炭疽芽孢杆菌中和性抗体的研究进展

炭疽芽孢杆菌的中和性抗体在炭疽的被动免疫和治疗中有着重要的意义。抗保护性抗原（protective antigen,PA）抗体既能够抑制芽孢出芽又具有中和毒素的作用。抗致死因子（lethal factor,LE）/水肿因子（edema factor,EF）抗体能阻断致死毒素（lethal toxin,LT）/水肿毒素（edema toxin,ET）发挥活性,荚膜抗体能结合补体导致细菌繁殖体裂解。同时中和性抗体的水平也可以作为保护性免疫的评价标准。另一方面中和性单克隆抗体可以作为分析确定PA的中和性表位的有力工具。对中和性表位的分析既有利于探索炭疽毒素致病机制,也可以为现有炭疽疫苗的使用和发展表位疫苗等新型炭疽疫苗提供理论依据。该文综述了炭疽芽孢杆菌中和性抗体的研究进展。     

新兵应接种哪些疫苗等10则

新兵来自全国各地,抗体水平差异较大,加之少数新兵携带病原体,有可能在一定条件下发病或引起暴发流行。因此,新兵入伍后应及时注射有关疫苗进行预防。通常有下列三个方面的要求： 　　1.新兵、新学员到达部队和军校后,在集体检疫期内必须接种吸附精制破伤风类毒素和A群脑膜炎多糖菌苗。 　　2.各单位应根据部队驻地疫情特点和实际情况,增加疫苗接种的种类。对麻疹、甲型病毒性肝炎无免疫力的人群,可分别接种麻疹疫苗和甲肝疫苗,在伤寒流行季节前可接种伤寒Vi菌苗。 　　3.部队进入传染病疫区或有传染病流行暴发的可能以及发生传染病流行、暴发时,可根据病种进行预防接种。常用的疫苗有霍乱疫苗、流行性出血热疫苗、钩端螺旋体疫苗等。 　　……     

炭疽芽孢杆菌A16R株无菌培养滤液的蛋白质组学分析

目的：初步分析由我国炭疽疫苗株A16R所生产的无菌培养滤液中的主要成分。方法：运用免疫蛋白质组学的手段,从炭疽A16R疫苗株无菌培养滤液的二维凝胶电泳中选择与保护性抗体结合和不与该血清结合但丰度高的蛋白质点,进行质谱鉴定和信号肽分析。结果：共选择73个点,从炭疽芽孢杆菌数据库中鉴定出66个。在66个点中,有43个点与保护性血清结合;23个为高丰度蛋白,不与该血清结合。在与保护性血清结合的43个点中,13个点为不同大小的PA分子,其中相对分子质量83×10^3和63×10^3占主导,相对分子质量较小的片段仅4个。其余成分包括炭疽表面蛋白EA1、Sap、胶原黏附蛋白、伴侣分子DnaK等。结论：我们制备的炭疽无菌培养滤液中含有PA成分,PA是炭疽疫苗的重要保护性抗原。但PA以外的其他成分在抗炭疽免疫中起何种作用,是否参与诱发机体免疫应答有待进一步研究。     

Suspected meningococcal meningitis on an aircraft carrier

A suspected case of meningococcal meningitis was diagnosed in a 24-year-old sailor onboard an aircraft carrier at sea in 2003. He was immediately confined to the ship's hospital ward under respiratory isolation precautions and was treated with intravenously administered antibiotics. His illness resolved without sequelae. A total of 99 close contacts from the ship were identified and given antibiotic prophylaxis, with directly observed therapy. British public health authorities were contacted to trace and treat persons identified as close contacts during a port call a few days before presentation. Managing a communicable disease such as meningococcal meningitis in the austere shipboard environment represents a unique challenge to military medical personnel. Successful management is possible through prompt treatment, respiratory isolation, and open communication between primary health care providers and public health officials. The identification of shipboard close contacts and other infection control procedures used by the ship's medical department are reviewed.     

