急性感觉性神经元神经病两例的临床病理观察

目的明确感觉性神经元神经病（SND）的临床表现、神经电生理、颈椎核磁共振的影像学特点以及皮肤神经活检、腓肠神经活检和脊髓后索病变的病理学特征。方法分析2例胃肠道感染后死于SND的患者的临床与辅助检查资料，后者包括神经电生理检查、周围神经和脊髓的尸检病理，结合相关文献进行复习。结果患者独特的临床表现为早期出现共济失调，广泛分布的感觉减退和腱反射减低。电生理检查见感觉神经动作电位广泛异常，与神经纤维长度无关。SND患者脊髓后索髓鞘脱失，腓肠神经活检可见以大有髓纤维为主的神经纤维丢失，无再生神经丛。本组2例患者颈椎磁共振检查结果正常。结论SND独特的临床表现与神经电生理检查特点提示周围感觉神经纤维广泛受累。脊髓后索尸检病理证实感觉神经中枢传导纤维变性脱失，支持病变位于脊髓后根神经节。SND早期颈椎磁共振可能正常。     

慢性格林-巴利综合征49例临床、电生理与病理研究

目的研究慢性格林-巴利综合征(CIDP)的临床、电生理及病理特征,探讨腓肠神经活检的诊断价值.方法总结49例CIDP患者的临床表现,病程特点,腰穿脑脊液(CSF)检查、肌电图检查以及21例患者的腓肠神经活检病理结果.结果本组49例CIDP患者大多无明显前驱因素,临床表现为对称性肢体运动和感觉障碍,少数(16例)可伴颅神经损害;脑脊液蛋白量波动较大,单次腰穿24例可见蛋白细胞分离;大多数肌电图(39例/466例)提示有脱髓鞘损害,少数有轴索损害(15例/46例).21例患者行腓肠神经病理检查,显示明显脱髓鞘病灶17例,轴索变性5例,洋葱头样改变5例,炎性细胞浸润11例.结论电生理和病理检查均提示CIDP是以神经脱髓鞘改变为主,对临床表现不典型者腓肠神经活检有较大的诊断价值.     

多发性硬化周围神经损伤的病理与临床分析

目的：报道12例多发性硬化（MS）患者周围神经病理检查的异常改变，从中证实MS患者存在周围神经的节段性脱髓鞘病损。方法：12例经肌电图检查发现存在周围神经异常改变的患者行腓肠神经活检及病理学观察。结果：11例标本形态上以脱髓鞘为主，8例可见有髓纤维减少，电镜下显示髓鞘失，有髓纤维再生，形成空泡；神经膜细胞增殖生形成葱头改变；7例可见髓鞘板层松解现象，结论：MS患者不但出现CNS的脱髓鞘病理，而且部分患者同时存在周围神经系统的脱髓鞘病损。     

脊髓型多发性硬化

报告５例脊髓型多发性硬化（ＭＳ），其临床表现为脊髓损害的症状和体征，病程中均有缓解与复发。其中１例做了全身尸检，为国内首例尸检报告。病理特点：①脊髓白质广泛脱髓鞘改变；②枕叶白质有两处陈旧性软化灶而无临床症状与体征；③伴有周围神经脱髓鞘病变，并且周围神经病变与临床表现及电生理学检查相符。作者结合文献对ＭＳ的诊断、病理特点进行了讨论     

11例慢性格林-巴利综合征临床和神经病理研究

目的 探讨慢性格林-巴利综合征（CIDP）临床和神经病理特点。方法 对11例CIDP患者进行临床和腓肠神经活检分析。结果 11例CIDP例患者大多无明显前驱症状，临床表现为对称性肢体运动和感觉障碍，少数可伴颅神经损害；11例患者腰穿脑脊液检查均可见不同程度的蛋白细胞分离，全部患者肌电图均提示有脱髓鞘损害，11例腓肠神经活检显示以脱髓鞘为主要表现，其中5例伴有轻度轴索变性；全部患者均有不同程度的雪旺氏细胞增生，其中4例合并有洋葱头样神经改变。结论 慢性格林-巴利综合征病情迁延、表现复杂，激素冲击治疗有效，电生理和病理检查均提示CIDP以神经脱髓鞘改变为主，为临床表现不典型CIDP患者行腓肠神经活检有较大的诊断价值。     

