贵州省2010年不同民族中小学生营养状况分析

了解贵州省不同民族中小学生营养状况,为开展学校卫生工作提供参考.方法 按照中国肥胖工作组(WGOC)推荐的“中国儿童青少年超重、肥胖BMI筛查标准”及“6~18岁中国儿童青少年营养不良筛查标准”,对贵州省2010年20 412名7~18岁汉族、苗族、侗族、布依族、水族中小学生的现时营养状况进行分析.结果 贵州省中小学生总的营养不良率为33.69%,超重率为5.21%,肥胖率为2.33%.营养不良率男生高于女生(x2=18.87,P<0.01),少数民族学生高于汉族学生(x2=1 105.54,P<0.01),不同年龄间差异无统计学意义(x2=0.48,P>0.05).营养过剩率男生高于女生,汉族学生高于少数民族学生,小学生高于中学生(P值均<0.01).结论 贵州省不同民族中小学生营养不良与超重肥胖同时并存,应根据民族、年龄、性别、城乡等特点进行营养干预.     

2011-2012学年北京市昌平区中小学生营养状况监测结果

目的 了解北京市昌平区2011-2012学年中小学生营养状况.方法 对昌平区2011-2012学年中小学生体检资料进行分析.结果 53 991名中小学生,营养不良检出率13.97％,以轻度营养不良(89.15％)为主,女生高于男生(P＜0.05),城镇高于乡村(但P＞0.05),初中高于小学和高中(P＜0.05);营养过剩检出率为34.86％,肥胖(21.72％)多于超重(13.15％),男生高于女生(P＜0.05),城镇高于乡村(P＜0.05),初中高于小学和高中(P＜0.05).结论 昌平区中小学生营养不良和营养过剩同时并存,有关部门应加强营养宣教,有针对性地开展干预措施.     

贵州省不同民族中小学生现时营养状况分析

目的了解贵州省不同民族中小学生现时营养状况，以便有针对性地开展学生营养指导工作。方法采用《中国7～22岁学生身高标准体重值》对贵州省16760名7～18岁汉族、水族、布依族、苗族、侗族中小学生的现时营养状况进行分析。结果贵州省中小学生营养不良率为3．87％，较低体重率为25．02％，营养过剩率为7．34％。营养不良率女生显著高于男生，中学生显著高于小学生，汉族与少数民族学生差异无统计学意义。营养过剩率汉族学生显著高于少数民族学生，小学生显著高于中学生，男、女生差异无统计学意义。结论贵州省不同民族中小学生营养不良与营养过剩同时并存，应根据民族、年龄、性别、城乡等特点进行营养干预：     

2012—2018学年北京市大兴区中小学生营养状况

目的 了解2012—2018学年北京市大兴区中小学生的营养状况,为相关部门实施针对性的营养干预措施提供理论依据。方法 通过"北京市中小学健康信息管理系统"收集数据,采用《中国学生超重、肥胖BMI筛查标准》和《学龄儿童青少年营养不良筛查标准》评价营养状况,采用χ2检验对2012—2018学年中小学生的体检数据进行统计分析。结果 2012—2018学年共检查397 709名中小学生,总体营养不良检出率为3.38%,男生的营养不良率(3.48%)略高于女生(3.26%),高中生营养不良检出率较高(4.55%),高于小学生(3.29%)和初中生(3.17%);营养过剩的检出率为34.69%,其中超重检出率为14.67%,肥胖检出率为20.02%。男生营养过剩率(40.65%)高于女生(28.10%)。小学生营养过剩的检出率(35.12%)高于初中生(34.13%)和高中生(32.26%)。结论 北京市大兴区中小学生营养状况不容乐观,近年整体营养状况呈下降趋势,建议相关部门采取针对性的干预措施。     

建始县中小学生营养状况

目的 了解建始县中小学生现时营养状况，为防治学生营养不正常提供依据。方法采用身高标准体重法，对2002年建始县7～18岁学生7926名进行营养状况评价。结果 建始县中小学生营养不良率为19．64％．营养过剩率为13．17％(其中超重率为8．29％，肥胖率为4.88％)。营养不良率显低于1995年全国中小学生平均水平，而肥胖率显高于全国平均水平。营养不良率女生显高于男生．中学生高于小学生；肥胖率男生显高于女生．中学生低于小学生结论建始县中小学生营养不良和营养过剩问题并存．青春期营养干预工作的开展势在必行。     

北京市房山区中小学生营养状况调查

目的了解房山区中小学生营养现状，为改善学生营养状况提供依据。方法测量房山区12966名中小学生的身高、体重等指标．用身高标准体重法评价学生营养状况。结果房山区中小学生营养失调检出率49．48％．营养失调高发年龄集中在11-14岁；学生营养过剩检出率高于营养不良．男生营养过剩检出率高于女生；女生营养不良检出率高于男生：6-11岁营养过剩检出率随年龄增长逐渐上升，11岁最高，男生为46．11％．女生为37．09％；女生营养过剩在12岁以后保持逐渐下降趋势，男生营养过剩12～16岁逐渐下降，17岁以后又有回升．学生营养不良检出率相对较低，且随年龄变化较平缓，女生营养不良检出率在16岁以后有逐渐上升趋势结论营养过剩已成为目前学生营养的主要问题，需要不断推行运动和营养策略，以控制营养失调不断增长的势头。     