DWIBS评价SPIO标记树突状细胞治疗兔VX2肝癌的疗效

目的探讨磁共振背景信号抑制弥散加权成像(MR DWIBS)在评价磁标记负载肝癌抗原的树突状细胞疫苗活体内移植后对原发性肝癌的治疗作用。方法用粒/巨细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)和白细胞介素4(IL-4)诱导分化DC获得DC疫苗。并且用超顺磁性氧化铁标记.建立兔VX2肝癌模型,皮下注射磁标记的DC疫苗,观察DC疫苗的体内分布。运用DWIBS不同时间点活体检测肿瘤的大小、形态。结果①DC疫苗的体内分布:注射树突状细胞疫苗后,兔肝细胞内可见较多蓝染铁颗粒沉着,而仅有少数Kupffer细胞内可见蓝染铁颗粒沉着;②肿瘤的DWIBS影像上,肝实质信号减低最显著,肿瘤边界清楚;③同时间点治疗组与对照组的凋亡指数(AI)情况:治疗后1周、2周治疗组分别与相应对照组凋亡指数差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);④不同时间点治疗组及对照组的ADC比值情况:治疗后1周、2周治疗组分别与相应对照组ADC比值差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论磁标记负载肝癌抗原的Dc疫苗体内能诱导产生明显的抑瘤作用。而用DWIBS成像技术则为原发性肝癌的免疫基因治疗提供了重要的形态学信息。     

The meningococcal infection on Navy: modern clinical-and-epidemiological aspects

The article presents the own data about modern clinical-and-epidemiological peculiarities of a meningococcal infection on Navy for 20 consecutive years (1982-2002) based on the analysis of the annual reports of fleet medical services and the inspection of 275 centers of a meningococcal infection in military troops. The centers with the single generalized form of a meningococcal infection prevailed. The centers with the number of people from 10 to 40 men amounted to 82%. The frequency of the meningococcal defeat of the people in the centers varied from 25% to 37% with the main role of meningococcae A. In the structure of a meningococcal infection the generalized forms amounted to 16%, located forms--25%, carriers--59%. In all regions the major form of the display of epidemic process in military collectives was seasonal sick rate. The article proved the electoral approach to the character and volume of curative-and-preventive measures.     

日本血吸虫多价分子疫苗的保护性免疫力研究

将从日本血吸虫成虫分离纯化出的28kD、31/32kD人97kD蛋白混合组成多价分子疫苗免疫小鼠,再行攻击感染,观察其保护性免疫力。结果:疫苗加佐剂组,成虫减虫率、肝组织减卵率及肠壁组织减卵率分别为50.3％、72.0％和81.5％,均显著高于对照组(P<0.01);实验组肝虫卵肉芽肿较对照组炎症反应程度轻,虫卵肉芽肿周长及面积均低于对照组(P<0.01)。提示:此多价分子疫苗,具有较高的减虫率、减卵率及抑制虫卵肉芽肿形成的作用,有一定的应用前景。     

Health effects of anthrax vaccination in the Canadian forces

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine whether anthrax vaccine resulted in adverse health effects in Canadian Forces members 8 months after vaccination. METHODS: A quasi-experimental, retrospective chart review was undertaken for two groups within the Canadian Forces, one group that received anthrax vaccination and another that did not. Information on symptoms, diagnoses, and injuries for 848 persons for which there were approximately 35,000 chart entries was abstracted from charts over a 4.5-year period and was coded using the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th edition. RESULTS: The chart retrieval rate was 84%. The mean number of chart entries per person was higher in the comparison group (43.4) than in the vaccine group (38.2). No statistically significant differences were seen in the percent change before and after vaccination in the number of chart entries for specific diagnoses and symptoms for the vaccine group compared with the comparison group. Visual inspection of the time trend in rates showed no unexplained increases in the rate of diagnosis and symptoms in the vaccine group after vaccination. CONCLUSION: This study found no evidence that the anthrax vaccination resulted in an increase in adverse health effects in the 8-month period after vaccination.     

芦荟提取物对大鼠烫伤创面微血管形成的影响

目的探讨芦荟提取物对大鼠烫伤创面修复过程中微血管形成的影响。方法Wistar大鼠48只,随机分为8组,每组6只。每只背部造成4处直径3 cm深Ⅱ度烫伤创面,分别外涂质量分数分别为5%、10%、1%的芦荟粗多糖膏、芦荟凝胶膏、磺胺嘧啶银(SD-Ag)霜等渗盐水作空白对照,测量和计算烫伤后第10,14,18,21天创面面积,计算创面愈合率,并于烫伤前、伤后4 h、12 h、24 h、48 h和7 d、14 d、21 d分别取大鼠创面皮肤测定创面组织中血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)含量,采用Ⅷ因子免疫组织化学染色计算微血管密度(MVD)。结果5%芦荟粗多糖组和10%芦荟凝胶组(简称前者)与SD-Ag霜组和等渗盐水组(简称后者)相比,烫伤后14,18, 21 d,前者创面愈合率显著大于后者(P<0.05);烫伤后48 h、7 d、14 d和21 d,前者比后者创面VEGF含量显著增加(P<0.05);在烫伤后14 d和21 d,前者创面微血管密度显著大于后者(P< 0.05);而5%芦荟粗多糖组与10%芦荟凝胶组间、SD-Ag霜组与等渗盐水组间比较,差异无统计学意义。结论芦荟粗多糖和芦荟凝胶能通过增加烫伤创面组织VEGF的合成与释放,增加创面的微血管形成,促进创面愈合。     