多发性硬化周围神经损害的肌电图及病理研究

目的：探讨多发性硬化（MS）产生周围神经损害的肌电图，病理特点和影响MS累及周围神经的相关因素。方法：33例MS患者，均满足Poser的确定诊断标准，排除其他神经系统疾病，30名正常自愿受试者作为对照，排除周围神经损害的相关因素，两组分别进行运动，感觉神经传导检测，F波潜伏期及出现率，H反射潜伏期检测，腓肠神经活检，光镜及电镜观察周围神经病理变化。结果：（1）33例MS患者中，9例有根性疼痛，3例有手袜套样感觉障碍，6例不对称性肌萎缩，2例有明显的自主神经症状；（2）肌电图显示复合肌肉动作电位波幅降低，正中神经，尺神经感觉运作电位波幅增高，F波及H反射的潜伏期延长，F波出现率降低。MS周围神经损害的程度与神经功能缺损、病程及病变部位有关，神经功能缺损越重，病程越长，胫神经和腓总神经运动传导波幅降低越明显，正中神经、尺神经感觉动作电位波幅增高越明显；脊髓型MS周围神经受损明显高于脑型；（3）6例患者腓肠神经活检，光镜下可见有髓纤维呈不同程度的髓鞘脱失。电镜下以轴索变性为主，髓鞘板层解离及髓球形成。结论：MS是一种以CNS受损为主的脱髓鞘疾病，在部分患者可对同时累及周围神经系统，脱髓鞘改变主要发生在脊神经根，远端轴突可继发轴索损害，肌电图是比较理想的可全面评价MS周围神经损害的临床检测手段，对判断预后有一定的实用价值。     

皮肤神经活检与神经电生理以及腓肠神经活检的初步对比观察

目的 对周围神经病的患者进行皮肤神经活检、临床特点、神经电生理和腓肠神经活检的对比观察。方法 观察7例周围神经病患者，进行皮肤神经活检、腓肠神经活检、神经电生理检查，并对这些检查的一致性进行比较。结果 7例患者的神经电生理检查均提示有周围神经损害，腓肠神经活检也有不同程度的神经病变。6例皮肤神经活检同时有远近端皮肤神经的异常，且与腓肠神经活检所见病变的严重程度相一致。此6例患者的皮肤神经异常远端重于近端，符合长度依赖性周围神经病变。结论 皮肤神经活检与临床特点、神经电生理以及腓肠神经活检的结果有高度一致性；皮肤神经活检可以反映长度依赖性周围神经病变。     

脊髓型多发性硬化的诊断(附22例报告)

目的　探讨脊髓型多发性硬化 (MS)的临床和影像学特点及其诊断意义。方法　对 2 2例脊髓型 MS的临床特点和磁共振 (MRI)结果进行回顾性分析。结果　脊髓型 MS,占同期 MS住院患者的 1 1 .8%。女性比例较高 ,多见于中年发病 ,常以急性或亚急性起病 ,表现为复发 -缓解或慢性进展病程 ,最常累及中高位颈髓和中段胸髓 ,大多复发仍局限于原发部位。MRI特点为髓内散在的长 T1、长 T2斑块状病灶 ,其长度一般小于 2个椎体的长度 ,位于脊髓的后外侧 ,面积小于脊髓横截面的 1 /2。应用糖皮质激素试验性治疗对诊断 ,尤其是对首次发病时脊髓出现可疑脱髓鞘病灶者诊断有一定帮助。结论　诊断脊髓型 MS主要依据其临床表现 ,MRI为最敏感的检查方法 ,激素试验性治疗有时是必要的。     

