马钱子生物碱微囊的制备及评价

为降低马钱子生物碱的释放速率,采用乳化 溶剂扩散法制备马钱子生物碱微囊,以载药量、包封率、外观形态等为考核指标,通过正交试验对制备工艺条件进行优化并考察其体外溶出性能。结果表明：在优化的工艺条件（囊芯和囊材质量比为1∶2,囊材质量浓度0.135 g/mL,乳化剂体积分数2%,有机相和水相体积比为1∶5）下3次平行制得微囊的包封率和载药量的平均值分别为53.99%和18.25%;微囊外观光滑圆整,流动性好且粒径分布较窄;微囊中的马钱子碱与士的宁在人工胃液中具有良好的体外缓释效果。     

复凝聚法制备甲硝唑缓释微囊

目的制备甲硝唑微囊并对其质量进行评价。方法以明胶和阿拉伯胶为囊材,采用复凝聚法制备甲硝唑微囊,并对微囊包封率和载药量、体外释药性进行考察。结果所制微囊包封率在52%以上,载药量大于30%,12 h时累积释药量达90%以上。结论该制剂制备方法简便易行,质量评价合格。     

甘草黄酮微囊的制备及其理化性质的研究

目的研究甘草黄酮微囊的制备及其理化性质。方法以生物可降解型明胶和阿拉伯胶为囊材,采用复凝聚法制备甘草黄酮微囊,考察其形态特征及微囊的包封率的情况,采用紫外分光光度法测定微囊内药物含量及包封率。结果最佳工艺为:囊心和囊材的比例为1∶2,制备甘草黄酮时的温度为50℃,转速为600 r/min,明胶和阿拉伯胶的比例为1∶1,明胶和阿拉伯胶的浓度为3.0 g/ml。甘草黄酮微囊外观均一、光滑,平均载药量为(14.30±2.13)%,平均包封率为(70.72±2.38)%。结论复凝聚法制备甘草黄酮微囊方法操作简单,方便易行。     

硝苯地平微囊的制备及体外释放度研究

目的采用复凝聚法制备硝苯地平(NF)微囊,并对其进行体外释放研究.方法 采用复凝聚法制备NF微囊,采用光学显微镜观察微囊外形、粒径,并对微囊的载药量、包封率和体外释放度进行研究.结果 本实验制得的微囊平均粒径为23.8±2.6μm,载药量为15.8%,包封率为80.6%,NF微囊体外释放符合Higuchi方程.结论 采用复凝聚法制备的NF微囊,粒径均匀,载药量及包封率较高,具有很好的缓释作用.     

盐酸青藤碱微囊的制备及其质量评价

目的 研究盐酸青藤碱微囊的制备工艺,并考察其体外释药特性。方法 用复凝聚法制备盐酸青藤碱微囊,以包封率为指标,用正交试验设计法对盐酸青藤碱的制备工艺进行研究,用高效液相色谱法研究制备的微囊体外释药特性,并且对其形态、稳定性等进行研究。结果 盐酸青藤碱微囊的囊心囊材比、搅拌速率及成囊温度对微囊的包封率均有显著影响,当囊心与囊材比为1∶3、搅拌速率为200 r/min、成囊温度为60 ℃时,制得的盐酸青藤碱微囊囊形圆整光滑,囊壁清晰,粒径均匀,平均包封率可高达85%,载药量平均为16.5%,囊径为4～12 μm。结论 复凝聚法制备盐酸青藤碱微囊工艺简单、可靠,产品稳定性好。微囊作为一种新兴剂型,具有一定的缓释效果。     

星点设计优化5-氟尿嘧啶壳聚糖微囊的制备工艺

目的:应用星点设计法优化5-氟尿嘧啶壳聚糖微囊的制备工艺,以提高微囊性质的可预测性。方法:以壳聚糖为囊材,采用单凝聚法将5-氟尿嘧啶微囊化,以载药量、包封率、粒径、跨距为因变量对壳聚糖浓度、芯壁比、乳化剂用量和成囊温度4个自变量的各水平进行多元线性回归和二项式拟合,并进行预测分析。结果:通过星点设计法得出微囊的最佳制备工艺条件为:壳聚糖浓度为质量分数0.15%,芯壁比1.5,乳化剂的用量8%,成囊温度50℃。结论:星点设计法优化微囊制备工艺预测性良好,制得的微囊具有囊型好、粒径分布均匀、重现性好、包封率高且制备工艺稳定的特点。     

