The doctor,the patient and the body

Abstract

Objective.To develop a set of quality indicators focusing on the diagnosis and treatment of respiratory tract infections in general practice. Design. A modified 2-round Delphi study. Setting.General practice. Subjects. A panel of 27 experts (13 countries) comprising mainly general practitioners, clinical microbiologists, and clinical pharmacologists were asked to rate the relevance of 59 quality indicators for diagnosis and treatment of respiratory tract infections with regard to reducing antimicrobial resistance and improving patient health. A thorough literature review was carried out to ensure that all potential quality indicators were considered. Outcome. Consensus for a quality indicator was reached if ≥75% of experts scored the item ≥5 on a 7-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (=completely disagree) through 4 (=uncertain) to 7 (=completely agree). Results. A 96% response rate was achieved in both Delphi rounds. A total of 41 of the proposed 59 quality indicators attained consensus. None of the quality indicators focusing on the diagnostic process achieved consensus. Consensus was attained for 14 quality indicators focusing on the decision regarding antibiotic treatment and for 27 quality indicators focusing on the choice of antibiotics. Conclusion. This study resulted in a final set of 41 quality indicators concerning respiratory tract infections in general practice. These quality indicators may be used to strengthen general practitioners’ focus on their management of patients with respiratory tract infections and to identify where it is possible to make improvements.     

1 419例下呼吸道感染患者痰培养病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解下呼吸道感染患者的痰培养病原菌分布及耐药性,指导临床合理用药.方法 从下呼吸道分离出992株病原菌进行耐药性分析.结果 分离菌株中,革兰阳性(G )细菌中以金黄色葡萄球菌最多占37.17%,表皮葡萄球菌占16.75%.革兰阴性(G-)细菌中以大肠埃希菌最多占20.82%,铜绿假单胞菌占17.38%,醋酸钙不动杆菌占11.31%,枸橼酸杆菌占16.72%.产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)细菌的总检出率为17.2%,其耐药性明显高于非ESBLs.G 球菌对万古霉素均敏感,其次为磷霉素、诺氟沙星.G-细菌对亚胺培南及头孢哌酮舒巴坦及左氧氟沙星有较高的敏感性.结论 G-细菌为呼吸道感染的主要病原菌,临床应根据病原菌的种类(包括真菌)进行药敏试验,合理选择抗生素,以减少耐药性及致命的二重感染.     

Evaluation of a service development to increase detection of urinary tract infections in children

RATIONALE, AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: It is suspected that childhood urinary tract infection (UTI) remains under-diagnosed in primary care, and is consequently the cause of subsequent morbidity from renal scarring, hypertension and eventual renal failure. Practice-based education and service developments were undertaken to try to improve the detection of childhood UTI. METHODS: A controlled before-and-after intervention study was conducted. The educational and service developments promoted awareness of and greater testing for UTI among children less than two years of age presenting with febrile illness or other potentially relevant symptoms or signs. Appropriate diagnostic equipment was provided. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: More urine samples were sent by the intervention practices but without a concomitant increase in detection of UTIs. This may indicate that current practice is approaching near maximal detection of UTI in young children.     

EB病毒IgM、IgG及DNA检测在儿童呼吸道感染性疾病中的诊断价值分析

目的分析EB病毒(EBV)IgM、IgG及EBV-DNA在儿童呼吸道感染性疾病中的诊断价值。方法选取400例呼吸道感染患儿作为观察组,100例非呼吸道感染住院患儿作为对照组,采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测患儿的EBV-IgM和IgG,荧光定量PCR(FQ-PCR)检测病毒DNA。比较观察组和对照组患儿的EBV-IgM、IgG及EBV-DNA阳性率,评价不同指标的诊断价值。结果观察组患儿EBV-IgM阳性率51.00%,EBV-IgG阳性率58.50%,EBV-DNA阳性率56.25%;对照组患儿EBV-IgM阳性率4.00%,EBV-IgG阳性率11.00%,EBV-DNA阳性率5.00%,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。EBV-IgM灵敏度51.00%,特异度96.00%,曲线下面积0.617;EBV-IgG灵敏度58.50%,特异度89.00%,曲线下面积0.583;EBV-DNA灵敏度56.25%,特异度95.00%,曲线下面积0.642。结论 EBV-IgM、IgG及EBV-DNA在儿童呼吸道感染中具有诊断价值。     

Report from University of Birmingham

Objective To evaluate prerequisites, practicalities, attitudes and limitations related to the collection of structured clinical data in everyday general practice for use in the future establishment of a national registration network.

Design Prospective study.

Setting Primary health care centres in south-western Sweden.

Subjects Fourteen participating general practitioners in five primary health care centres.

Main outcome measures Feasibility and workload involved in structured data entry and in the retrieval of data from different record systems. The accuracy of clinical data in terms of clinical variables, correctness and representativeness.

