内镜黏膜下剥离术后食管狭窄的防治研究进展

正华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院丁强田德安*,武汉430030     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗胃食管广基病变的临床研究

目的 探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术（ESD）治疗胃食管广基底病变的疗效及安全性.方法 回顾性分析2012年1月～ 2014年1月我院应用电子食管胃镜发现的直径≥2.0 cm胃食管广基病变（息肉、癌前病变、早期局限性肿瘤）患者的临床资料,经超声内镜检查位于黏膜肌层以下（包括黏膜肌层）的病灶纳入选择,并行ESD治疗.结果 本组研究共64例患者,54例病灶位于胃内,10例病灶位于食管内,所有病变经ESD完整剥离,术后经病理证实标本基底及边缘均无病变组织残留.胃组：5例（9.26％）发生术中少量渗血,出血量2～10ml,予以电热活检钳电凝成功止血;1例（1.85％）患者术后8小时出现呕血,鲜红色,Hb从132g/L降至100 g/L,急诊胃镜止血成功.食管：病灶内均未见出血、穿孔、皮下气肿等并发症.随访58例,术后l,3,6个月复查胃镜,创面愈合良好,未见病变残留和复发.结论 ESD治疗胃食管广基病变安全、有效,并发症发生率低,能维持正常的生理结构.     

内镜黏膜下剥离术后食管狭窄预防的研究进展

内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)是治疗食管黏膜良恶性病变的常用手段,已成为食管癌前病变和早期食管癌的首选治疗方法.早期食管癌ESD术后5年生存率＞95％,但术后食管狭窄严重影响患者的生存质量.食管非环周病变切除后狭窄的发生率为56％～76％,环周病变切除后狭窄率更是高达100％.目前局部注射类固醇激素和口服类固醇激素是预防食...     

老年人食管内镜黏膜下剥离术后胃食管反流的初步评价

目的评估老年人的食管病变在进行内镜黏膜下剥离术（endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD）3个月后的胃食管反流情况。方法回顾性调查60岁及以上行食管ESD术后3个月及以上的患者烧心、反酸等症状的发生情况,用胃食管反流病症状量表进行评分。记录患者年龄、病变位置、大小和来源,分析软件SPSS17．0。结果共有144例患者完成了随访,其中男性86例,女性58例,中位年龄65岁（60—80岁）。食管病灶大小0．4-10cm,中位数2cm。病灶下缘距食管胃结合部0—21．5cm,25％和75％位数值分别为4．1cm和12．0cm,中位数值为8．0cm。有胃食管反流症状者40例（27．8％）,诊断为胃食管反流病者11例（7．6％）。女性较男性患者容易发生胃食管反流症状（P=0．028）,病灶下缘距离食管胃结合部〈2．0cm者较2．0cm以上的患者更容易发生胃食管反流病（P=0．011）。结论食管病变的ESD手术3个月后部分老年患者出现胃食管反流症状和食管炎,距离食管胃结合部2cm以内的病灶ESD术后患者可能容易发生胃食管反流病。     

内镜黏膜剥离术治疗消化道黏膜及黏膜下病变

目的探讨内镜下黏膜剥离术(endoscopic gubmucosal disseetion,ESD)治疗消化道黏膜及黏膜下病变的疗效、安全性及并发症防治。方法回顾性分析ESD方法治疗37例消化道黏膜及黏膜下病变的内镜下手术情况、并发症及治疗、预后情况。结果术中出血3例,术后出血2例,均内镜下成功止血;术中穿孔2例,均予内镜下金属夹夹闭后内科保守治疗成功,未有中转外科手术;l例直肠类癌及1例食管重度异型增生术后切缘病变组织残留,2~6月后复查未见明显复发迹象。结论 ESD治疗消化道黏膜及黏膜下病变安全、有效,可以一次性完整切除较大病变,提供完整的病理学资料,且术后不易复发。     

食管内镜黏膜下剥离术与术后食管动力异常的相关因素

内镜黏膜下剥离术（endoscopic submucosal dissection ,ESD）是食管早期癌的首选治疗手段,因创伤小,术后恢复快在临床上被广泛使用。ESD术后除了出血、穿孔、术后狭窄等常见并发症外,部分患者术后还可能在食管没有狭窄的情况下出现不同程度的吞咽困难等症状,考虑与术后食管动力异常有关。本文主要就食管ESD与术后食管动力异常的相关因素作一综述。     