神经活检在周围神经疾病诊断中的意义及与电生理检查相关性分析

目的探讨神经活检在周围神经疾病诊断中的意义,以及神经活检与电生理检查的相关性。方法 12例周围神经病患者均予腓肠神经活检、神经电生理检查,比较二者对轴索、髓鞘损害的诊断情况,统计电生理检查与神经活检诊断的符合率。结果 (1)电生理检查结果检出轴索损害/髓鞘损害9例,神经活检结果发现11例患者伴有髓鞘或轴索损害。(2)神经活检对于周围神经疾病诊断有决定性意义有3例,其余9例也均起到了证实临床诊断的作用。(3)光镜诊断、电镜诊断与电生理检查结果比较无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论神经活检技术对于发现间质改变及亚临床、亚电生理神经损害有明显优势,对于判断周围神经疾病患者的损害类型仍需联合电生理检查进行综合诊断。     

脊髓型多发性硬化临床诊断分析

目的 总结分析脊髓型多发性硬化(MS)的临床特点和MRI表现.方法 回顾性分析21例脊髓型MS的临床特点和MRI表现,所有患者行脊髓和颅脑MRI检查.结果 脊髓型MS除有脊髓病变的临床表现外,临床症状和体征的多样性是其特点,如感觉障碍、肢体无力、视力障碍等;脊髓内病灶的MRI特点是不规则斑片状和条带状异常信号,位于脊髓两侧和后部,在T:WI像上为高或稍高信号,在T1WI上为等信号或稍低信号;80.9%(17/21)脊髓型MS合并脑内病灶.结论 脊髓型MS临床表现呈多样性,MRI可以准确显示脊髓内病灶,颅脑MRI检查有助于脊髓型MS的诊断.     

多发性硬化脊髓受累临床与MRI对照研究

目的分析多发性硬化脊髓受累患者临床表现及MRI影像学特点,并探讨其临床诊断意义。方法回顾分析2006年1月-2009年12月住院治疗的46例多发性硬化脊髓受累患者的临床资料及影像学表现。结果起病形式以急性（58．70％,27／46）或亚急性（34．78％,16／46）为主,临床主要表现为肢体瘫痪（95．65％,44／46）、感觉障碍（84．78％,39／46）和尿潴留（67．39％,31／46）。MRI受累部位以颈髓最常见（45．65％,21／46）,其次为胸髓（28．26％,13／46）,呈脊髓内单一或散在多发长T。、长T：斑片状异常信号影,病灶长度一般不超过2个椎体节段（84．78％,39／46）,个别患者（15．22％,7／46）病灶长度超过2个椎体节段;增强扫描可有不同程度强化（78．26％,36／46）。结论多发性硬化脊髓受累患者临床表现复杂多样,MRI脊髓受累可呈现单一或散在多发病灶,病灶长度较少超过2个椎体节段,但病灶节段延长不能排除多发性硬化。MRI是诊断多发性硬化脊髓受累最敏感和最特异的影像学检查方法。     

多发性硬化的MRI特征

目的 探讨多发性硬化(MS)患者脑及脊髓的MRI特征.方法 回顾性分析110例临床确诊的MS患者的MRI检查资料.结果 MS患者脑部病灶以侧脑室旁白质多见(55.8%),其次是额叶深部白质(54.7%)、顶叶深部白质(44.2%)、脑干(25.6%)、基底节(23.3%)、丘脑(11.6%)等,灰质也可受累;病灶大小不一,形态可为斑片状、斑点状、圆形、类圆形.脊髓病灶以颈、胸髓多见,分别占75.0%和68.8%,形态可为斑片状、条片状、类圆形,脊髓灰白质可同时受累,10.0%的患者出现脊髓形态改变,如增粗、萎缩.MS患者脑及脊髓内病灶在影像学上因病程不同可表现为长T1、长T2或等T1、长T2信号.结论 MS的MRI特点主要是以脑和脊髓白质出现多个大小、形状不同的病灶.     