Results All four record systems could deliver basic data on the patient population. One centre had to be excluded from further data retrieval because of limitations in the data retrieval export format. Collecting data in everyday practice was feasible with acceptable data accuracy and moderate workload.

Conclusion It was feasible to collect, retrieve and store structured clinical data with respect to accuracy and extra workload. Interest in a national registration network and an increasing demand for information about primary health care in order to optimise clinical practices and support research, creates prerequisites for establishing a valid and reliable database. However, developmental work focusing on classification limitations, coding tools and routines for data retrieval is necessary.     

甘肃省康县儿童腺病毒7型流行特征与病原学分析

目的 探讨甘肃省陇南市康县儿童腺病毒7型的流行病学及病原学特征。方法 采用统一的流行病学个案调查表对病例进行调查,采集病例咽拭子样本118份,采用实时荧光聚合酶链反应（PCR）方法对流感病毒（influenza virus, Flu）、呼吸道合胞病毒（respiratory syncytial virus, RSV）、呼吸道腺病毒（human adenovirus, HAdV）等12种病原进行初筛检测。对HAdV核酸初筛阳性样本进行病毒分离,并对分离到的病毒株进行Hexon基因片段测序,核酸序列采用ClustalⅩ和Mega 6.0软件进行分析。结果 2014年12月20日至2015年2月2日共报告118例感染病例,均为儿童,年龄最小的仅2个月,最大的11岁,分布在康县21个乡镇中的17个乡镇,1岁27例,1～岁37例,2～岁40例;5岁14例,其中男性67人,女性51人,男女性别比为1.31:1。临床特征以发热、咳嗽、咽痛为主,部分病例伴扁桃体发炎、腹泻等症状。实验室确诊为HAdV感染的有33例,分布在13个乡镇。118例病例咽拭子经实时荧光PCR检测,HAdV阳性33例,流感病毒H3N2阳性7例,RSV阳性6例,HAdV和RSV混合感染2例。HAdV阳性标本用Hep-2细胞分离到病毒18株。中国疾病预防控制中心病毒病预防控制所复核HAdV717株,HAdV31株,毒株测序结果表明,HAdV7毒株同源性高达100%,所有毒株位于同一分支上。结论 该起儿童呼吸道感染疫情的主要病原是HAdV7;疫情初期为H3N2流感病毒感染,后期RSV病毒感染病例使疫情持续时间延长;当地的恶劣气候,医院门诊对发热患者未按要求进行预检分诊,输液大厅、儿科病房等通风条件差,病例拥挤是本次疫情扩散的主要原因。     

上海地区小儿急性病毒性下呼吸道感染临床流行病学特征

目的了解近年上海地区小儿急性病毒性下呼吸道感染的流行特征。方法采用直接免疫荧光法(DIF)，对2002年10月-2004年4月住院的4534例0～16岁呼吸道感染患儿鼻咽分泌物进行6种病毒检测。结果4534例患儿中有1837例病毒检测阳性，总阳性率40．5％。呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)检出最多，为831例(45．2％)，其余依次为流感病毒A(IFVA)330例(18．0％)，副流感病毒1、3(PIV1，3)232例(12．6％)，流感病毒B(IFVB)201例(10．9％)，副流感病毒2(PIV2)114例(6．2％)，腺病毒(ADV)96例(5．2％)和混合感染33例(1．8％)。7个月～1岁年龄组阳性率最高，为65．8％，3岁以下儿童阳性率为88．7％。RSV阳性患儿的平均月龄为5个月(0．1～156个月)，明显低于其他病毒阳性的患儿。RSV季节性较明显，2003和2004年高峰主要集中在1—2月份，2004年的高峰在2003年12月份提前出现。IFVA，IFVB在2002年10—12月份有一个小高峰。毛细支气管炎病毒阳性率为53．4％，其中RSV占79．5％，IFVA13．5％，PIV22．6％，ADV2．6％。肺炎、支气管炎、喉气管支气管炎、有喘息症状的支气管炎和哮喘患儿病毒阳性率分别为41．3％、35．3％、40．3％、42．5％和36．5％。结论病毒依然是上海地区小儿下呼吸道感染的主要病原。发病年龄主要在婴幼儿，其中RSV和IFVA最常见。毛细支气管炎主要病原仍是RSV。IFVA多见于其他有喘息症状的患儿。     