早期食管癌内镜黏膜下剥离术后食管狭窄的特征及影响因素探讨

目的 探讨早期食管癌内镜黏膜下剥离术（endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD）后发生食管狭窄的特征及可能的影响因素。方法 以2011年1月—2018年12月在陆军军医大学第二附属医院消化内镜中心接受ESD治疗的患者为研究对象,通过病历、随访获取患者的病例资料,采用单因素分析和Cox回归分析发生食管狭窄的相关因素。结果 接受ESD治疗的654例患者中79例（12.1%）出现术后食管狭窄,从接受ESD到发生狭窄的中位时间为27（17,43）d。病变形态和病变环周比例是狭窄发生的独立相关因素,其中Ⅱa型病变狭窄发生率是Ⅱc型病变的6.601倍（95%CI：1.518~28.709,P=0.012）,环周比例75%~<100%和100%者狭窄发生率分别是环周比例<75%者的17.408倍（95%CI：8.009~37.839,P＜0.001）和52.439倍（95%CI：23.905~115.029,P＜0.001）。79例狭窄患者中27例为严重狭窄,病变环周比例是严重狭窄发生的独立相关因素,环周比例75%~<100%和100%者严重狭窄发生率分别是环周比例<75%者的7.775倍（95%CI：1.977~30.577,P=0.003）和70.062倍（95%CI：19.879~246.926,P＜0.001）。结论 早期食管癌病变形态和病变环周比例是ESD术后狭窄发生的独立相关因素,病变环周比例是严重狭窄发生的独立相关因素。     

内镜黏膜下剥离术后食管狭窄的预防

内镜黏膜下剥离术（ESD）已成为食管早期肿瘤的标准治疗方法之一。随着治疗器械和操作技术的不断发展,ESD导致的出血及穿孔并发症也逐渐减少,但术后出现狭窄的概率仍较高。因此有必要分析ESD术后出现狭窄的原因,有针对性地提出预防措施,以此扩大食管ESD 的适应证,使大面积的食管浅表肿瘤能在内镜下被切除,且不引起食管狭窄。此文就目前各种预防ESD术后食管狭窄方法的机制及其优缺点作一综述。     

体重指数对食管内镜黏膜下剥离术并发症的影响

目的 探讨BMI对食管内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)并发症可能存在的影响。方法 收集2018年10月至2022年2月于新乡医学院第一附属医院接受过食管ESD治疗的病例的一般信息、病变信息、手术信息和并发症信息,并按体重指数(BMI)分为三组,其中低BMI组(BMI<18.5 kg/m²)患者16例,正常BMI组(18.5≤BMI≤23.9 kg/m²)患者167例,高BMI组(BMI>23.9 kg/m²)患者130例,观察ESD的治疗情况和效果,比较不同分组患者人口学特征、手术情况的差异,不同分组并发症的差异先用单因素logistic回归分析评估,再使用由P<0.2的变量作为调整变量构建的校正模型进行多因素logistic分析来验证。结果 根据BMI区分的三组患者在有无高血压史和病理类型构成方面差异存在统计学意义(P<0.05),而在其他方面的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。单因素及多因素logistic回归分析显示较高的体重指数与固有肌层损伤和术后发热的减少有关,其他并发症的差异均无统计...     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗食管乳头状瘤癌变一例

<正>患者,女,64岁,2021年1月2日因“腹痛30余年”收入我院。患者30年前出现腹痛,间断胀痛,以剑突下明显,伴咽部异物感、嗳气,无进食梗阻感、反酸、恶心、呕吐、呕血、胸闷、胸痛、声音嘶哑等不适,院外自服“奥美拉唑”等药物后症状可缓解,为寻求进一步诊治遂收入我科治疗。既往无特殊病史、吸烟及饮酒史。入院体格检查：T 36 ℃,P 76次/分,R 18次/分,BP 130/84 mmHg。一般情况可,全身浅表淋巴结未触及,皮肤、黏膜、心、     

Safety and efficacy of carbon dioxide insufflation during gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection

