P=0.163);3型患者氯吡格雷不敏感发生率分别为29.4％、42.9％和64.3％,差异无统计学意义(P=0.069).缺血性卒中发生后1年内,14例患者发生临床事件,其中快代谢型患者8例,中间代谢型6例.不同基因型患者间发生临床事件的比例差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 对于非心源性的急性缺血性卒中患者,服用氯吡格雷后,CYP2C19基因型尚不能预测氯吡格雷疗效及临床预后.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.