信阳地区冬春季儿童急性下呼吸道感染病毒及肺炎支原体病原学研究

目的了解信阳地区冬春季急性下呼吸道感染（ALRT）住院儿童病毒及支原体检出率及构成特点。方法选择2013年10月至2014年3月急性下呼吸道感染的住院儿童532例,用间接免疫方法检测6种呼吸道病原体Ig M抗体（肺炎支原体、呼吸道合胞病毒、乙型流感病毒、副流感病毒、腺病毒、甲型流感INFA）。结果病原体总阳性检出率为44.54%。6种病原体检出率由高到低依次为：肺炎支原体（18.79%）,呼吸道合胞病毒（12.40%）,乙型流感病毒（10.52%）,副流感病毒（6.90%）,腺病毒（3.70%）,甲型流感（0.00%）。3-6岁年龄组阳性率最高为69.56%,支气管肺炎组检出率最高为47.87%。结论引起信阳地区冬春季急性下呼吸道感染患儿的主要病原体为肺炎支原体、呼吸道合胞病毒、乙型流感病毒、副流感病毒。     

综合气道护理对重症肺炎患儿治疗效果及呼吸道感染的影响

目的探析综合气道护理对重症肺炎患儿治疗效果及呼吸道感染的影响。方法选择91例重症肺炎患儿作为研究对象,按随机数字表法分为观察组(n=46)与对照组(n=45)。对照组予以常规护理,观察组在对照组基础上增加综合气道护理,比较2组咳嗽、喘憋、肺啰音等症状改善时间、住院时间、机械通气时间、呼吸道感染发生率。结果观察组咳嗽、喘憋、肺啰音等临床症状改善时间均显著短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组住院时间、机械通气时间均短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组共5例(10.9%)发生呼吸道感染,对照组共13例(28.9%),2组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论综合气道护理应用在重症肺炎患儿中可确保呼吸道通畅,同时强化治疗效果,缩短症状改善时间、住院时间、机械通气时间,降低呼吸道感染发生率,值得推广应用。     

2015年某院下呼吸道感染患者细菌分布及耐药特征分析

目的：通过对本院主要临床科室2015年下呼吸道感染患者痰液,支气管肺泡灌洗液以及血液标本的细菌学研究,揭示本院下呼吸道感染患者细菌分布及耐药特征。方法按照标本类型分为痰液组,灌洗液组、血液组,采用细菌培养分离、鉴定及药敏分析技术,数据纳入whonet5．4数据库,并作相关的统计分析。结果本院下呼吸道感染患者以革兰氏阴性杆菌感染为主,检出率89．6％,肺炎克雷伯菌,大肠埃希菌分列第一、二位,检出率分别为26．9％、20．9％;革兰阳性菌较少,以金黄色葡萄球菌为主,检出率8．5％;多重耐药的铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌增加趋势明显。结论联合痰液及灌洗液、血液多种标本微生物检测对下呼吸道感染患者的诊治任具有一定意义。切实加强院感监测,严格抗生素的合理应用,防止多重耐药菌进一步扩大的趋势已迫在眉睫。     

儿童急性下呼吸道感染病毒感染的检测与分析

目的研究分析儿童急性下呼吸道感染病毒病原的构成特点。方法收集临床162例确诊急性下呼吸道感染病例的肺泡灌洗液,用试剂盒法进行病毒核酸提取和检测。结果162例急性下呼吸道感染病例中病毒感染阳性病例119例,阳性率73．5％。119例阳性病例中检出：流行性感冒病毒（IFV）3例、呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）22例、腺病毒（ADV）4例、副流感病毒（PIV）46例、偏肺病毒（hMPV）17例、冠状病毒（COV）6例、博卡病毒（HBoV）20例。其中混合性感染47例,占29％,两种病毒混合感染38例,三种病毒混合感染8例,四种病毒混合感染1例。结论病毒是儿童急性下呼吸道感染的重要感染原因,患儿感染呈混合性感染趋势,两种病毒感染情况最多见。     

Report from University College London (UCL)

Objectives. To explore potentials for avoiding humiliations in clinical encounters, especially those that are unintended and unrecognized by the doctor. Furthermore, to examine theoretical foundations of degrading behaviour and identify some concepts that can be used to understand such behaviour in the cultural context of medicine. Finally, these concepts are used to build a model for the clinician in order to prevent humiliation of the patient. Theoretical frame of reference. Empirical studies document experiences of humiliation among patients when they see their doctor. Philosophical and sociological analysis can be used to explain the dynamics of unintended degrading behaviour between human beings. Skjervheim, Vetlesen, and Bauman have identified the role of objectivism, distantiation, and indifference in the dynamics of evil acts, pointing to the rules of the cultural system, rather than accusing the individual of bad behaviour. Examining the professional role of the doctor, parallel traits embedded in the medical culture are demonstrated. According to Vetlesen, emotional awareness is necessary for moral perception, which again is necessary for moral performance. Conclusion. A better balance between emotions and rationality is needed to avoid humiliations in the clinical encounter. The Awareness Model is presented as a strategy for clinical practice and education, emphasizing the role of the doctor's own emotions. Potentials and pitfalls are discussed.