AIM: To compare the safety and efficacy of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and air insufflation during gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD).METHODS: This study involved 116 patients who underwent gastric ESD between January and December 2009. After eliminating 29 patients who fit the exclusion criteria, 87 patients, without known pulmonary dysfunction, were randomized into the CO₂ insufflation (n = 36) or air insufflation (n = 51) groups. Standard ESD was performed with a CO₂ regulation unit (constant rate of 1.4 L/min) used for patients undergoing CO₂ insufflation. Patients received diazepam for conscious sedation and pentazocine for analgesia. Transcutaneous CO₂ tension (PtcCO₂) was recorded 15 min before, during, and after ESD with insufflation. PtcCO₂, the correlation between PtcCO₂ and procedure time, and ESD-related complications were compared between the two groups. Arterial blood gases were analyzed after ESD in the first 30 patients (12 with CO₂ and 18 with air insufflation) to assess the correlation between arterial blood CO₂ partial pressure (PaCO₂) and PtcCO₂.RESULTS: There were no differences in respiratory functions, median sedative doses, or median procedure times between the groups. Similarly, there was no significant difference in post-ESD blood gas parameters, including PaCO₂, between the CO₂ and air groups (44.6 mmHg vs 45 mmHg). Both groups demonstrated median pH values of 7.36, and none of the patients exhibited acidemia. No significant differences were observed between the CO₂ and air groups with respect to baseline PtcCO₂ (39 mmHg vs 40 mmHg), peak PtcCO₂ during ESD (52 mmHg vs 51 mmHg), or median PtcCO₂ after ESD (50 mmHg vs 50 mmHg). There was a strong correlation between PaCO₂ and PtcCO₂ (r = 0.66; P < 0.001). The incidence of Mallory-Weiss tears was significantly lower with CO₂ insufflation than with air insufflation (0% vs 15.6%, P = 0.013). CO₂ insufflation did not cause any adverse events, such as CO₂ narcosis or gas embolisms.CONCLUSION: CO₂ insufflation during gastric ESD results in similar blood gas levels as air insufflation, and also reduces the incidence of Mallory-Weiss tears.     

Carbon dioxide insufflation in esophageal endoscopic submucosal dissection reduces mediastinal emphysema: A randomized,double-blind,controlled trial

AIM To assess the efficacy of CO2 insufflation for reduction of mediastinal emphysema(ME) immediately after endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD).METHODS A total of 46 patients who were to undergo esophageal ESD were randomly assigned to receive either CO2 insufflation(CO2 group, n = 24) or air insufflation(Air group, n = 22). Computed tomography(CT) was carried out immediately after ESD and the next morning. Pain and abdominal distention were chronologically recorded using a 100-mm visual analogue scale(VAS). The volume of residual gas in the digestive tract was measured using CT imaging. RESULTS The incidence of ME immediately after ESD in the CO2 group was significantly lower than that in the Air group(17% vs 55%, P = 0.012). The incidence of ME the next morning was 8.3% vs 32% respectively(P= 0.066). There were no differences in pain scores or distention scores at any post-procedure time points. The volume of residual gas in the digestive tract immediately after ESD was significantly smaller in the CO2 group than that in the Air group(808 m L vs 1173 m L, P = 0.013).CONCLUSION CO2 insufflation during esophageal ESD significantly reduced postprocedural ME. CO2 insufflation also reduced the volume of residual gas in the digestive tract immediately after ESD, but not the VAS scores of pain and distention.     

Two traction methods that can facilitate esophageal endoscopic submucosal dissection

Different traction devices that can provide a visual field and attain appropriate tension at the dissection plane during endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD) have been developed. Clip-with-line(CWL) is a classic traction device that can offer per-oral traction toward the direction where the line is drawn. A multicenter randomized controlled trial(CONNECT-E trial) comparing the conventional ESD and CWL-assisted ESD(CWL-ESD) for large esophageal tumors was conducted in Japan. This study showed th...     

Comparison between air and carbon dioxide insufflation in the endoscopic submucosal excavation of gastrointestinal stromal tumors

AIM:To evaluate the safety and efficacy of CO2 insufflation compared with air insufflation in the endoscopic submucosal excavation(ESE) of gastrointestinal stromal tumors.METHODS:Sixty patients were randomized to undergo endoscopic submucosal excavation,with the CO2 group(n = 30) and the air group(n = 30) undergoingCO2 insufflation and air insufflation in the ESE,respectively.The end-tidal CO2 level(pETCO2) was observed at 4 time points:at the beginning of ESE,at total removal of the tumors,at completed wound management,and 10 min after ESE.Additionally,the patients' experience of pain at 1,3,6 and 24 h after the examination was registered using a visual analog scale(VAS).RESULTS:Both the CO2 group and air group were similar in mean age,sex,body mass index(all P 0.05).There were no significant differences in PetCO2 values before and after the procedure(P 0.05).However,the pain scores after the ESE at different time points in the CO2 group decreased significantly compared with the air group(1 h:21.2 ± 3.4 vs 61.5 ± 1.7;3 h:8.5 ± 0.7 vs 42.9 ± 1.3;6 h:4.4 ± 1.6 vs 27.6 ± 1.2;24 h:2.3 ± 0.4 vs 21.4 ± 0.7,P 0.05).Meanwhile,the percentage of VAS scores of 0 in the CO2 group after 1,3,6 and 24 h was significantly higher than that in the air group(60.7 ± 1.4 vs 18.9 ± 1.5,81.5 ± 2.3 vs 20.6 ± 1.2,89.2 ± 0.7 vs 36.8 ± 0.9,91.3 ± 0.8 vs 63.8 ± 1.3,respectively,P 0.05).Moreover,the condition of the CO2 group was better than that of the air group with respect to anal exsufflation.CONCLUSION:Insufflation of CO2 in the ESE of gastrointestinal stromal tumors will not cause CO2 retention and it may significantly reduce the level of pain,thus it is safe and effective.     