多发性硬化脊髓受累临床与MRI对照研究

目的分析多发性硬化脊髓受累患者临床表现及MRI影像学特点,并探讨其临床诊断意义。方法回顾分析2006年1月-2009年12月住院治疗的46例多发性硬化脊髓受累患者的临床资料及影像学表现。结果起病形式以急性（58.70%,27/46）或亚急性（34.78%,16/46）为主,临床主要表现为肢体瘫痪（95.65%,44/46）、感觉障碍（84.78%,39/46）和尿潴留（67.39%,31/46）。MRI受累部位以颈髓最常见（45.65%21/46）,其次为胸髓（28.26%,13/46）,呈脊髓内单一或散在多发长T₁、长T₂斑片状异常信号影,病灶长度一般不超过2个椎体节段（84.78%,39/46）,个别患者（15.22%,7/46）病灶长度超过2个椎体节段;增强扫描可有不同程度强化（78.26%,36/46）。结论多发性硬化脊髓受累患者临床表现复杂多样,MRI脊髓受累可呈现单一或散在多发病灶,病灶长度较少超过2个椎体节段,但病灶节段延长不能排除多发性硬化。MRI是诊断多发性硬化脊髓受累最敏感和最特异的影像学检查方法。     

Magnetic resonance imaging of spinal cord lesions in multiple sclerosis.

The clinical and pathological manifestations of multiple sclerosis are due to areas of demyelination which occur throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. MRI of the brain frequently shows abnormalities in the hemispheric subcortical white matter; these are demonstrable in the majority of patients and support the clinical diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Our studies have shown that while MRI identifies such cerebral lesions in nearly all clinically definite multiple sclerosis patients with illness of duration greater than 10 years, these areas of abnormal T2 signal are present less often in the brains of patients studied within 3 years of disease onset. However, symptoms referable to the long tracts of the spinal cord are prominent in many of these patients. Imaging of the spinal cord has presented technical problems because of the small size of the cord, patient body, heart and respiratory movements, and limitations of surface coil technology. The spinal cord of 77 patients with multiple sclerosis have been imaged, revealing three types of abnormalities: (1) approximately half the cords show regions of abnormal T2 weighted signal; (2) during acute exacerbation, spinal cord enlargement (swelling) may be observed; (3) spinal cord atrophy (narrowing) is found particularly in patients with disease of longer duration and greater disability. Unlike the presence of brain lesions, the existence of spinal cord lesions of high T2 signal is not associated with increasing duration of disease but is correlated with disability status. Of patients with such lesions about one fifth did not exhibit brain lesions discernible by MRI.     

脊髓多发性硬化的MRI表现与临床对照分析

目的 探讨脊髓多发性硬化(multiple sclerosis,MS)的MRI表现及其与临床的相关性。方法 分析13例脊髓MS患者,对病变的部位、范围及病变处脊髓的形态、MR信号及病变的强化程度进行分析评价并与临床症状进行对照。结果 13例脊髓MS主要发生在颈髓,急性期局部脊髓肿胀,T1加权像病变呈等信号或边缘模糊的稍低信号。T2加权像呈高信号。活动期病灶呈斑片状、环状或弓形强化。反复发作病例、多发病灶其强化多样性,临床症状多变性。结论 脊髓MS有其特征性MRI表现,其与临床有较强的相关性,能为临床诊断和治疗提供可靠的依据。     

引起顽固性呃逆、呕吐的视神经脊髓炎的临床表现和影像学研究

目的 探讨引起顽固性呃逆、呕吐(IHN)的视神经脊髓炎(NMO)患者的临床表现和脑干、脊髓MRI特点.方法 收集中山大学附属第三医院神经科17例NMO患者的临床资料,对其中8例合并IHN的NMO患者临床表现及MRI特点进行分析.结果 IHN在NMO患者中常见,本组17例NMO中有8例合并IHN,临床上表现为IHN、复视、眼球震颤,其中6例表现有线样延髓征(LML)或线样延髓脊髓征(LMSL).脊髓纵向MRI显示病灶常常大于3个椎体节段,且以脊髓中央管为中心;轴位脊髓MRI表现为部分性或横贯性,以脊髓的后角或侧角为主,前角受累较少. 结论 引起IHN的NMO临床上多伴有复视和眼球震颤,延髓脊髓MRI常常可见LML或LMSL征,而且病灶以脊髓中央管为中心,后角或侧角受累为主,这些可与多发性硬化相鉴别.     