湘西州土家族、苗族中学生营养状况分析

目的 了解湘西土家族苗族自治州的土家族、苗族中学生营养状况,为少数民族学生营养状况改善提供科学依据.方法 对土家族、苗族3 402名中学生的身高、体重进行测量,采用身高标准体重法进行营养状况评价.结果 2009年土家族、苗族中学生营养不良检出率分别为2.32％ (39/1 680)、1.51％ (26/1 722),低体重率分别为21.67％ (364/1 680)、18.82％(324/1 722),超重率分别为7.02％(118/1 680)、9.47％(163/1 722),肥胖率分别为3.27％(55/1 680)、4.76％ (82/1 722);低体重率土家族高于苗族(x2=4.29,P＜0.05),超重、肥胖率苗族均高于土家族(x2=6.69,P＜0.01;x2=4.87,P＜0.05);低体重率土家族、苗族女生均高于男生(P＜0.05),肥胖率土家族、苗族男生均高于女生(P＜0.01);高中生营养不良率较高,初中生,尤其是低年级学生肥胖率较高.结论 湘西州土家族、苗族中学生营养不良和营养过剩同时存在,应对不同群体的营养问题进行针对性指导.     

扬州市广陵区小学生营养状况及其与视力不良的关系

目的 了解扬州市广陵区小学生营养与视力不良的现状及两者的关系,为有关防控对策的制定提供依据.方法 统计2010年广陵区小学生健康体检资料,根据性别、城乡、年级等不同人口学特征,分析营养状态和视力不良指标的差异及两者的关系.结果 小学生肥胖、营养不良构成比和视力不良检出率均随年级增加有所上升;男生肥胖、超重构成比( 20.54％,8.84％)均高于女生(12.47％,7.00％),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),男生较低体重、营养不良构成比和视力不良检出率( 24.32％,4.00％,38.15％)均低于女生(31.51％,5.10％,45.20％),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);城区小学生肥胖、较低体重、营养不良构成比和视力不良检出率(17.94％,29.21％,5.58％,46.38％)均高于乡镇(14.42％,24.43％,2.30％,31.12％),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);肥胖、营养不良的男、女生视力不良检出率(肥胖男40.71％、营养不良男48.06％,肥胖女50.29％、营养不良女51.99％)均高于正常体重男、女生(36.32％,44.52％),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);视力不良程度以中度为主,营养不良者以重度视力不良者居多.结论 扬州市广陵区小学生营养状况总体为营养缺乏和营养过剩并重.视力不良与营养状况有关,加强视力保护要采取包括强化营养改善在内的综合措施.     

大学生营养状况调查

目的 了解学生营养状况,建立学校营养保健机制.方法 采用身高标准体重法和Broca改良公式,对玉林师范学院2000年与2005年的学生进行营养状况评价.结果 营养不良1 102人,占46.91 %;超重、肥胖84人,占3.58 %;男生营养不良392人,占16.69 %,女生营养不良710人,占30.23 %,男女营养不良率差异具有统计学意义(χ2＝31.31,p＜0.01).结论 学生营养不良与超重肥胖并存,营养不良率较高,但营养不良程度较轻.营养不良率女生高于男生,超重和肥胖男生高于女生.应尽快对学生加强营养知识教育,推广营养早餐,合理调配膳食,提高大学生营养健康水平.     

2016年四川省儿童青少年学生生长发育与营养状况分析

目的 描述并分析四川省儿童青少年学生的生长发育与营养状况。方法 采用多阶段随机整群抽样,抽取四川省12个城市的14772名7~18岁学生的学校体检数据进行了整理分析,按照《学龄儿童青少年营养不良筛查》评价生长迟缓、消瘦、超重及肥胖等学生营养状况。结果 四川省学生的身高、体重、BMI之间均随着年龄逐渐升高,各年龄段学生的平均身高、体重均低于全国平均身高。四川省儿童青少年营养不良检出率为10.11%,生长迟缓率、轻度消瘦、中重度消瘦检出率男生分别为2.33%、7.51%、3.12%,女生1.26%、4.32%、2.31%,男生高于女生。农村高于城市。营养过剩检出率为13.73%,超重、肥胖检出率男生高于女生,城市高于农村。且营养过剩检出率高于营养不良。结论 四川省儿童青少年平均身高、体重低于全国水平,其营养状况结果表明四川省儿童青少年学生特别是男生存在着消瘦与超重、肥胖的共存现象,这警醒在进行营养改善计划时,要防止营养过剩的发生。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.