Surgical and nonsurgical management of perforation complicating endoscopic submucosal dissection of esophageal cancer: report of three cases

Perforation of the esophagus during endoscopic therapy is a severe complicati1on. Nonetheless, almost all perforations made during endoscopic submucosal dissection can be treated conservatively because their early diagnosis, the good condition of the patient, and their small size enables them to be closed with endoscopic clips. If inflammation around the esophagus progresses to mediastinitis, however, surgical management such as debridement and drainage should be applied without delay. Here we report three cases of esophageal perforation during endoscopic submucosal dissection that were successfully treated: in case 1, by drainage of the mediastinal abscess under thoracoscopy; in case 2, by mediastinal drainage from the cervix; and in case 3, by application of endoscopic clips. These techniques are effective and less invasive than other surgical approaches.     

How to establish endoscopic submucosal dissection in Western countries

Endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD) has been invented in Japan to provide resection for cure of early cancer in the gastrointestinal tract. Professional level of ESD requires excellent staging of early neoplasias with image enhanced endoscopy(IEE) to make correct indications for ESD,and high skills in endoscopic electrosurgical dissection. In Japan,endodiagnostic and endosurgical excellence spread through personal tutoring of skilled endoscopists by the inventors and experts in IEE and ESD. To translocate this expertise to other continents must overcome two fundamental obstacles:(1) inadequate expectations as to the complexity of IEE and ESD; and(2) lack of suitable lesions and master-mentors for ESD trainees. Leading endoscopic mucosal resection-proficient endoscopists must pioneer themselves through the long learning curve to proficient ESD experts. Major referral centers for ESD must arise in Western countries on comparable professional level as in Japan. In the second stage,the upcoming Western experts must commit themselves to teach skilled endoscopists from other referral centers,in order to spread ESD in Western countries. Respect for patients with early gastrointestinal cancer asks for best efforts to learn endoscopic categorization of early neoplasias and skills for ESD based on sustained cooperation with the masters in Japan. The strategy is discussed here.     

内镜黏膜下隧道法剥离术治疗早期食管癌伴黏膜下层纤维化的临床观察

目的评价内镜黏膜下隧道法剥离术（endoscopic submucosal tunnel dissection,ESTD）治疗早期食管癌伴黏膜下层纤维化的效果和安全性。方法2015年6月—2018年2月间,在江苏省苏北人民医院消化内科采用ESTD或内镜黏膜下剥离术（endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD）治疗,术后病理证实病灶＜1/3食管管周,且伴有黏膜下层纤维化的早期食管癌病例87例纳入回顾性分析,按纤维化程度分成轻度纤维化60例（ESTD 31例、ESD 29例）和重度纤维化27例（ESTD 16例、ESD 11例）,比较同一纤维化程度时两种手术方式的剥离速度、整块切除率、完全切除率,以及出血、肌层损伤、穿孔、颈部皮下气肿和术后狭窄的发生率。结果对于伴有轻度黏膜下层纤维化的早期食管癌患者,ESTD的整块切除率[96.8%（30/31）比82.8%（24/29）,P＜0.05]和完全切除率[96.8%（30/31）比75.9%（22/29）,P＜0.05]明显高于ESD,固有肌层损伤发生率明显低于ESD[6.5%（2/31）比17.2%（5/29）,P＜0.05],剥离速度、术中出血发生率、穿孔发生率、术后狭窄发生率与ESD比较差异均无统计学意义（P均＞0.05）,两种手术方式均无术后迟发性出血和颈部皮下气肿发生。对于伴有重度黏膜下层纤维化的早期食管癌患者,ESTD的剥离速度快于ESD[（12.3±2.8）mm2/min比（7.1±3.2）mm2/min],整块切除率、完全切除率、术后狭窄发生率与ESD相近,术中出血发生率[12.5%（2/16）比54.5%（6/11）]、固有肌层损伤发生率[18.8%（3/16）比54.5%（6/11）]、穿孔发生率[6.3%（1/16）比27.3%（3/11）]、颈部皮下气肿发生率[6.3%（1/16）比27.3%（3/11）]低于ESD,两种手术方式均无术后迟发性出血发生。术后12个月2例行ESD和1例行ESTD患者局部复发,术后24个月1例行ESTD患者发生异时癌。结论ESTD能安全、有效切除伴有黏膜下层纤维化的早期食管癌。对于伴有轻度黏膜下层纤维化者,ESTD的优势主要体现在治疗效果方面;对于伴有重度黏膜下层纤维化者,ESTD的优势主要体现在治疗安全性方面。     