壳聚糖纳米粒作为基因载体的研究:制备,特征和对DNA的保护

目的:制备载基因壳聚糖纳米粒,研究纳米粒药剂学特征以及对DNA的保护作用.方法:复凝聚法制备纳米粒,对纳米粒的形态、粒径及分布、Zeta电位、包封率、载药量和处方影响因素进行了考察,凝胶阻滞法分析壳聚糖和pDNA的聚合方式,pDNA保护性试验考察壳聚糖纳米粒抵抗核酸酶的能力.结果:制备的pDNA/壳聚糖纳米粒为结构较紧密的不规则球形,平均粒径为(240.4±13.2)nm,多分散指数为(0.173±0.05),Zeta电位为(18.4±0.6)mV,包封率为(95.2±1.9)%,载药量为(30.7±0.8)%.凝胶阻滞分析结果表明,纳米粒荷正电,pDNA与壳聚糖之间通过静电作用而完全结合.纳米粒的粒径、Zeta电位受处方中的壳聚糖相对分子质量、N/P(壳聚糖中伯胺基数目/pDNA中磷酸基数目)比、pDNA浓度、Na2SO4浓度和pH值等因素影响.pDNA保护性试验表明,壳聚糖纳米粒对pDNA有保护作用.结论:壳聚糖可以有效凝聚pDNA,采用复凝聚法可制得200～500 nm范围荷正电的纳米粒,有较高的包封率和载药量,可有效保护pDNA免受核酸酶降解.壳聚糖作为黏膜给药的非病毒基因载体具有应用价值.     

灯盏花素壳聚糖-海藻酸钠微囊的制备

目的考察灯盏花素壳聚糖-海藻酸钠微囊的制备工艺和最优处方。方法采用凝聚法制备了灯盏花素壳聚糖-海藻酸钠微囊。以药物的包封率和载药量作为制备工艺优化指标,通过正交试验得出微囊的最优处方。结果最优处方为海藻酸钠质量浓度为25mg/mL,壳聚糖质量浓度为2mg/mL,氯化钙浓度为0.2mol/L,海藻酸钠与药物的比例为1∶1。结论本法工艺简单可行,稳定,重现性好。     

紫草素明胶-海藻酸钠微囊制备

目的:优选紫草素明胶-海藻酸钠微囊的制备工艺条件。方法:以紫草素微囊载药量、包封率、粒径大小及分布为制备工艺的优化指标,通过单因素试验和L9(34)正交试验,考察了乳化剂种类、乳化温度、明胶/海藻酸钠最佳浓度与比例、芯壁比、Ca Cl2浓度等因素对微囊形成的影响。结果:紫草素复合微囊的最佳制备条件为:2%的明胶和海藻酸钠(比例为1∶3),芯壁比为1∶1,Ca Cl2浓度为5%,吐温-司盘(1∶1)为乳化剂,乳化温度55℃;所得微囊成球性好、粒径分布均匀,载药量和包封率分别为18.27%、81.90%。结论:优选工艺所制备的紫草素明胶-海藻酸钠微囊包封率和载药率都较高,粒径均一,为紫草素微囊的进一步研究奠定基础。     

高良姜乙醇提取物微囊的制备及其性能表征

【目的】探究高良姜乙醇提取物微囊的最佳制备工艺及其性能表征。【方法】以阿拉伯胶（GA）-壳聚糖（CS）为囊壁材料,采用复合凝聚法制备微囊,以载药量和包封率为指标,通过正交设计法筛选微囊最佳制备工艺,并采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法测定微囊中高良姜乙醇提取物的含量,利用红外光谱仪及扫描电子显微镜对所制备的微囊进行性能表征。【结果】高良姜乙醇提取物微囊的最佳制备条件为壁材比（GA/CS） 6∶1,芯壁比1∶1,凝聚时间45 min,固化剂用量3 mL。此条件下制备高良姜乙醇提取物微囊的载药量为27.17%,包封率为80.07%,且高良姜乙醇提取物微囊缓释性能优于高良姜乙醇提取物。【结论】复合凝聚法制备高良姜乙醇提取物微囊具有较好的包封性,方法简单且稳定可靠,可行性高。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.