珠海市12岁儿童恒牙龋病的发病率、影响因素及预防措施

目的分析珠海市12岁儿童恒牙龋病的发病率和影响因素,为临床预防提供指导。方法选取珠海市4所小学的800名12岁儿童为研究对象,进行口腔健康检查和龋病相关因素问卷调查,了解龋病的患病状况及影响因素,提出有效预防措施。结果 800名12岁儿童中,恒牙患龋301名,患龋率为37.63%,患龋恒牙688颗,龋均为0.86。城镇和农村儿童患龋率比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。女童和男童患龋率比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。是否独生子女、父母文化程度、刷牙频率、每次刷牙时间、睡前进食、进食糖果/巧克力、饮碳酸饮料、认为定期口腔检查非常必要、学校开展口腔健康宣教是珠海市12岁儿童恒牙龋病的影响因素。睡前进食、进食糖果/巧克力、饮碳酸饮料是龋病发生的危险因素;认为定期口腔检查非常必要、学校开展口腔健康宣教是龋病发生的保护因素(P0.05)。结论珠海市12岁儿童恒牙龋病发生率较高,为预防恒牙龋病的发生,需要加强对儿童、家庭、学校的口腔健康教育活动,定期进行口腔卫生检查,促使儿童养成良好的口腔健康卫生行为和饮食习惯。     

皖北矿区祁东幼儿园乳牙龋病患病情况调查

【目的】 了解矿区学龄前儿童乳牙患龋情况,研究其与刷牙行为、饮食习惯、家长口腔健康认识等相关因素的关系,为开展学龄前儿童的龋病防治提供依据。 【方法】 对皖北矿区祁东幼儿园285名学龄前集体儿童进行乳牙龋病检查,同时发放《家庭口腔健康行为调查表》进行问卷调查。 【结果】 乳牙龋患率平均为 24.91%,受检者龋均0.75,龋者龋均为3.01;其中3岁组龋患率较低为12.06%,6岁组龋患率最高为34.69%;下颌第一、二乳磨牙龋患率最高,下颌中、侧切牙龋患率最低。开始刷牙年龄、刷牙频率、父母是否帮助和检查儿童刷牙、嗜甜食、果汁、碳酸饮料、睡前进食等相关因素与乳牙龋病相关。 【结论】 加强口腔健康知识教育,帮助儿童建立良好的口腔卫生行为和生活饮食习惯, 从而降低儿童龋病的发生。     

松岗街道5岁儿童饮食习惯和口腔卫生行为对龋齿的影响

目的了解松岗街道5岁儿童的饮食习惯和口腔卫生行为情况,探讨其对儿童龋齿的影响,以便提出口腔保健有效措施,有效控制和减少儿童龋患率,促进儿童口腔健康。方法随机抽取松岗街道在园5岁儿童720名,对儿童口腔进行检查,并对其家长进行问卷调查。结果儿童的龋患率为57.50%,频吃甜点心、频吃糖果/巧克力、频喝糖水、频饮碳酸饮料、饮用奶制品、睡前吃（饮）甜食品都会增加儿童的龋患率;而开始刷牙年龄越小、刷牙次数越多,儿童的龋患率越低。结论松岗街道儿童缺乏良好的饮食习惯、口腔健康行为不完善,有必要加强父母的口腔键康教育,建立良好的饮食习惯和正确儿童口腔健康行为。     

松岗街道5岁儿童饮食习惯和口腔卫生行为对患龋率的影响

【目的】 了解松岗街道5岁儿童的饮食习惯和口腔卫生行为情况,探讨其对儿童龋齿的影响,以便提出口腔保健有效措施,有效控制和减少儿童龋患率,促进儿童口腔健康。 【方法】 随机抽取松岗街道在园5岁儿童720名,对儿童口腔进行检查,并对其家长进行问卷调查。 【结果】 儿童的龋患率为57.50%,频吃甜点心、频吃糖果/巧克力、频喝糖水、频饮碳酸饮料、饮用奶制品、睡前吃(饮)甜食品都会增加儿童的龋患率;而开始刷牙年龄越小、刷牙次数越多,儿童的龋患率越低。 【结论】 松岗街道儿童缺乏良好的饮食习惯、口腔健康行为不完善,有必要加强父母的口腔键康教育,建立良好的饮食习惯和正确儿童口腔健康行为。     

新疆兵团第四师汉族、维吾尔族及哈萨克族6～12岁儿童龋齿患病率及相关因素分析

目的探讨影响新疆兵团第四师汉族、维吾尔族及哈萨克族6~12岁儿童龋齿患病率的相关因素,为学龄儿童龋病的防治工作提供科学依据。方法采取典型整群抽样方法,抽取新疆兵团第四师2个团场2所小学的1 181名6~12岁儿童进行口腔龋齿检查,并对儿童及其家长进行问卷调查,内容包括儿童基本信息、基本情况、基本知识及基本行为。结果 1 181名儿童乳、恒牙患龋率分别为83.23%、14.65%,6~9岁乳牙患龋率和龋均分别为79.69%(3.63)、84.81%(3.96)、84.97%(3.93)、85.67%(3.26),恒牙患龋率和龋均分别为5.47%(0.08)、9.54%(0.16)、16.76%(0.28)、20.20%(0.36),随年龄增加而增高(P0.05);不同年龄、不同民族儿童患龋率差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);单因素分析中,族别、是否独生子女、父亲文化程度、刷牙时间、刷牙方法、吃糖果/巧克力频率、喝糖水频率、喝果汁饮料频率等因素对儿童患龋率有影响,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。经多因素Logistic回归分析,是否独生子女(P=0.024)、父亲学历(P=0.01)及吃糖果/巧克力频率(P=0.001)是6~12岁儿童患龋的影响因素。结论本地区6~12岁儿童患龋率较高,家庭环境及饮食习惯对儿童口腔健康影响较大,应加强口腔健康宣传教育力度,降低儿童患龋率,提高口腔健康水平。     