Diagnostic imaging of spinal diseases]

With the advent of magnetic resonance imaging, diagnostic accuracy of spinal disorders has been much improved regarding their localization and histological prediction. The location of herniated disc materials is well appreciated on MR images without using contrast materials. MRI can predict the posterior longitudinal ligament is perforated or not. Kinematics of the spinal axis and CSF flow movement is evaluated on MRI with fast imaging. MR angiography with 3D reconstruction depicts the Adamkiewicz's artery and anterior spinal artery. Neuritis and neuropathy can be diagnosed by post-contrast T1 weighted image since inflammatory nerves are thick and enhance. Some intramedullary deseases tend to involve the peripheral area of the spinal cord; others are central. Edema extends longitudinally within the spinal cord by sparing the peripheral margin of the spinal cord and it is well appreciated with the T2- and proton- weighted images. The lateral and posterior funiculi are more frequently involved in multiple sclerosis.     

Measurement of spinal cord area in clinically isolated syndromes suggestive of multiple sclerosis

Atrophy of the spinal cord is known to occur in multiple sclerosis but the cause and the timing of its onset are not clear. Recent evidence suggests that atrophy may start to occur early in the disease. The aim was to determine whether atrophy of the spinal cord could be detected in vivo using MRI techniques, in patients presenting with a clinically isolated syndrome, which in many cases is the earliest clinical stage of multiple sclerosis. The cross sectional area of the spinal cord was measured in 43 patients presenting with a clinically isolated syndrome and 15 matched controls. T2 weighted imaging of the brain was also performed to determine the number and volume of high signal lesions consistent with disseminated demyelination. Both patients and controls were restudied after 1 year. The spinal cord area was significantly smaller in the 74% of patients with an abnormal brain MRI at presentation than in controls (mean areas 73.9 mm(2) and 78.1 mm(2) respectively, p=0.03). No significant difference was found in the spinal cord area between controls and patients with normal baseline brain imaging. The annual rate of change in patients did not differ significantly from controls. In conclusion, the finding of a smaller cord area in the subgroup of patients with clinically isolated syndrome with the highest risk of developing multiple sclerosis-that is, with an abnormal brain MRI, suggests that atrophy has developed in some patients with multiple sclerosis even before their first clinical symptoms. However, the lack of a detectable change in cord area over 1 year of follow up contrasts strikingly with the results of an earlier study of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, suggesting that the rate of atrophy increases as the disease becomes more established.     

Discriminatory features of acute transverse myelitis: a retrospective analysis of 45 patients

Acute transverse myelitis (ATM) is a pathogenetically heterogeneous inflammatory disorder of the spinal cord. Therefore, the identification of clinical and paraclinical features providing clues of the underlying etiologies is needed. The clinical presentation, blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings as well as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and neurophysiological features were retrospectively analyzed in 45 unselected consecutive patients with ATM. Parainfectious ATM was diagnosed in 38% of patients. The underlying infectious agent, however, was identified only in a minority of patients. In 36% of patients, the etiology remained uncertain ("idiopathic" ATM) and in 22% ATM was the first manifestation of possible multiple sclerosis (ATM-MS) according to recently published diagnostic criteria. Spinal cord MRI showed signal alterations in 96% of the patients. In ATM-MS, monosegmental involvement of the spinal cord was most frequent while spinal cord involvement of two or more segments was more common in ATM of other etiologies. Of particular note, neurophysiological examinations showed evidence of peripheral nervous system (PNS) involvement in 27% of patients with ATM but not in patients with ATM-MS. Therefore, neurophysiological evidence of PNS involvement may provide additional discriminatory features between ATM-MS and ATM of other etiologies.