Keeping our adult patients healthy and active: the role of vaccines across the lifespan

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend vaccinations from birth through adulthood for lifetime protection against many diseases and infections. Healthy, active adults need to be vaccinated for personal protection against infection as well as associated health benefits (eg, ability to maintain their daily activities). Immunization also reduces the risk of an individual transmitting infection to others, thereby conferring protection to his or her entire community. In the United States, influenza and pertussis (part of the trivalent Tdap) vaccines are recommended for every adult. There are other important vaccines for adults: the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine is recommended for every adult female aged up to 26 years, shingles vaccine is recommended for all adults aged ≥ 60 years, and pneumococcal vaccine is recommended based on age (all adults aged ≥ 65 years) and risk factors. Hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and meningococcal vaccines are recommended for adults with certain risk factors or conditions that increase their risk for serious complications (ie, there are no age-based recommendations for these vaccines in adults). Catch-up vaccination is also recommended for adults who have no evidence or proof of immunity to selected, traditionally childhood infections (ie, measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella). Despite the established safety and efficacy of vaccines for disease prevention, millions of adults who should be vaccinated are not, resulting in substantial and avoidable morbidity and mortality, as well as health care expenditures. It is incumbent on health care providers to raise awareness among their adult patients and encourage vaccination, thereby improving uptake among eligible adults. Routine vaccination into adulthood must be viewed as standard of care and an integral component of a comprehensive preventive care program.     

结核分枝杆菌Ag85A DNA疫苗的免疫原性和治疗作用

目的 研究结核分枝杆菌Ag85A DNA 疫苗的免疫原性和治疗作用.方法 40只BALB/c小鼠随机分为4组,分别用生理盐水、pVAX1载体、微卡菌苗、Ag85A DNA 疫苗免疫,每2周肌内注射1次,共3次.研究 Ag85A DNA 疫苗的免疫原性.用结核分枝杆菌H37Rv通过尾静脉注射40只BALB/c小鼠,分别用生理盐水、pVAX1载体、利福平、Ag 85A DNA 疫苗治疗.治疗结束后2周杀鼠,观察肺和脾病理改变,称取重量、做菌落计数,用ELISPOT方法检测小鼠分泌γ干扰素(IFN-γ)的T淋巴细胞斑点数.结果 与其他组比较,Ag 85A DNA疫苗能诱导产生大量Ag85A特异的分泌IFN-γ 的T淋巴细胞(S=11.832,P=0.0080).肺组织病理显示:生理盐水组肺组织病变严重、广泛;载体组比生理盐水组病变略轻,但病变仍较重、广泛;Ag 85A DNA 疫苗组肺组织病变减轻、局限,3/5区域肺泡结构完整,清晰;利福平组肺组织无病变.与生理盐水组比较,Ag85A DNA 疫苗组和利福平组肺脏菌落数分别减少0.73 log和2.11 log;肝脏菌落数分别减少0.88 log和2.11 log(P<0.01).结论 Ag85A DNA 疫苗对小鼠结核病具有较好的治疗效果.     

表达黑色素瘤抗原-A3重组质粒的免疫原性研究

 目的 对新型肺癌基因疫苗的免疫原性进行评价。 方法 利用Furin 2A将黑色素瘤抗原A3(MAGE-A3)基因与GM-CSF基因进行连接,克隆入真核表达载体pVAX1,构建基因疫苗pVAX1- MAGE-A3-F2A-GM-CSF。将该疫苗体外转染293T细胞,利用免疫印迹和ELISA的方法对其表达情况进行检测。然后,将疫苗及对照组分别免疫接种小鼠,通过ELISA和ELISPOT法初步检测其诱导的体液免疫和细胞免疫反应。 结果 成功克隆并构建了肺癌基因疫苗pVAX1- MAGE-A3-F2A-GM-CSF,并证实了其在真核细胞中表达。疫苗免疫接种小鼠模型后的检测结果显示,与空载体对照组以及单独抗原组相比,pVAX1- MAGE-A3-F2A-GM-CSF能够诱导产生更强的体液免疫反应和细胞免疫反应。结论 pVAX1- MAGE-A3-F2A-GM-CSF能够同时诱导较强的体液免疫和细胞免疫反应,其抗肿瘤效应将通过进一步实验深入研究。