渭南市学龄前儿童龋病与口腔卫生相关性调查分析

【目的】 了解渭南市学龄前儿童患龋现况及口腔卫生习惯,分析二者之间的关系;了解家长口腔卫生知识知晓情况,以期通过健康教育使儿童形成良好的口腔卫生习惯。 【方法】 采取整群抽样方法,对12所幼儿园在园儿童进行口腔检查,对家长进行口腔卫生知识调查,数据进行统计学分析。 【结果】 调查儿童783名,龋患率为14.94%;农村及4~5岁儿童龋患率较高;学龄前儿童未养成良好的口腔卫生习惯;家长口腔卫生知识普遍缺乏。看护人、年龄、居住地区、饮食习惯等因素对龋患率的影响差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);刷牙方法、刷牙时段、漱口等因素对龋患率的影响差异无统计学意义。 【结论】 渭南市学龄前儿童龋患率较低; 龋病防治工作的重点应放在农村和4~5岁儿童;进一步加强健康教育,培养儿童良好的口腔卫生习惯。     

成都市3～5岁儿童龋病情况及影响因素分析

目的探讨3~5岁口腔龋病发生情况,分析相关影响因素并提出针对性预防措施。方法采用分层整群方法随机抽取3~5岁儿童326名作为研究对象,对所有儿童进行口腔龋病检查和问卷调查,分析相关影响因素。结果共有171名儿童患龋,患龋率达52.45%。3~5岁儿童患龋率分别为39.81%、51.75%和66.35%,呈现明显升高趋势,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);开始刷牙时间3岁组患龋率(33.91%)、刷牙次数≥2次组患龋率(31.03%)、很少甜食摄入组患龋率(28.70%)、家长口腔健康知晓率较高组患龋率(47.55%)均低于其他组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 3~5岁儿童口腔龋病与开始刷牙时间、刷牙次数、甜品摄入以及家长口腔健康知晓情况等因素有关,应采取有针对性的干预措施,提高家长口腔保健知识,指导儿童养成良好的饮食习惯和正确的刷牙方式。     

张家港市5岁儿童乳牙患龋状况及相关因素分析

目的了解张家港市5岁儿童龋病的发病情况及易感因素。方法抽取张家港市23所幼儿园的872名5岁儿童,进行口腔检查并向家长进行问卷调查。结果张家港市5岁儿童龋患率为70.53%,龋均为3.11,龋失补充填率为2.92%;男女龋患率差异无统计学意义(P0.05);上颌乳中切牙患龋率最高,其次为下颌的乳磨牙,不同牙位乳牙龋患率差异有统计学意义(P0.05);儿童口腔卫生、饮食习惯、父母口腔卫生知识、态度和行为等多因素与儿童乳牙龋病密切相关。结论张家港市5岁儿童的龋患率较高,需早期开展预防工作;加强对父母口腔知识的宣传、刷牙指导,限制糖的摄入频率及避免不当进食方式对预防乳牙龋极为重要。     

日照市在园儿童龋病分析及对策

目的 通过分析在园儿童龋病的发病情况进行儿童口腔保健,改善并降低儿童龋病的发病率。方法 对日照市各大幼儿园2~7岁在园儿童1843名乳牙龋病的发病情况及其相关因素进行调查,并做统计学分析。结果在1843名受检儿童中,患龋病者873名,患龋率47.37%;从性别看,受检男童与女童患龋率无显著差异;儿童年龄越大患龋率越高,特别是5岁以上儿童;儿童患龋率受其口腔卫生及饮食习惯等因素影响。结论 儿童乳牙患龋率与其口腔卫生及饮食习惯有密切关系;随着儿童年龄的增长,患龋率增高。     

吉林省12岁儿童恒牙龋病状况及相关因素

目的了解吉林省12岁儿童恒牙龋病状况,并探讨其在口腔健康知识、行为等相关影响因素,为吉林地区儿童龋病的防治提供流行病学依据。方法依据第四次全国口腔健康流行病学调查方法,对吉林省9个地区2 324名12岁儿童进行口腔健康检查和问卷调查,采用SPSS 19.0统计软件对结果进行统计学分析。结果 12岁儿童患龋率为56.10%,龋均为1.53,龋补充填比为17.49%。与2005年吉林省调查相比均有明显改善,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05);Logistic多因素回归分析显示父母学历高低,进食甜食或进食碳酸型饮料次数与儿童患龋相关(P0.05)。结论吉林省12岁儿童患龋率、龋均、龋补充填比远高于2007年吉林省的调查结果和2017年全国的调查结果。但充填率仍较低,应加强口腔卫生服务,以促进该人群口腔健康水平。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.