Risk factors of electrocoagulation syndrome after esophageal endoscopic submucosal dissection

AIM To investigate post endoscopic submucosal dissection electrocoagulation syndrome(PEECS) of the esophagus.METHODS We analyzed 55 consecutive cases with esophageal endoscopic submucosal dissection for superficial esophageal squamous neoplasms at a tertiary referral hospital in South Korea. Esophageal PEECS was defined as "mild" meeting one of the following criteria without any obvious perforation: fever(≥ 37.8 ℃), leukocytosis( 10800 cells/μl), or regional chest pain more than 5/10 points as rated on a numeric pain intensity scale. The grade of PEECS was determined as "severe" when meet two or more of above criteria.RESULTS We included 51 cases without obvious complications in the analysis. The incidence of mild and severe esophageal PEECS was 47.1% and 17.6%, respectively. Risk factor analysis revealed that resected area, procedure time, and muscle layer exposure were significantly associated with PEECS. In multivariate analysis, a resected area larger than 6.0 cm~2(OR = 4.995, 95%CI: 1.110-22.489, P = 0.036) and muscle layer exposure(OR = 5.661, 95%CI: 1.422-22.534, P = 0.014) were independent predictors of esophageal PEECS. All patients with PEECS had favorable outcomes with conservative management approaches, such as intravenous hydration or antibiotics.CONCLUSION Clinicians should consider the possibility of esophageal PEECS when the resected area exceeds 6.0 cm~2 or when the muscle layer exposure is noted.     

Influence of endoscopic submucosal dissection on esophageal motility

AIM: To assess esophageal motility after esophageal endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). METHODS: Twelve patients (6 men and 6 women) aged 53-64 years (mean age, 58 years) who underwent regular examination 3-12 mo after esophageal ESD for neoplasms of the esophageal body were included in this study. The ESD procedure was performed under deep sedation using a combination of propofol and fentanyl, and involved a submucosal injection to lift the lesion and use of a dual-knife and an insulated-tip knife to create a circumferential incision around the lesion extending into the submucosa. Esophageal motility was examined using a high-resolution manometry system. Dysphagia was graded using a five-point scale according to the Mellow and Pinkas scoring system. Patient symptoms and the results of esophageal manometry were then analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 12 patients enrolled, 1 patient hadgrade 2 dysphagia, 1 patient had grade 1 dysphagia, and 3 patients complained of sporadic dysphagia. Ineffective esophageal motility was observed in 5 of 6 patients with above semi-circumference of resection extension. Of these 5 patients, 1 patient complained of grade 2 dysphagia (with esophageal stricture), one patient complained of grade 1 dysphagia, and 3 patients complained of sporadic dysphagia. Normal esophageal body manometry was observed in all 6 patients with below semi-circumference of resection extension. The 6 patients with normal esophageal motility did not complain of dysphagia. CONCLUSION: Extensive esophageal ESD may cause esophageal dysmotility in some patients, and might also have an influence on dysphagia although without esophageal stricture.     

Colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection in special locations

Colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD) is considered one of the most challenging endoscopic procedures for novice endoscopists. When compared with the stomach, the colon and rectum have a narrower tubular lumen, greater angulation at the flexures, and a thinner muscle layer. These factors make endoscopic control and maneuverability difficult. ESD of the colorectum was considered more difficult than gastric and esophageal ESD. However, with learning from the experts, practicing, and selecting an appropriate technique,most of colorectal ESD could be performed successfully. Nevertheless, some colorectal locations are extremely specialized either from unique anatomy or given unstable scope position. Accordingly, the objective of this review was to provide endoscopists with an overview of the techniques and outcomes associated with ESD at these special colorectal locations. ESD at the discussed special locations of the ileo-colo-rectum was found to be feasible, and outcomes were comparable to those of ESD performed in non-special locations of the ileocolo-rectum. Practice for skill improvement and awareness of the unique characteristics of each special location is the key to performing successful ESD.